xmlEscapeEntities : char out of range
<?xml version="1.0"?> <issue xmlns="http://pkp.sfu.ca" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" published="1" current="0" access_status="1" url_path="" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">8</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.52229/pbmj.v4i2</id> <issue_identification> <volume>4</volume> <number>2</number> <title locale="en_US">Volume 4 Issue 2</title> </issue_identification> <date_published>2021-12-31</date_published> <last_modified>2021-12-13</last_modified> <sections> <section ref="Edt" seq="1" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">2</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">Edt</abbrev> <title locale="en_US">Editorial</title> </section> <section ref="G.Edt" seq="2" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">6</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">G.Edt</abbrev> <title locale="en_US">Guest Editorial</title> </section> <section ref="L.E" seq="3" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">3</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">L.E</abbrev> <title locale="en_US">Letter To Editor</title> </section> <section ref="Rew.Art" seq="4" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">4</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">Rew.Art</abbrev> <title locale="en_US">Review Article</title> </section> <section ref="O.A" seq="5" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">1</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">O.A</abbrev> <policy locale="en_US"><p>Section default policy</p></policy> <title locale="en_US">Original Article</title> </section> <section ref="Cmntry" seq="7" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">7</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">Cmntry</abbrev> <title locale="en_US">Commentary</title> </section> <section ref="Sys.Rvw" seq="8" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">8</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">Sys.Rvw</abbrev> <title locale="en_US">Systematic Review</title> </section> </sections> <covers> <cover locale="en_US"> <cover_image>cover_issue_8_en_US.jpg</cover_image> <cover_image_alt_text/> <embed encoding="base64">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</embed> </cover> </covers> <issue_galleys xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"/> <articles xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-03-22" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="230" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">230</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="870" created_at="2022-01-30" date_created="" file_id="465" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="mirzamankasi" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">inbound4064594776349153303.docx</name> <file id="465" filesize="108004" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/230/61f68ada8d9a7.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1355" created_at="2022-03-22" date_created="" file_id="465" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-22" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="870" uploader="mirzamankasi" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">inbound4064594776349153303.docx</name> <file id="465" filesize="108004" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/230/61f68ada8d9a7.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1356" created_at="2022-03-22" date_created="" file_id="465" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-22" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1355" uploader="mirzamankasi" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">inbound4064594776349153303.docx</name> <file id="465" filesize="108004" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/230/61f68ada8d9a7.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1419" created_at="2022-03-26" date_created="" file_id="897" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-26" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="897" filesize="699117" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/230/623f00c3c3ba4.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1159" url_path="" seq="41" date_published="2021-12-30" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">230</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.230</id> <title locale="en_US">Comparison of p16 with human papillomavirus with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral premalignant lesion</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Human Papillomavirus with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Worldwide Oral carcinomas considerable problem. It is crucial to know the molecular incidences of molecular carcinogenesis, as it has a significant association with tobacco in Pakistani population. So, this study aimed to screen out the savage high risk of papilloma virus 16/18 and p16 in oral premalignant lesion and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, the p16 correlation between HPV and OPL and OSCC was also analyzed. <strong>Method: </strong>A total of 150 samples from the oral cavity were taken from the Hayatabad Medical complex (50 samples of OPL and 100 samples of OSCC).In this study we used immunohistochemistry to look for p16 in OPL and OSCC, and we used polymerase chain reaction to find HPV. SPSS 21 was used to input and evaluate the data. The relationship between HPVandp16withdifferentvariables was determined using Chi-square and Fisher exact tests. <strong>Results:</strong>For p16, 14% of 50 oral premalignant lesions were found positive and 86% were negative. Moreover, while screening for the OSCC, the 18 percent individuals were found positive for OSCC, while the remaining (82%) screened out negative. HPV was diagnosed in 6% of 50 OPL. The co-occurrence of HPV with p16 was found in all the 15 (100%) individual’s with a p value of 0.001. However, three of the 18 cases with p16 expression did not have HPV infection. