Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Motorbike Riders: Prevalence, Severity, and Implications for Occupational Health: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Motorbike Riders

Abdul Maajid Khokhar; Muhammad Mohsin Ali; Muhammad Masam Raza

doi:10.54393/pbmj.v6i11.967

Authors

Abdul Maajid Khokhar Department of Medical Imaging Technology, Riphah International University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Mohsin Ali Department of Physical Therapy, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Masam Raza Department of Physical Therapy, The University of Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i11.967

Keywords:

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire, Phalen’s Test, Motorbike riders.

Abstract

The clinical diagnosis of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is based on a collection of symptoms and indicators that point to compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel. Objective: To find out the severity, functional status, and pain of carpal tunnel syndrome in motorbike riders using BCTQ and NPRS. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 4 months on 169 motorbike riders in Faisalabad based on inclusion and exclusion criteria after obtaining consent. Phalen test was used to see carpal tunnel syndrome. Pain identification was done by using BCTQ in the selected subjects. Data were evaluated by SPSS version 22. Pearson Chi-Square test was applied for BCTQ symptom severity and functional limitation. Results: Data showed that all 169 participants were men. It also demonstrated that 42% fall in the category of 20-24 years, 33.1% fall in the 25-29 years category, and 24.9% fall in the age category of 30-34 years. The distribution showed that the prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome by the Phalen test was 13% (22) among motorbike riders (169). Conclusions: Bike riding is an occupational hazard for CTS. To lower the risk of CTS in occupations involving motorbike riders, programs utilizing ergonomic and industrial hygiene improvement must be developed and implemented. The study showed that the prevalence of CTS among motorbike riders was 13% and the mean ± S.D was 1.869 ± .3375.

References

Watts AC and McEachan J. Carpal tunnel syndrome in men. Current Orthopaedics. 2006 Aug; 20(4): 294-8. doi: 10.1016/j.cuor.2006.02.013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cuor.2006.02.013

Chammas M, Boretto J, Burmann LM, Ramos RM, Santos Neto FC, et al. Carpal tunnel syndrome-Part I (anatomy, physiology, etiology and diagnosis). Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia. 2014 Sep; 49: 429-36. doi: 10.1016/j.rboe.2014.08.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rboe.2014.08.001

Milligan MD. Ulnar nerve and median nerve neuropathy in the cyclist. 2007. [15th Nov 2023]. Available at: https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/13495/NerveNeuropathyCyclist.pdf?sequence=1

Silverstein BA, Fine LJ, Armstrong TJ. Occupational factors and carpal tunnel syndrome. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1987; 11(3): 343-58. doi: 10.1002/ajim.4700110310. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.4700110310

Leversedge FJ, Goldfarb CA, Boyer MI. A pocketbook Manual of hand and upper extremity anatomy: Primus manus. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010.

Ghasemi-Rad M, Nosair E, Vegh A, Mohammadi A, Akkad A, Lesha E, et al. A handy review of carpal tunnel syndrome: From anatomy to diagnosis and treatment. World Journal of Radiology. 2014 Jun; 6(6): 284. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v6.i6.284. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v6.i6.284

Balakrishnan C, Smith MF, Puri P. Acute carpal tunnel syndrome from thrombosed persistent median artery. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 1999 May; 17(3): 437-9. doi: 10.1016/S0736-4679(99)00011-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0736-4679(99)00011-6

Sabeti‐Aschraf M, Serek M, Pachtner T, Auner K, Machinek M, Geisler M, et al. The Enduro motorcyclist's wrist and other overuse injuries in competitive Enduro motorcyclists: a prospective study. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports. 2008 Oct; 18(5): 582-90. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00701.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00701.x

Robertson A, Giannoudis PV, Branfoot T, Barlow I, Matthews SJ, et al. Spinal injuries in motorcycle crashes: patterns and outcomes. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2002 Jul; 53(1): 5-8. doi: 10.1097/00005373-200207000-00002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-200207000-00002

Mirbod SM, Yoshida H, Jamali M, Masamura K, Inaba R, Iwata H. Assessment of hand-arm vibration exposure among traffic police motorcyclists. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health. 1997 Nov; 70: 22-8. doi: 10.1007/s004200050182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004200050182

Werner RA. Evaluation of work-related carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation. 2006 Jun; 16: 201-16. doi: 10.1007/s10926-006-9026-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10926-006-9026-3

Amirfeyz R, Gozzard C, Leslie IJ. Hand elevation test for assessment of carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Hand Surgery. 2005 Aug; 30(4): 361-4. doi: 10.1016/J.JHSB.2005.04.0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHSB.2005.04.007

Colburn NT and Meyer RD. Sports injury or trauma? Injuries of the competition off-road motorcyclist. Injury. 2003 Mar; 34(3): 207-14. doi: 10.1016/S0020-1383(02)00039-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-1383(02)00039-6

Robinson LR. Traumatic injury to peripheral nerves. Muscle Nerve. 2000 Jun; 23(6): 863-73. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4598(200006)23:6<863::aid-mus4>3.0.co;2-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4598(200006)23:6<863::AID-MUS4>3.0.CO;2-0

