Nutraceutical Intervention of Seeds in the Treatment of Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome; A Systematic Review
Nutraceutical Intervention; Seed Cycling
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.100Keywords:
Poly cystic ovary syndrome, seed therapy, holistic medicine, flaxseed, sesame seed, pumpkin seed and sunflower seedAbstract
In poly cystic ovary syndrome multiple cysts formation occurs in female ovaries. It is highly prevalent in developing countries like Pakistan and India. Its symptoms include irregular menstrual cycle, abnormal hair growth pattern, acne and mood swings. This disease is also associated with imbalance in androgen levels (which include testosterone and estrogen) and high insulin levels also called hyperinsulinemia. It also contributes in the development of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancers. Seed cycling is a modern method used in alternate medicine of treating PCOS by using different seeds in the different stages of menstrual cycle. In this review article we will find out how seed cycling is effective in the treatment of PCOS. Flax, sesame, pumpkin and sunflower seed combinations are being used at different stages of female menstrual cycle. Flaxseeds contain lignans, omega 3 fatty acids and fibre which help in relieving the symptoms of polycystic ovaries. Sesame and sunflower seeds contain high number of fatty acids and lignans which helps in balancing hormonal disturbances in female. Losing weight by having diet rich in fibre improve the level of cholesterol and it is also beneficial decreasing the level of insulin resistance, which if not treated can progressed into type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Herbal medicine in Ayurveda has shown promising effects in relieving pre- menstrual symptoms, hormonal fluctuations and the co-morbidities.
References
Nasiadek M, Stragierowicz J, Klimczak M, Kilanowicz A. The Role of Zinc in Selected Female Reproductive System Disorders. Nutrients 2020; 12(8): 2464.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082464
Akram M RN. Endocrine correlates of polycystic ovary syndrome in Pakistani women. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 6, 2015. (accessed 2015, Jan).
Rodriguez Paris V, Bertoldo MJ. The Mechanism of Androgen Actions in PCOS Etiology. Medical Sciences 2019; 7(9): 89.
https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7090089
Jhala AJ, Hall LM. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): current uses and future applications. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 2010; 4(9): 4304-12.
Nitrayová S, Brestenský M, Heger J, Patráš P, Rafay J, Sirotkin A. Amino acids and fatty acids profile of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 2014; 8(1): 72-6.
De L. Edible seeds and nuts in human diet for immunity development. Int J Recent Sci Res 2020; 6(11): 38877-81.
Khanage SG, Subhash TY, Bhaiyyasaheb IR. Herbal drugs for the treatment of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its complications. Pharmaceutical Research 2019; 2(1): 5-13.
Neuzil A. Seed cycling for hormone balance helps your body to nourish healthy hormone production and is safe for anyone to use (even men!). To Health With That. 2017.
Mandl E. Can Seed Cycling Balance Hormones and Ease Menopause Symptoms? 2019.
Kim SS, Soules MR, Battaglia DE. Follicular development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation in cryopreserved human ovarian tissue after xenotransplantation. Fertility and sterility 2002; 78(1): 77-82.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03144-8
Kajla P, Sharma A, Sood DR. Flaxseed-a potential functional food source. Journal of food science and technology 2015; 52(4): 1857-71.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1293-y
Goswami PK, Khale A, Ogale S. Natural remedies for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): a review. International journal of pharmaceutical and phytopharmacological research 2012; 1(6): 396-402.
Jelodar G, Masoomi S, Rahmanifar F. Hydroalcoholic extract of flaxseed improves polycystic ovary syndrome in a rat model. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences 2018; 21(6): 645.
Ahmad N, Akhtar N, Ali S. Effects of Aqueous Methanolic Extract of Flax Seeds (Linum usitatissimum) on Serum Estradiol, Progesterone, Kidney and Liver Functions and Some Serum Biochemical Metabolites in Immature Female Rats. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 2012; 32(2).