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current research supports the use of p16 as a unique marker for human papilloma virus in oral squamous cell carcinomas. Furthermore, a chemical carcinogen like cigarettes is thought to be one of the main risk factors for p16 and HPV infection, as well as other things.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>P16; Oral Premalignant Lesions; Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoa; Human Papillomavirus (16/18)</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="41" id="1159"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mohammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Manzoor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Pathology Department, Bacha Khan Medical College Mardan </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>mohammadmanzoor418@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="41" id="1700"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Zaib </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Dental Surgeon Consultant, Endodontics, Safari Hospital, Rawalpindi</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="41" id="1701"> <givenname locale="en_US">Adnan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sarwar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pathology, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="41" id="1702"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fatima </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Daud</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Anatomy, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="41" id="1703"> <givenname locale="en_US">Inam-u</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">llah</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Food Science, The University of Haripur, KPK, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="41" id="1704"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hina</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="41" id="1705"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bushra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tahreem</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="41" id="1706"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Awais</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="41" id="1707"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sudhair Abbas</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Bangash</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Faculty of Life Science, Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="41" id="1708"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fares M </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Muthanna</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pharmaceutical Care, School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand</affiliation> <country>TH</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">263</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.230.g263</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1419"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Ali, S. A., Awan, M. S., Atif, S., Ali, N., Mirza, Y. J. T. J. o. l., & otology. (2018). Correlation of human papillomavirus infection and clinical parameters with five-year survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma. 132(7), 628-635.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215118000361</citation> <citation>Baig, S., Zaman, U., & Lucky, M. H. J. I. J. o. I. D. (2018). Human papilloma virus 16/18: Fabricator of trouble in oral squamous cell carcinoma. 69, 115-119.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2018.02.003</citation> <citation>Jeon, J.-H., Kim, M. G., Park, J. Y., Lee, J. H., Kim, M. J., Myoung, H., . . . surgery, r. (2017). Analysis of the outcome of young age tongue squamous cell carcinoma. 39(1), 1-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40902-017-0139-8</citation> <citation>Jiang, X., Wu, J., Wang, J., & Huang, R. J. T. i. d. (2019). Tobacco and oral squamous cell carcinoma: A review of carcinogenic pathways. 17.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/105844</citation> <citation>Klein, S., Quaas, A., Quantius, J., Löser, H., Meinel, J., Peifer, M., . . . von Knebel Doeberitz, M. J. C. C. R. (2021). Deep Learning Predicts HPV Association in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinomas and Identifies Patients with a Favorable Prognosis Using Regular H&E Stains. 27(4), 1131-1138.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-3596</citation> <citation>Lang Kuhs, K. A., Kreimer, A. R., Trivedi, S., Holzinger, D., Pawlita, M., Pfeiffer, R. M., . . . Waterboer, T. J. C. (2017). Human papillomavirus 16 E 6 antibodies are sensitive for human papillomavirus-driven oropharyngeal cancer and are associated with recurrence. 123(22), 4382-4390.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30966</citation> <citation>Mascitti, M., Tempesta, A., Togni, L., Capodiferro, S., Troiano, G., Rubini, C., . . . Limongelli, L. J. O. d. (2020). Histological features and survival in young patients with HPV‐negative oral squamous cell carcinoma. 26(8), 1640-1648.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13479</citation> <citation>Meng, H.-x., Miao, S.-s., Chen, K., Li, H.-n., Yao, G., Geng, J., . . . Mao, X. J. B. r. i. (2018). Association of p16 as prognostic factors for oropharyngeal cancer: evaluation of p16 in 1470 patients for a 16 year study in Northeast China. 2018.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9594568</citation> <citation>Mills, A. M., Dirks, D. C., Poulter, M. D., Mills, S. E., & Stoler, M. H. J. T. A. j. o. s. p. (2017). HR-HPV E6/E7 mRNA in situ hybridization. 41(5), 607-615.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0000000000000800</citation> <citation>Molony, P., Kharytaniuk, N., Boyle, S., Woods, R. S., O'Leary, G., Werner, R., . . . neck. (2017). Impact of positive margins on outcomes of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma according to p16 status. 