Sophora Flavescens in Dentistry: A Systematic Review
Sophora Flavescens in Dentistry
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i3.338Keywords:
Sophora flavescens, Dentistry, Chinese plant, flavonoidsAbstract
Sophora flavescens is an evergreen shrubby plant that is widely distributed in Asia especially China. The roots of the plant have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for treating inflammation, burns and infections. Studies have proven medicinal properties of different types of alkaloids and flavonoids, which are extracted from the roots through various procedures. Recent research has shown positive effects of these extracts against many diseases like different kinds of tumors, allergies, diabetes, hepatitis, dental caries, various kinds of infections, owing to their anti-microbial and analgesic properties. In case of dental diseases like dental caries and periodontitis extracts such as sophora flavanone G and oxymatrine have shown positive indicators.
References
Du GH, Yuan TY, Du LD, Zhang YX. The Potential of Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment and Modulation of Pain. Advances in pharmacology (San Diego, Calif). 2016;75:325-61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.apha.2016.01.001
He X, Fang J, Huang L, Wang J, Huang X. Sophora flavescens Ait.: Traditional usage, phytochemistry and pharmacology of an important traditional Chinese medicine. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2015;172:10-29.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.06.010
Ma H, Huang Q, Qu W, Li L, Wang M, Li S, et al. In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of Sophora flavescens residues. 2018;224:497-503.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.06.019
Huang X-B, Yuan L-W, Shao J, Yang Y, Liu Y, Lu J-J, et al. Cytotoxic effects of flavonoids from root of Sophora flavescens in cancer cells. 2021;35(22):4317-22.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1712382
Liu C, Yang N, Song Y, Wang L, Zi J, Zhang S, et al. Ganoderic acid C1 isolated from the anti-asthma formula, ASHMI™ suppresses TNF-α production by mouse macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from asthma patients. International immunopharmacology. 2015;27(2):224-31.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.018
Zhang Y-B, Luo D, Yang L, Cheng W, He L-J, Kuang G-K, et al. Matrine-type alkaloids from the roots of sophora flavescens and their antiviral activities against the hepatitis B virus. 2018;81(10):2259-65.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.8b00576
Sun L, Guo J, Yan Y, Yu H, Li W, Zhang L, et al. Study on the chemical constituents and antibacterial activity of Radix Sophora flavescens. 2017;19(11):49-53.
Zhou J, Zhang L, Li Q, Jin W, Chen W, Han J, et al. Simultaneous optimization for ultrasound-assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of flavonoids from Sophora flavescens using response surface methodology. 2019;24(1):112.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010112
Li W, Liang H, Yin T, Wang B, Zhao YY. [Main flavonoids from Sophora flavescenes]. Yao xue xue bao = Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. 2008;43(8):833-7.
Lee S-HJJoM. Antimicrobial effects of herbal extracts on Streptococcus mutans and normal oral streptococci. 2013;51(4):484-9.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3312-5
Chen X, Yi C, Yang X, Wang X. Liquid chromatography of active principles in Sophora flavescens root. Journal of chromatography B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences. 2004;812(1-2):149-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-0232(04)00679-8
Dong Y, Jia G, Hu J, Liu H, Wu T, Yang S, et al. Determination of Alkaloids and Flavonoids in Sophora flavescens by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Journal of analytical methods in chemistry. 2021;2021:9915027.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9915027
Wei G, Chen Y, Guo X, Wei J, Dong L, Chen S. Biosyntheses characterization of alkaloids and flavonoids in Sophora flavescens by combining metabolome and transcriptome. Scientific reports. 2021;11(1):7388.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86970-0
Liu X-J, Cao M-A, Li W-H, Shen C-S, Yan S-Q, Yuan C-SJF. Alkaloids from Sophora flavescens Aition. 2010;81(6):524-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.01.008
Li H, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang YJFRD. Optimization of Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction Technology of Total Phenol from the Sophora flavescens by Response Surface Methodology. 2015;5:24-8.
Zhang R, Zhang G, Sun H, Ling J, Wang GJF, Drug. Extraction of total flavonoids in Sophora flavescens by supercritical CO2 fluid. 2009;11(5):19-21.
Zhang Q, Yu J, Wang Y, Su W. Selective Extraction of Flavonoids from Sophora flavescens Ait. by Mechanochemistry. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 2016;21(8).