Bhandari PS. Management of peripheral nerve injury. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2019 Sep; 10(5): 862-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jcot.2019.08.003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2019.08.003

Kouyoumdjian JA. Peripheral nerve injuries: a retrospective survey of 456 cases. Muscle & Nerve: Official Journal of the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine. 2006 Dec; 34(6): 785-8. doi: 10.1002/mus.20624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20624

Palumbo CF and Szabo RM. Examination of patients for carpal tunnel syndrome: Sensibility, provocative, and motor testing. Hand Clinics. 2002 May; 18(2): 269-77. doi: 10.1016/S0749-0712(01)00007-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0712(01)00007-5

Hidayati HB, Subadi I, Fidiana F, Puspamaniar VA. Current diagnosis and management of carpal tunnel syndrome: A review. Anaesthesia, Pain & Intensive Care. 2022 Jan; 26(3): 394-404. doi: 10.35975/apic.v26i3.1902. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35975/apic.v26i3.1902

Williamson ER, Vasquez Montes D, Melamed E. Multistate comparison of cost, trends, and complications in open versus endoscopic carpal tunnel release. Hand. 2021 Jan; 16(1): 25-31. doi: 10.1177/15589447198370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1558944719837020

Zaralieva A, Georgiev GP, Karabinov V, Iliev A, Aleksiev A. Physical therapy and rehabilitation approaches in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. Cureus. 2020 Mar; 12(3): e7171. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7171. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7171

Graham B, Peljovich AE, Afra R, Cho MS, Gray R, Stephenson J, et al. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons evidence-based clinical practice guideline on: management of carpal tunnel syndrome. JBJS. 2016 Oct; 98(20): 1750-4. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.16.00719. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.16.00719

Wu YT, Ke MJ, Chou YC, Chang CY, Lin CY, Li TY, et al. Effect of radial shock wave therapy for carpal tunnel syndrome: A prospective randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2016 Jun; 34(6): 977-84. doi: 10.1002/jor.23113. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.23113

Bobowik PŻ. Effectiveness of physiotherapy in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Advances in Rehabilitation. 2019 May; 33(2): 47-58. doi: 10.5114/areh.2019.85023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5114/areh.2019.85023

Van Dijk JF, Kappen TH, van Wijck AJ, Kalkman CJ, Schuurmans MJ. The diagnostic value of the numeric pain rating scale in older postoperative patients. Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2012 Nov; 21(21-22): 3018-24. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04288.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04288.x

Ma H and Kim I. The diagnostic assessment of hand elevation test in carpal tunnel syndrome. Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society. 2012 Nov; 52(5): 472-5. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2012.52.5.472. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2012.52.5.472

Bougea A, Zambelis T, Voskou P, Katsika PZ, Tzavara C, Kokotis P, et al. Reliability and validation of the Greek version of the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire. Hand. 2018 Sep; 13(5): 593-9. doi: 10.1177/1558944717725379. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1558944717725379

Haghighat A, Khosrawi S, Kelishadi A, Sajadieh S, Badrian H. Prevalence of clinical findings of carpal tunnel syndrome in Isfahanian dentists. Advanced Biomedical Research. 2012 May; 1: 13. doi: 10.4103/2277-9175.96069. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2277-9175.96069

Luckhaupt SE, Dahlhamer JM, Ward BW, Sweeney MH, Sestito JP, Calvert GM. Prevalence and work‐relatedness of carpal tunnel syndrome in the working population, United States, 2010 national health interview survey. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 2013 Jun; 56(6): 615-24. doi: 10.1002/ajim.22048. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.22048

Khan AA, Siddiqui AZ, Ahmed MR, Askari H, Zahid A. Prevalence of carpel tunnel syndrome in the dentists working in karachi. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal. 2014 Dec; 34(4): 588-91.

Dale AM, Harris-Adamson C, Rempel D, Gerr F, Hegmann K, Silverstein B, et al. Prevalence and incidence of carpal tunnel syndrome in US working populations: pooled analysis of six prospective studies. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health. 2013 Sep; 39(5): 495. doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3351

Sousa D and Sassul N. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Cyclists. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017 Jan; 5(1_suppl):1-10. doi: 10.1177/2325967117S00004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967117S00004

Zubair M, Khan P, Ahmad U, Abidin SZ, Shah SU, Kazmi A. Frequency of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Among Dentists Working in Tertiary Care Hospitals of Peshawar, Pakistan. Annals of Jinnah Sindh Medical University. 2022; 8(1). doi: 10.46663/ajsmu.v8i1.36-41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.46663/ajsmu.v8i1.36-41

Ravisankar A and Thenmozhi MS. Awareness, knowledge, and prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome among dental students in Saveetha Dental College. Drug Invention Today. 2020 Jun; 14(6): 20-23.

Inbasekaran D, Sankari M, Nambi G. Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome among dentists in Chennai, India. Drug Invention Today. 2018 Nov; 10(3): 3262-5.

Ithnin A. Occupational risk factors for carpal tunnel syndrome among nurses in medical. International Journal of Public Health Research. 2012 Feb; 2(2): 137-43.