39(8), 1680-1688.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/hed.24824</citation> <citation>Naqvi, S. U., Khan, S., Ahmed, A., Lail, A., Gul, S., & Ahmed, S. J. J. o. M. V. (2020). Prevalence of EBV, CMV, and HPV in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients in the Pakistani population. 92(12), 3880-3883.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25791</citation> <citation>Oliveira, L. R., Ribeiro-Silva, A., Costa, J. P. O., Simões, A. L., Di Matteo, M. A. S., Zucoloto, S. J. O. S., Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology,, & Endodontology. (2008). Prognostic factors and survival analysis in a sample of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. 106(5), 685-695.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2008.07.002</citation> <citation>Pandey, P., Ralli, M., Dixit, A., Agarwal, S., Chaturvedi, V., Sawhney, A., . . . Pathology, M. (2021). Assessment of immunohistochemical expression of p16 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and their correlation with clinicopathological parameters. 25(1), 74.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_252_20</citation> <citation>Pastrez, P. R. A., Mariano, V. S., da Costa, A. M., Silva, E. M., Scapulatempo-Neto, C., Guimarães, D. P., . . . Sichero, L. J. J. o. C. (2017). The relation of HPV infection and expression of p53 and p16 proteins in esophageal squamous cells carcinoma. 8(6), 1062.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.17080</citation> <citation>Perera, M., Al-Hebshi, N., Perera, I., Ipe, D., Ulett, G., Speicher, D., . . . Johnson, N. J. J. o. d. r. (2018). Inflammatory bacteriome and oral squamous cell carcinoma. 97(6), 725-732.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034518767118</citation> <citation>Rathish, D., Wijerathne, B., Khan, R. J. I. J. o. O., Head, & Surgery, N. (2020). Human Papillomavirus-Associated Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Among Adults Living in South-Central Asia: A Systematic Review. 1-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-020-01842-9</citation> <citation>Samim, D., Méan, M., Clair, C., & Marques-Vidal, P. J. P. o. (2018). A 10-year observational study on the trends and determinants of smoking status. 13(7), e0200010.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0200010</citation> <citation>Thomson, P., Goodson, M., Smith, D. J. J. o. O. P., & Medicine. (2017). Profiling cancer risk in oral potentially malignant disorders-A patient cohort study. 46(10), 888-895.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12625</citation> <citation>Thomson, P. J. J. o. O. P., & Medicine. (2018). Perspectives on oral squamous cell carcinoma prevention-proliferation, position, progression and prediction. 47(9), 803-807.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12733</citation> </citations> <pages>287-291</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-03-22" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="253" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">253</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="983" created_at="2022-02-08" date_created="" file_id="527" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-08" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">hizbullah paper - abstract.docx</name> <file id="527" filesize="229581" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/253/62027982dae89.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1353" created_at="2022-03-22" date_created="" file_id="527" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-22" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="983" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">hizbullah paper - abstract.docx</name> <file id="527" filesize="229581" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/253/62027982dae89.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1354" created_at="2022-03-22" date_created="" file_id="527" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-22" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1353" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">hizbullah paper - abstract.docx</name> <file id="527" filesize="229581" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/253/62027982dae89.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1420" created_at="2022-03-26" date_created="" file_id="898" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-26" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="898" filesize="705778" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/253/623f0d0ed31df.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1276" url_path="" seq="42" date_published="2021-12-29" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">253</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.253</id> <title locale="en_US">Epidemiological And Histopathologic Study Of Rhabdomyosarcoma cases in a tertiary Care hospital of Peshawar</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Epidemiological and Histopathologic Study of Rhabdomyosarcoma Cases</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>&nbsp;</p>
 <p><strong>Aim:</strong> This study aimed to find out rhabdomyosarcoma’s (RMS) histopathological and immunohistochemical features. Settings: The current study was carried out at the Department of Pathology, Section of Histopathology, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar. The study duration was between from 1st January 2015 to 30th of December 2020. <strong>Results:</strong> In the current study, all the 300 occurrences were found to be relevant. The most prevalent rhabdomyosarcoma was embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) (87.4%), followed by alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) (9.4%). In the current study we found that embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas was most frequent in males (64%). ERMS were 16.1 percent found in the genitourinary system followed by neck and head region (46.7%). Most samples displayed positive Desmin and MyoD1 immunohistochemistry staining. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> It is consistent with previously published rhabdomyosarcoma data from all across the globe that our patients' epidemiologic information and microscopic findings are consistent with one other.</p>