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21080989
Chen X, Yi C, Yang X, Wang XJJoCB. Liquid chromatography of active principles in Sophora flavescens root. 2004;812(1-2):149-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1570-0232(04)00679-8
Zhang W, Zhu D, Fan H, Liu X, Wan Q, Wu X, et al. Simultaneous extraction and purification of alkaloids from Sophora flavescens Ait. by microwave-assisted aqueous two-phase extraction with ethanol/ammonia sulfate system. 2015;141:113-23.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.11.014
Xia E-Q, Cui B, Xu X-R, Song Y, Ai X-X, Li H-BJM. Microwave-assisted extraction of oxymatrine from Sophora flavescens. 2011;16(9):7391-400.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16097391
Wang H, Lu Y, Chen J, Li J, Liu S. Subcritical water extraction of alkaloids in Sophora flavescens Ait. and determination by capillary electrophoresis with field-amplified sample stacking. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2012;58:146-51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2011.09.014
Wan Z, Shen LJFS. Extraction and antioxidant activity of flavoniods from Sophora flavescens. 2009;30:137-40.
Zhang H, Chen L, Sun X, Yang Q, Wan L, Guo C. Matrine: A Promising Natural Product With Various Pharmacological Activities. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2020;11:588.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00588
Cao X, He QJCm, research. Anti-tumor activities of bioactive phytochemicals in Sophora flavescens for breast cancer. 2020;12:1457.
https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S243127
Zhou YJ, Guo YJ, Yang XL, Ou ZLJJoC. Anti-cervical cancer role of matrine, oxymatrine and sophora flavescens alkaloid gels and its mechanism. 2018;9(8):1357.
https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.22427
Chen M-H, Gu Y-Y, Zhang AL, Sze DM-y, Mo S-L, May BHJPR. Biological effects and mechanisms of matrine and other constituents of Sophora flavescens in colorectal cancer. 2021;171:105778.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105778
Tan M, Luo Z, Wang Q, Jiang DJHykdxxbHYDXBoHMU. The anti-leukemia effect of Sophora flavescens and its mechanism. 2000;25(5):443-5.
Wei J, Zhu Y, Xu G, Yang F, Guan Z, Wang M, et al. Oxymatrine extracted from Sophora flavescens inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in human osteosarcoma MG-63 cells in vitro. 2014;70(2):1439-44.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12013-014-0078-2
Hu G, Cao C, Deng Z, Li J, Zhou X, Huang Z, et al. Effects of matrine in combination with cisplatin on liver cancer. 2021;21(1):1-.
https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2020.12327
Chen Q, Duan X, Fan H, Xu M, Tang Q, Zhang L, et al. Oxymatrine protects against DSS-induced colitis via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. International immunopharmacology. 2017;53:149-57.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.025
Blaschek W. Natural Products as Lead Compounds for Sodium Glucose Cotransporter (SGLT) Inhibitors. Planta medica. 2017;83(12-13):985-93.
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-106050
Kim JH, Ryu YB, Kang NS, Lee BW, Heo JS, Jeong IY, et al. Glycosidase inhibitory flavonoids from Sophora flavescens. Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin. 2006;29(2):302-5.
https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.29.302
Yang X, Yang J, Xu C, Huang M, Zhou Q, Lv J, et al. Antidiabetic effects of flavonoids from Sophora flavescens EtOAc extract in type 2 diabetic KK-ay mice. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2015;171:161-70.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.043
Yanju B, Yang L, Hua B, Hou W, Shi Z, Li W, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the use of traditional Chinese medicine compound kushen injection for bone cancer pain. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer. 2014;22(3):825-36.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-013-2063-5
Wang H, Li Y, Dun L, Xu Y, Jin S, Du J, et al. Antinociceptive effects of oxymatrine from Sophora flavescens, through regulation of NR2B-containing NMDA receptor-ERK/CREB signaling in a mice model of neuropathic pain. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2013;20(11):1039-45.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2013.04.012
Shin HJ, Kim HJ, Kwak JH, Chun HO, Kim JH, Park H, et al. A prenylated flavonol, sophoflavescenol: a potent and selective inhibitor of cGMP phosphodiesterase 5. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters. 2002;12(17):2313-6.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-894X(02)00401-8
Hu ST, Shen YF, Gong JM, Yang YJ. Effect of sophoridine on Ca²⁺ induced Ca²⁺ release during heart failure. Physiological research. 2016;65(1):43-52.