Jungeström MB, Thompson LU, Dabrosin C. Flaxseed and its lignans inhibit estradiol-induced growth, angiogenesis, and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer xenografts in vivo. Clinical Cancer Research 2007; 13(3): 1061-7.
https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1651
McCann SE, Edge SB, Hicks DG, et al. A pilot study comparing the effect of flaxseed, aromatase inhibitor, and the combination on breast tumor biomarkers. Nutrition and cancer 2014; 66(4): 566-75.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2014.894097
Morgante G, Massaro M, Di Sabatino A, Cappelli V, De Leo V. Therapeutic approach for metabolic disorders and infertility in women with PCOS. Gynecological Endocrinology 2018; 34(1): 4-9.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2017.1370644
Mazloomi S, Sharifi F, Hajihosseini R, Kalantari S, Mazloomzadeh S. Association between hypoadiponectinemia and low serum concentrations of calcium and vitamin D in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ISRN endocrinology 2012; 2012.
https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/949427
Jedel E, Labrie F, Odén A, et al. Impact of electro-acupuncture and physical exercise on hyperandrogenism and oligo/amenorrhea in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011; 300(1): E37-E45.
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00495.2010
Ibáñez L, Oberfield SE, Witchel S, et al. An international consortium update: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescence. Hormone research in paediatrics 2017; 88: 371-95.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000479371
Heidari Z, Ghasemi-Tehrani H, Fallahzadeh H, Nadjarzadeh A. The Effects of Flaxseed on Weight Loss in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Iranian journal of diabetes and obesity 2020.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijdo.v11i2.2652
Mooradian AD, Morley JE, Korenman SG. Biological Actions of Androgens. Endocrine Reviews 1987; 8(1): 1-28.
https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-8-1-1
Barrett ES, Hoeger KM, Sathyanarayana S, et al. Anogenital distance in newborn daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome indicates fetal testosterone exposure. Journal of developmental origins of health and disease 2018; 9(3): 307.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174417001118
Teede HJ, Misso ML, Boyle JA, et al. Translation and implementation of the Australian‐led PCOS guideline: clinical summary and translation resources from the International Evidence‐based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Medical Journal of Australia 2018; 209: S3-S8.
https://doi.org/10.5694/mja18.00656
Després J-P, Lamarche B, Mauriège P, et al. Hyperinsulinemia as an Independent Risk Factor for Ischemic Heart Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1996; 334(15): 952-8.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199604113341504
Mehraban M, Jelodar G, Rahmanifar F. A combination of spearmint and flaxseed extract improved endocrine and histomorphology of ovary in experimental PCOS. Journal of ovarian research 2020; 13(1): 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-020-00633-8
Yavari M, Rouholamin S, Tansaz M, Bioos S, Esmaeili S. Sesame a treatment of menstrual bleeding cessation in iranian traditional medicine: Results from a pilot study. Shiraz e med J 2014; 15(3): e21893.
https://doi.org/10.17795/semj21893
Alan M, Gurlek B, Yilmaz A, et al. Asprosin: a novel peptide hormone related to insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological Endocrinology 2019; 35(3): 220-3.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2018.1512967
Arslanoglu SF, Aytac S. The Important of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) In Terms of Health. 2020.
Baskind NE, Balen AH. Hypothalamic-pituitary, ovarian and adrenal contributions to polycystic ovary syndrome. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2016; 37: 80-97.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.03.005
Rosenfield RL, Ehrmann DA. The Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): The Hypothesis of PCOS as Functional Ovarian Hyperandrogenism Revisited. Endocrine reviews 2016; 37(5): 467-520.
https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2015-1104
Prasad K. Importance of Flaxseed and its Components in the Management of Hypertension. The International journal of angiology : official publication of the International College of Angiology, Inc 2019; 28(3): 153-60.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678691
Li P-J, Jin T, Luo D-H, et al. Effect of prolonged radiotherapy treatment time on survival outcomes after intensity-modulated radiation therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PloS one 2015; 10(10): e0141332.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141332
Lowcock EC, Cotterchio M, Boucher BA. Consumption of flaxseed, a rich source of lignans, is associated with reduced breast cancer risk. Cancer causes & control : CCC 2013; 24(4): 813-6.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7
Haidari F, Banaei-Jahromi N, Zakerkish M, Ahmadi K. The effects of flaxseed supplementation on metabolic status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized open-labeled controlled clinical trial. Nutrition Journal 2020; 19(1): 8.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-0524-5
Maghsoudi Z. The role of flax seed in prevention and management of diabetes mellitus type I and type II. Diab Obes Metab Disor OA 2016; 2: 7-11.