 <p>&nbsp;</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>embryonal type, alveolar type, Peshawar, pleomorphic type – epidemiology, Rhabdomyosarcoma</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="42" id="1276"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mohammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Manzoor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Pathology Department, Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>mohammadmanzoor418@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="42" id="1692"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bismah</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Registrar Oral Pathology, CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="42" id="1693"> <givenname locale="en_US">Adnan</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sarwar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pathology, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="42" id="1694"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mohibullah</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Histopathology, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="42" id="1695"> <givenname locale="en_US">Inam-u</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">llah</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Food Science, The University of Haripur, KPK, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="42" id="1696"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hina</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biochemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="42" id="1697"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Awais</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="42" id="1698"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sudhair Abbas</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Bangash</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Faculty of Life Science, Department of Pharmacy, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="42" id="1699"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fares</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Muthanna</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pharmaceutical Care, School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand</affiliation> <country>TH</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">264</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.253.g264</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1420"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Arndt, C. A., Stoner, J. A., Hawkins, D. S., Rodeberg, D. A., Hayes-Jordan, A. A., Paidas, C. N., . . . Breneman, J. C. J. J. o. C. O. (2009). Vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide compared with vincristine, actinomycin, and cyclophosphamide alternating with vincristine, topotecan, and cyclophosphamide for intermediate-risk rhabdomyosarcoma: children's oncology group study D9803. 27(31), 5182.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2009.22.3768</citation> <citation>Caillaud, J., Gerard‐Marchant, R., Marsden, H., Unnik, A. V., Rodary, C., Rey, A., . . . oncology, p. (1989). Histopathological classification of childhood rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the International Society of Pediatric Oncology pathology panel. 17(5‐6), 391-400.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/mpo.2950170508</citation> <citation>Cavazzana, A., Schmidt, D., Ninfo, V., Harms, D., Tollot, M., Carli, M., . . . Salviati, G. J. T. A. j. o. s. p. (1992). Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. A prognostically favorable variant of rhabdomyosarcoma. 16(3), 229-235. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-199203000-00002</citation> <citation>Cessna, M. H., Zhou, H., Perkins, S. L., Tripp, S. R., Layfield, L., Daines, C., & Coffin, C. M. J. T. A. j. o. s. p. (2001). Are myogenin and myoD1 expression specific for rhabdomyosarcoma?: A study of 150 cases, with emphasis on spindle cell mimics. 25(9), 1150-1157.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00000478-200109000-00005</citation> <citation>Chiles, M. C., Parham, D. M., Qualman, S. J., Teot, L. A., Bridge, J. A., Ullrich, F., . . . Pathology, D. (2004). Sclerosing rhabdomyosarcomas in children and adolescents: a clinicopathologic review of 13 cases from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group and Children's Oncology Group. 7(6), 583-594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10024-004-5058-x</citation> <citation>Fletcher, C., Bridge, J., & Hogendoorn, P. (2013). F Mertens: WHO Classification of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. In: Edition.</citation> <citation>Gurney, J. G., Davis, S., Severson, R. K., Fang, J. Y., Ross, J. A., & Robison, L. L. J. C. I. I. J. o. t. A. C. S. (1996). Trends in cancer incidence among children in the US. 78(3), 532-541. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19960801)78:3<532::AID-CNCR22>3.0.CO;2-Z</citation> <citation>Gurney, J. G., Ross, J. A., Wall, D. A., Bleyer, W. A., Severson, R. K., & Robison, L. L. J. J. o. p. h. o. (1997). Infant cancer in the US: histology-specific incidence and trends, 1973 to 1992. 19(5), 428-432. https://doi.org/10.1097/00043426-199709000-00004</citation> <citation>Harms, D. (1995). Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma: a prognostically unfavorable rhabdomyosarcoma type and its necessary distinction from embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. In Soft tissue tumors (pp. 273-296): Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77289-4_14</citation> <citation>Islam, K. D., Mahammad, N., Alam, S., Munmun, U. H. D., & Ruhul, M. J. P. N. J. o. B. (2020). Rhabdomyosarcoma in children: 17 years experiences in the department of paediatric surgery in BSMMU. 16.</citation> <citation>Jo, V. Y., Mariño-Enríquez, A., & Fletcher, C. D. J. T. A. j. o. s. p. (2011). Epithelioid rhabdomyosarcoma: clinicopathologic analysis of 16 cases of a morphologically distinct variant of rhabdomyosarcoma. 35(10), 1523-1530. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e31822e0907</citation> <citation>Molenaar, W., Oosterhuis, J., Oosterhuis, A., & Ramaekers, F. J. H. p. (1985). Mesenchymal and muscle-specific intermediate filaments (vimentin and desmin) in relation to differentiation in childhood rhabdomyosarcomas. 16(8), 838-843. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(85)80256-2</citation> <citation>Newton Jr, W. A., Gehan, E. A., Webber, B. L., Marsden, H. B., Van Unnik, A., Hamoudi, A. B., . . . Schmidt, D. J. C. (1995). Classification of rhabdomyosarcomas and related sarcomas. Pathologic aspects and proposal for a new classification‐an intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study. 76(6), 1073-1085. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19950915)76:6<1073::AID-CNCR2820760624>3.0.CO;2-L</citation> <citation>Ognjanovic, S., Linabery, A. M., Charbonneau, B., & Ross, J. A. J. C. I. I. J. o. t. A. C. S. (2009). Trends in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma incidence and survival in the United States, 1975‐2005. 115(18), 4218-4226. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24465</citation> <citation>Parkin, D. M., Stiller, C. A., Draper, G. J., & Bieber, C. J. I. J. o. C. (1988). The international incidence of childhood cancer. 42(4), 511-520.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910420408</citation> <citation>Raney, R. B., Walterhouse, D. O., Meza, J. L., Andrassy, R. J., Breneman, J. C., Crist, W. M., . . . Anderson, J. R. J. J. o. C. O. (2011). Results of the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group D9602 protocol, using vincristine and dactinomycin with or without cyclophosphamide and radiation therapy, for newly diagnosed patients with low-risk embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma: a report from the Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee of the Children's Oncology Group. 29(10), 1312. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.30.4469</citation> <citation>Stock, N., Chibon, F., Binh, M. B. N., Terrier, P., Michels, J. J., Valo, I., . . . Decouvelaere, A.-V. J. T. A. j. o. s. p. (2009). Adult-type rhabdomyosarcoma: analysis of 57 cases with clinicopathologic description, identification of 3 morphologic patterns and prognosis. 33(12), 1850-1859. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181be6209</citation> <citation>Yasuda, T., Perry, K. D., Nelson, M., Bui, M. M., Nasir, A., Goldschmidt, R., . . . Bridge, J. A. J. H. p. (2009). Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma of the head and neck region in older adults: genetic characterization and a review of the literature. 40(3), 341-348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2008.08.006</citation> </citations> <pages>292-296</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-03-07" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="241" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">241</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1210" created_at="2022-03-07" date_created="" file_id="648" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-03-07" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">4.2 A39 (1).docx</name> <file id="648" filesize="40767" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/241/62261e8237be1.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1211" created_at="2022-03-07" date_created="" file_id="648" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-07" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1210" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">4.2 A39 (1).docx</name> <file id="648" filesize="40767" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/241/62261e8237be1.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1212" created_at="2022-03-07" date_created="" file_id="648" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-07" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1211" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">4.2 A39 (1).docx</name> <file id="648" filesize="40767" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/241/62261e8237be1.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1546" url_path="" seq="6" date_published="2021-12-27" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">241</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.241</id> <title locale="en_US">Therapeutic properties of Cinnamon Verum with special references to Hypoglcemic activity: An overview </title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Hypoglycemic activity of Cinnamun Verum </subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>In millennia, medicinal plants have gained greater interest owing to the presence of a broad spectrum of bioactive compounds which possess potential health benefits. Among these functional plants, cinnamon verum has captured more attention due to its multiple medicinal activities. In this review article, efforts were made to overview the functional properties of cinnamon verum with special reference to type II diabetes. Literature demonstrated that cinnamon verum possesses different pharmaceutical activities such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, wound recuperating, anti-HIV, anti-anxiety, and antidepressant activities. Moreover, hypoglycemic activity of cinnamon verum is attributed to the presence of various bioactive compounds especially cinnamaldehyde and other components of extract and essential oil.