Gratitude, Self-Efficacy and Self-Care Behaviors among Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: Gratitude, Self-Efficacy and Self-Care Behavior

Sadia Khan; Nudra Malik; Raumish Masud Khan

doi:10.54393/pbmj.v7i04.1078

Authors

Sadia Khan Department of Applied Psychology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
Nudra Malik Department of Applied Psychology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
Raumish Masud Khan Department of Applied Psychology, Kinnaird College for Women, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v7i04.1078

Keywords:

Gratitude, Self-Care, Cardiovascular Diseases, Inclusive Healthcare, Self-Efficacy

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a complex disease with persistent course of treatment having serious consequences for the patients’ wellbeing. Positive psychological factors can play a significant role in improving CVD outcomes. Objectives: To better understand the intricate relationships among gratitude, self-efficacy, and self-care behaviors in individuals diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional research design was employed for the study. 160 patients with CVD aged between 40 to 60 years (M=49.79, SD=5.59) were selected for the study through purposive sampling. The Gratitude Questionnaire, Self-Care Behavior Scale-9 and General Self Efficacy Scale were used to measure gratitude, self-care behaviors, and self-efficacy respectively. Results: Results revealed a significant relationship between gratitude, self-care behaviors and self-efficacy. The findings also indicated self-efficacy to be a significant predictor of self-care behaviors. Conclusions: The study advocates for inclusive healthcare interventions that emphasize the role of gratitude and self-efficacy on self-care behaviors for enhancing wellbeing of CVD patients. It contributes to the understanding of the psychological dynamics within CVD patients emphasizing the role of interventions that promote holistic well-being.

References

World Health Organization. Health topics: Cardiovascular diseases. Fact Sheet. 2013 [Last cited: 25th Mar 2024]. Available at: http://www. who. int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/.

Kubzansky LD, Huffman JC, Boehm JK, Hernandez R, Kim ES, Koga HK et al. Positive psychological well-being and cardiovascular disease: JACC health promotion series. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018 Sep; 72(12): 1382-96. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.042. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.07.042

DuBois CM, Beach SR, Kashdan TB, Nyer MB, Park ER, Celano CM et al. Positive psychological attributes and cardiac outcomes: associations, mechanisms, and interventions. Psychosomatics. 2012 Jul; 53(4): 303-18. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2012.04.004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psym.2012.04.004

DuBois CM, Lopez OV, Beale EE, Healy BC, Boehm JK, Huffman JC. Relationships between positive psychological constructs and health outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease: A systematic review. International Journal of Cardiology. 2015 Sep; 195: 265-80. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.121

Emmons RA and McCullough ME. Counting blessings versus burdens: an experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2003 Feb; 84(2): 377. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.377. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.2.377

Wang X and Song C. The impact of gratitude interventions on patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology. 2023 Sep; 14: 1243598. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1243598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1243598

Tennen H, Urrows S, Higgins P. Person and contextual features of daily stress reactivity: Individual differences in relations of undesirable daily events with mood disturbance and chronic pain intensity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1994 Feb; 66(2): 329-40. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.66.2.329. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.66.2.329

Cousin L, Redwine L, Bricker C, Kip K, Buck H. Effect of gratitude on cardiovascular health outcomes: a state-of-the-science review. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 2021 May; 16(3): 348-55. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2020.1716054. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1716054

Hatef M, Sharif Nia H, Mousavinasab N, Esmaeili R, Shafipour V. Self-efficacy and prediction of associated factors in patients with chronic diseases. Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2018 Jul; 28(162): 86-94.

Gallagher S, Solano AC, Liporace MF. State, but not trait gratitude is associated with cardiovascular responses to acute psychological stress. Physiology & Behavior. 2020 Jul; 221: 112896. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112896. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112896

Mobini S, Allahbakhshian A, Shabanloei R, Sarbakhsh P. Illness perception, self-efficacy, and medication adherence in patients with coronary artery disease: A path analysis of conceptual model. SAGE Open Nursing. 2023 Jun; 9: 23779608231171772. doi: 10.1177/23779608231171772. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608231171772

Riegel B, Moser DK, Buck HG, Dickson VV, Dunbar SB, Lee CS et al. Self‐care for the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease and stroke: A scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2017 Aug; 6(9): e006997. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006997. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.006997

Heo S, Moser DK, Lennie TA, Riegel B, Chung ML. Gender differences in and factors related to self-care behaviors: a cross-sectional, correlational study of patients with heart failure. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2008 Dec; 45(12): 1807-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.05.008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2008.05.008

Bagheri–Saweh MI, Lotfi A, Salawati Ghasemi S. Self-care behaviors and related factors in chronic heart failure patients. International Journal of Biomedicine and Public Health. 2018 Jan; 1(1): 42-7. doi: 10.22631/ijbmph.2018.56100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22631/ijbmph.2018.56100

McCullough ME, Emmons RA, Tsang JA. The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002 Jan; 82(1): 112. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.82.1.112

Jaarsma T, Strömberg A, Mårtensson J, Dracup K. Development and testing of the European heart failure self‐care behaviour scale. European Journal of Heart Failure. 2003 Jun; 5(3): 363-70. doi: 10.1016/S1388-9842(02)00253-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-9842(02)00253-2

Schwarzer R and Jerusalem M. Generalized self-efficacy scale. In: Weinman J, Wright S, Johnston M. Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs. Windsor, UK: NFER-NELSON. 1995: 35-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/t00393-000

Cousin L, Buck H, Benitez B, Mills P, Redwine L. A structural equation model of gratitude, self-efficacy, and medication adherence in patients with stage B heart failure. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2020 Nov; 35(6): E18-24. doi: 10.1097/JCN.0000000000000721. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/JCN.0000000000000721

Peyman N, Shahedi F, Abdollahi M, Doosti H, Zadehahmad Z. Impact of self-efficacy strategies education on self-care behaviors among heart failure patients. The Journal of Tehran University Heart Center. 2020 Jan; 15(1): 6. doi: 10.18502/jthc.v15i1.3332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18502/jthc.v15i1.3332

Celano CM, Beale EE, Beach SR, Belcher AM, Suarez L, Motiwala SR et al. Associations between psychological constructs and cardiac biomarkers after acute coronary syndrome. Psychosomatic Medicine. 2017 Apr; 79(3): 318-26. doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000404. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000404

Moieni M, Irwin MR, Haltom KE, Jevtic I, Meyer ML, Breen EC et al. Exploring the role of gratitude and support-giving on inflammatory outcomes. Emotion. 2019 Sep; 19(6): 939. doi: 10.1037/emo0000472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000472

Nuraeni A, Sugiharto F, Anna A, Sari E, Mirwanti R, Trisyani Y et al. Self-efficacy in self-care and its related factors among patients with coronary heart disease in Indonesia: a rasch analysis. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2023 Dec: 583-93. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S427488. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S427488

Sugiharto F, Nuraeni A, Trisyani Y, Putri AM, Armansyah NA, Zamroni AH. A scoping review of predictors associated with self-efficacy among patients with coronary heart disease. Vascular Health and Risk Management. 2023 Dec: 719-31. doi: 10.2147/VHRM.S435288. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S435288

González B, Lupón J, Domingo MD, Cano L, Cabanes R, De Antonio M et al. Educational level and self-care behaviour in patients with heart failure before and after nurse educational intervention. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. 2014 Oct; 13(5): 459-65. doi: 10.1177/1474515113510810. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515113510810