Cassani RS, Fassini PG, Silvah JH, Lima CM, Marchini JS. Impact of weight loss diet associated with flaxseed on inflammatory markers in men with cardiovascular risk factors: a clinical study. Nutr J 2015; 14: 5.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-14-5
De Silva SF, Alcorn J. Flaxseed lignans as important dietary polyphenols for cancer prevention and treatment: Chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and molecular targets. Pharmaceuticals 2019; 12(2): 68.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12020068
Lee YK, Chung WI, Ezura H. Efficient plant regeneration via organogenesis in winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.). Plant science 2003; 164(3): 413-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00429-6
Yadav M, Jain S, Tomar R, Prasad G, Yadav H. Medicinal and biological potential of pumpkin: an updated review. Nutrition research reviews 2010; 23(2): 184-90.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422410000107
Rabrenović BB, Dimić EB, Novaković MM, Tešević VV, Basić ZN. The most important bioactive components of cold pressed oil from different pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds. LWT-Food Science and Technology 2014; 55(2): 521-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.10.019
Patel D, Vaghasiya J, Pancholi S, Paul A. Therapeutic potential of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: a plant lignan. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2012; 4(1): 15-8.
Reddy PS, Begum N, Mutha S, Bakshi V. Beneficial effect of Curcumin in Letrozole induced polycystic ovary syndrome. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 2016; 5(2): 116-22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjr.2016.01.006
Phipps WR, Martini MC, Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Kurzer MS. Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1993; 77(5): 1215-9.
https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.77.5.8077314
El-Ghany A, Dalia AH, Soha M. Biological study on the effect of pumpkin seeds and zinc on reproductive potential of male rats. 2010.
Work HDSC. Seed Cycling for Hormonal Balance We may not realize it, but our bodies, minds, and emotional states are incredibly sensitive to the elements around us, and our hormone levels tend to fluctuate and change in response. Using seed cycling to balance hormones is a natural and inexpensive alternative to using drugs, supplements, or herbal remedies, which can result in more balanced hormone levels and boost fertility in women. What is seed cycling?
Aslam F, Iqbal S, Nasir M, Anjum AA, Swan P, Sweazea K. Evaluation of white sesame seed oil on glucose control and biomarkers of hepatic, cardiac, and renal functions in male Sprague-Dawley rats with chemically induced diabetes. Journal of medicinal food 2017; 20(5): 448-57.
https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2016.0065
Khadem Haghighian M, Alipoor B, Eftekhar Sadat B, Malek Mahdavi A, Moghaddam A, Vatankhah AM. Effects of sesame seed supplementation on lipid profile and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Health promotion perspectives 2014; 4(1): 90-7.
Wang D, Zhang L, Huang X, et al. Identification of nutritional components in black sesame determined by widely targeted metabolomics and traditional Chinese medicines. Molecules 2018; 23(5): 1180.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051180
Calderon-Garcia JF, Moran JM, Roncero-Martin R, Rey-Sanchez P, Rodriguez-Velasco FJ, Pedrera-Zamorano JD. Dietary habits, nutrients and bone mass in Spanish premenopausal women: the contribution of fish to better bone health. Nutrients 2013; 5(1): 10-22.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5010010
Bhat AV. A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of PTP on Selected Menstrual Irregularities And the Remedial Measures Practiced Among Early Adolescent Girls in Selected High Schools at Belagavi, Karnataka, India.
El-Aziz A, Fathey Khalil A, Willson Nageb E, El-Sayed Mohamed S. Effect of medium-fat diets containing flaxseed, sesame seeds and their oils on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. المجلة المصریة للدراسات المتخصصة 2020; 8(27): 29-66.
https://doi.org/10.21608/ejos.2020.118275
Szczuko M, Zapalowska-Chwyć M, Drozd R. A Low Glycemic Index Decreases Inflammation by Increasing the Concentration of Uric Acid and the Activity of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx3) in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Molecules 2019; 24(8).