https://doi.org/10.33549/physiolres.933052
Lee KY, Cha SM, Choi SM, Cha JD. Antibacterial and synergistic effects of the n-BuOH fraction of Sophora flavescens root against oral bacteria. Journal of oral science. 2017;59(1):77-86.
https://doi.org/10.2334/josnusd.16-0151
Zhao HD, Feng XL, Zhao Y, Li N. [Randomized controlled study: Sophora flavescens gel in treatment of cervical HPV infection]. Zhongguo Zhong yao za zhi = Zhongguo zhongyao zazhi = China journal of Chinese materia medica. 2016;41(21):4072-5.
Xu X, Li X, Zhang L, Liu Z, Pan Y, Chen D, et al. Enhancement of Wound Healing by the Traditional Chinese Medicine Herbal Mixture Sophora flavescens in a Rat Model of Perianal Ulceration. In vivo (Athens, Greece). 2017;31(4):543-9.
https://doi.org/10.21873/invivo.11092
Jung Y, Kim B, Ryu MH, Kim H. Chinese medicines reported to have effects on contact dermatitis in the last 20 years. Chinese journal of integrative medicine. 2018;24(1):64-71.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-016-2535-9
Du M, Zhang J, Xu D, Li W, Liu J, Liu F. Inhibition of pro‑collagen I expression by oxymatrine in hepatic stellate cells is mediated via nuclear translocation of Y‑box binding protein 1. Molecular medicine reports. 2015;12(6):8101-6.
https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.4428
Chen X, Sun R, Hu J, Mo Z, Yang Z, Liao D, et al. Attenuation of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by oxymatrine is associated with regulation of fibroblast proliferation and collagen production in primary culture. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology. 2008;103(3):278-86.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00287.x
Liu Z, Lv Y, Zhang Y, Liu F, Zhu L, Pan S, et al. Matrine-Type Alkaloids Inhibit Advanced Glycation End Products Induced Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Apoptosis of Aortic Endothelial Cells In Vivo and In Vitro by Targeting MKK3 and p38MAPK Signaling. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2017;6(12).
https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.007441
Dev S, Mizuguchi H, Das AK, Maeyama K, Horinaga S, Kato S, et al. Kujin suppresses histamine signaling at the transcriptional level in toluene 2,4-diisocyanate-sensitized rats. Journal of pharmacological sciences. 2009;109(4):606-17.
https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.09003FP
Chen L, Cheng X, Shi W, Lu Q, Go VL, Heber D, et al. Inhibition of growth of Streptococcus mutans, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci by kurarinone, a bioactive flavonoid isolated from Sophora flavescens. 2005;43(7):3574-5.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.7.3574-3575.2005
Cha JD, Jeong MR, Jeong SI, Lee KY. Antibacterial activity of sophoraflavanone G isolated from the roots of Sophora flavescens. Journal of microbiology and biotechnology. 2007;17(5):858-64.
Zhou CH, Shi ZL, Meng JH, Hu B, Zhao CC, Yang YT, et al. Sophocarpine attenuates wear particle-induced implant loosening by inhibiting osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption via suppression of the NF-κB signalling pathway in a rat model. British journal of pharmacology. 2018;175(6):859-76.
https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.14092
Lee SH. Antimicrobial effects of herbal extracts on Streptococcus mutans and normal oral streptococci. Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea). 2013;51(4):484-9.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12275-013-3312-5
Deng N, Xie L, Li Y, Lin H, Luo RJACB. Oxymatrine alleviates periodontitis in rats by inhibiting inflammatory factor secretion and regulating MMPs/TIMP protein expression. 2018;33:945-53.
https://doi.org/10.1590/s0102-865020180110000001
Kim CS, Park SN, Ahn SJ, Seo YW, Lee YJ, Lim YK, et al. Antimicrobial effect of sophoraflavanone G isolated from Sophora flavescens against mutans streptococci. Anaerobe. 2013;19:17-21.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan BioMedical Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access journal and all the published articles / items are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For comments editor@pakistanbmj.com