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081508
Work HDSC. Seed Cycling for Hormone Balance.
Mina M, Farhad R. A combination of Spearmint and flaxseed extract improved endocrine and histomorphology of ovary in experimental PCOS. 2020.
https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.19187/v2
Hall A. Seed Cycling For Hormonal Balance-Herbal Academy. Herbal Academy. 2017.
Reed BG CB. The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation.
Ray L. The menstrual cycle: more than just your period. 2018.
Bakr S, Almutairi AA, Dawalibi A, Owaidah M, Almughiyri AA, Owaidah T. Screening hemostatic defects in Saudi University students with unexplained menorrhagia: a diagnosis, which could be missed. Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis 2021.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MBC.0000000000001033
Maxwell C, Volpe SL. Effect of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone function. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2007; 51(2): 188-94.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000103324
Stanikova D, Zsido RG, Luck T, et al. Testosterone imbalance may link depression and increased body weight in premenopausal women. Translational psychiatry 2019; 9(1): 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0487-5
Sturgeon SR, Heersink JL, Volpe SL, et al. Effect of dietary flaxseed on serum levels of estrogens and androgens in postmenopausal women. Nutrition and cancer 2008; 60(5): 612-8.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580801971864
Treat P. Seed Cycling: A Simple Practice for Balancing Hormones.
Song C, Lin A, Bonaccorso S, et al. The inflammatory response system and the availability of plasma tryptophan in patients with primary sleep disorders and major depression. Journal of affective disorders 1998; 49(3): 211-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00025-1
Haghjoo E, Haghighi KS, Dabaghian FH, Shojaii A, Mohammadi H. Efficacy of pumpkin oil (a Persian medicine product) in the treatment of chronic insomnia: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 2019; 7(6): 471-81.
Kim TW, Jeong J-H, Hong S-C. The impact of sleep and circadian disturbance on hormones and metabolism. International journal of endocrinology 2015; 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/591729
Gossell-Williams M, Hyde C, Hunter T, et al. Improvement in HDL cholesterol in postmenopausal women supplemented with pumpkin seed oil: pilot study. Climacteric 2011; 14(5): 558-64.
https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2011.563882
Zaineddin AK, Buck K, Vrieling A, et al. The association between dietary lignans, phytoestrogen-rich foods, and fiber intake and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: a German case-control study. Nutrition and Cancer 2012; 64(5): 652-65.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2012.683227
Makni M, Fetoui H, Gargouri NK, et al. Hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of flax and pumpkin seed mixture rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in hypercholesterolemic rats. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 2008; 46(12): 3714-20.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.057
Adams GG, Imran S, Wang S, et al. The hypoglycemic effect of pumpkin seeds, Trigonelline (TRG), Nicotinic acid (NA), and D-Chiro-inositol (DCI) in controlling glycemic levels in diabetes mellitus. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54(10): 1322-9.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.635816
Yasir M, Sultana B, Nigam PS, Owusu-Apenten R. Antioxidant and genoprotective activity of selected cucurbitaceae seed extracts and LC-ESIMS/MS identification of phenolic components. Food chemistry 2016; 199: 307-13.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.138
Zhang J, Fan P, Liu H, Bai H, Wang Y, Zhang F. Apolipoprotein AI and B levels, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome in south-west Chinese women with PCOS. Human reproduction 2012; 27(8): 2484-93.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des191
dehghani Firouzabadi R, Aflatoonian A, Modarresi S, Sekhavat L, MohammadTaheri S. Therapeutic effects of calcium & vitamin D supplementation in women with PCOS. Complementary therapies in clinical practice 2012; 18(2): 85-8.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2012.01.005
Kaur A, Jindal S, Kaur I, Chopra K. Effect of sesamol on the pathophysiological changes induced by surgical menopause in rodents. Climacteric 2013; 16(4): 426-37.
https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2012.696292
Cooney RV, Custer LJ, Okinaka L, Franke AA. Effects of dietary sesame seeds on plasma tocopherol levels. Nutrition and cancer 2001; 39(1): 66-71.
https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327914nc391_9
Chen PR, Chien KL, Su TC, et al. Dietary sesame reduces serum cholesterol and enhances antioxidant capacity in hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition research 2005; 25(6): 559-67.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2005.05.007
Phelps T, Snyder E, Rodriguez E, Child H, Harvey P. The influence of biological sex and sex hormones on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. Biology of sex differences 2019; 10(1): 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-019-0265-3
Mohammadian F, Ghoreishi A, Sheikh Fathollali M, et al. The Effect of Consuming Sesame (sesamum indicum) on Primary Dysmenorrhea in Students at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS). Community Health Journal 2017; 8(4): 1-9.
Haidari F, Mohammad Shahi M, Shirbeigi E. The Effect of Sesame Butter-Supplemented Breakfast in Comparison to Common Breakfast on the Severity of Primary Dysmenorrhea in the Students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal 2012; 11(2): 193-200.
Moini Jazani A, Hamdi K, Tansaz M, et al. Herbal medicine for oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea: A systematic review of ancient and conventional medicine. BioMed research international 2018; 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3052768
Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Mohammadi M, Moghtaderi F, Salehi-Abargouei A. Do sesame seed and its products affect body weight and composition? A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Journal of functional foods 2018; 49: 324-32.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.036
Laganà AS, Vitale SG, Noventa M, Vitagliano A. Current Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: From Bench to Bedside. International Journal of Endocrinology 2018; 2018: 7234543.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7234543
Szczuko M, Drozd A, Maciejewska D, Zapałowska-Chwyć M, Stachowska E. Decrease in the level of nervonic acid and increased gamma linolenic acid in the plasma of women with polycystic ovary syndrome after a three-month low-glycaemic index and caloric reduction diet. Open Life Sciences 2018; 14(1): 224-36.
https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2019-0026
Szczuko M, Zapałowska-Chwyć M, Maciejewska D, Drozd A, Starczewski A, Stachowska E. Significant Improvement Selected Mediators of Inflammation in Phenotypes of Women with PCOS after Reduction and Low GI Diet. Mediators of Inflammation 2017; 2017: 5489523.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5489523
Bester D, Esterhuyse AJ, Truter EJ, van Rooyen J. Cardiovascular effects of edible oils: a comparison between four popular edible oils. Nutrition Research Reviews 2010; 23(2): 334-48.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422410000223
Pal D. Chapter 130 - Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seeds in Health and Nutrition. In: Preedy VR, Watson RR, Patel VB, eds. Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. San Diego: Academic Press; 2011: 1097-105.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375688-6.10130-6
Leverrier A, Daguet D, Calame W, Dhoye P, Kodimule SP. Helianthus annuus Seed Extract Affects Weight and Body Composition of Healthy Obese Adults during 12 Weeks of Consumption: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients 2019; 11(5): 1080.
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051080
Cetisli NE, Saruhan A, Kivcak B. The effects of flaxseed on menopausal symptoms and quality of life. Holistic nursing practice 2015; 29(3): 151-7.
https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000085
Chang VC, Cotterchio M, Boucher BA, et al. Effect of Dietary Flaxseed Intake on Circulating Sex Hormone Levels among Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Intervention Trial. Nutrition and cancer 2019; 71(3): 385-98.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2018.1516789
Dikshit A, Hales K, Hales DB. Whole flaxseed diet alters estrogen metabolism to promote 2-methoxtestradiol-induced apoptosis in hen ovarian cancer. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 2017; 42: 117-25.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.01.002
Tanideh R, Delavari S, Farshad O, et al. Effect of flaxseed oil on biochemical parameters, hormonal indexes and stereological changes in ovariectomized rats. Veterinary Medicine and Science 2020: 10.
https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.372
Hu T, Linghu K, Huang S, et al. Flaxseed extract induces apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2019; 127: 188-96.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.029
Rubashkina AN, Lapochkina NP, Torshin IY, Gromova OA. The role of 7-hydroxymatairezinol in modulation of estrogen metabolism and therapy for mastopathy. Gynecology 2020; 22(4): 43-8.
https://doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2020.4.200183
Jobira B, Frank DN, Pyle L, et al. Obese Adolescents With PCOS Have Altered Biodiversity and Relative Abundance in Gastrointestinal Microbiota. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2020; 105(6): e2134-44.
https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz263
Ataabadi MS, Alaee S, Bagheri MJ, Bahmanpoor S. Role of essential oil of Mentha Spicata (spearmint) in addressing reverse hormonal and Folliculogenesis disturbances in a polycystic ovarian syndrome in a rat model. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin 2017; 7(4): 651.
https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2017.078
Wang T, Sha L, Li Y, et al. Dietary α-Linolenic Acid-Rich Flaxseed Oil Exerts Beneficial Effects on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Through Sex Steroid Hormones-Microbiota-Inflammation Axis in Rats. Frontiers in endocrinology 2020; 11: 284.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00284
Parikh M, Raj P, Austria JA, et al. Dietary flaxseed protects against ventricular arrhythmias and left ventricular dilation after a myocardial infarction. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 71: 63-71.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.06.004
Zhu L, Sha L, Li K, et al. Dietary flaxseed oil rich in omega-3 suppresses severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in rats. Lipids in Health and Disease 2020; 19(1): 20.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-1167-4
Tanideh R, Delavari S, Farshad O, et al. Effect of flaxseed oil on biochemical parameters, hormonal indexes and stereological changes in ovariectomized rats. Veterinary Medicine and Science 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.372
Cammalleri M, Dal Monte M, Amato R, Bagnoli P, Rusciano D. A Dietary Combination of Forskolin with Homotaurine, Spearmint and B Vitamins Protects Injured Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Rodent Model of Hypertensive Glaucoma. Nutrients 2020; 12(4).
https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041189
Espinoza JA, Alvarado W, Venegas B, Domínguez R, Morales-Ledesma L. Pharmacological sympathetic denervation prevents the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats injected with estradiol valerate. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E 2018; 16(1): 86.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-018-0400-8
Geberemeskel GA, Debebe YG, Nguse NA. Antidiabetic Effect of Fenugreek Seed Powder Solution (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) on Hyperlipidemia in Diabetic Patients. Journal of diabetes research 2019; 2019: 8507453.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8507453
Ibrahim DHMO. A Novel Treatment for Constipation by Sesame
Seeds International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) 2019; 7(1).
Amoura M, Lotfy ZH, Neveen E, Khloud A. Potential effects of Mentha piperita (peppermint) on Letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in female albino rat. International Journal 2015; 3(10): 211-26.
Osman NN, Alsahfi SA, Alshubaily F. Effectiveness of Aqueous Extract of Fenugreek Seeds and Flaxseed on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Female Rats. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2019; 8(4): 42-54.
Yari Z, Rahimlou M, Eslamparast T, Ebrahimi-Daryani N, Poustchi H, Hekmatdoost A. Flaxseed supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot randomized, open labeled, controlled study. International journal of food sciences and nutrition 2016; 67(4): 461-9.
https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2016.1161011
Farzana F, Sulaiman A, Ruckmani A, Vijayalakshmi K, Karunya Lakshmi G, Shri Ranjini S. Effects of flax seeds supplementation in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2015; 31(1): 113-9.
rights are reserved by PRADNYA A, JAGTAP N. A Comprehensive Review on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).
Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Camilli E, et al. Dietary Lignans: Definition, Description and Research Trends in Databases Development. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2018; 23(12): 3251.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123251
AL-Sallami A. Effect of sesame oil on male rats treated with acrylamide in some physiological and hormonal blood criteria. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2017: 134-40.
https://doi.org/10.25258/ijcprr.v8i02.9197
Syed QA, Akram M, Shukat R. Nutritional and therapeutic importance of the pumpkin seeds. Seed 2019; 21(2): 15798-803.
https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2019.21.003586
Lestari B, Meiyanto E. A review: the emerging nutraceutical potential of pumpkin seeds. Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention 2018; 9(2): 92-101.
https://doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev9iss2pp92-101
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Pakistan BioMedical Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access journal and all the published articles / items are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For comments editor@pakistanbmj.com