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Cinnamon Verum, Diabetes Mellitus, Medicinal Plants, Functional Foods, Health Benefits, Bioactive Compounds</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1207"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zeenat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Islam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1545"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shahnai </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Basharat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1546"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tabussam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tufail</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tabussam.tufail@dnsc.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1547"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zainab </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sharmeen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1548"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Newfold University, Canada</affiliation> <country>CA</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1549"> <givenname locale="en_US">Rimsha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shahid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1550"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hina </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Gull</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1551"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mahnoor </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Masood Butt</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1552"> <givenname locale="en_US">Palwasha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khalil</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1553"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiza Nazia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Kousar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <citations> <citation>Fuller, J., Shipley, M., Rose, G., Jarrett, R. J., & Keen, H. Coronary-heart-disease risk and impaired glucose tolerance The Whitehall Study. The Lancet. 1980; 315(8183): 1373-1376. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(80)92651-3.</citation> <citation>World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: report of a WHO consultation. Part 1, Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus (No. WHO/NCD/NCS/99.2). World Health Organization. 1999. doi: apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/66040</citation> <citation>Wild, S., Roglic, G., Green, A., Sicree, R., & King, H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes care. 2004;27(5):1047-1053. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047.</citation> <citation>Vermeire, E. I., Wens, J., Van Royen, P., Biot, Y., Hearnshaw, H., & Lindenmeyer, A. Interventions for improving adherence to treatment recommendations in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2005;(2). doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2007.06.006.</citation> <citation>Tang, X., Li, S., Wang, Y., Wang, M., Yin, Q., Mu, P et al. Glycemic variability evaluated by continuous glucose monitoring system is associated with the 10-y cardiovascular risk of diabetic patients with well-controlled HbA1c. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2016; 461;146-150. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.08.004.</citation> <citation>Franz, M. J., Boucher, J. L., Rutten-Ramos, S., & VanWormer, J. J. Lifestyle weight-loss intervention outcomes in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2015; 115(9):1447-1463. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.031.</citation> <citation>Leach M & Kumar S. Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database. Systematic review. 2012(9):CD007170. doi: org/10.1002/14651858.cd007170.pub2.</citation> <citation>King, P., Peacock, I., & Donnelly, R. The UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS): clinical and therapeutic implications for type 2 diabetes. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 1999;48(5):643. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2125.1999.00092.x.</citation> <citation>Susan van, D., Beulens, J. W., Yvonne T. van der, S., Grobbee, D. E., & Nealb, B. The global burden of diabetes and its complications: an emerging pandemic. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 17(1_suppl), s3-s8. 2010. doi: org/10.1097%2F01.hjr.0000368191.86614.5a.</citation> <citation>Tabish, S. A. Lifestyle diseases: consequences, characteristics, causes and control. J Cardiol Curr Res. 2017;9(3): 00326. doi : 10.15406/jccr.2017.09.00326.</citation> <citation>DeFronzo, R. A., Ferrannini, E., Groop, L., Henry, R. R., Herman, W. H., Holst, J. J.& Weiss, R. Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nature reviews Disease primers. 2015;1(1):1-22. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.19.</citation> <citation>Van Dooren, F. E., Nefs, G., Schram, M. T., Verhey, F. R., Denollet, J., & Pouwer, F. Depression and risk of mortality in people with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2013;8(3), e57058. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057058.</citation> <citation>Wu, L., Zhu, J., Prokop, L. J., & Murad, M. H. Pharmacologic therapy of diabetes and overall cancer risk and mortality: a meta-analysis of 265 studies. Scientific reports. 2015;5(1): 1-10. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6347.</citation> <citation>Pastors, J. G., Warshaw, H., Daly, A., Franz, M., & Kulkarni, K. The evidence for the effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy in diabetes management. Diabetes care. 2002; 25(3):608-613.Doi: 10.2337/diacare.25.3.608.</citation> <citation>Wu, L., Zhu, J., Prokop, L. J., & Murad, M. H. Pharmacologic therapy of diabetes and overall cancer risk and mortality: a meta-analysis of 265 studies. Scientific reports. 2015;5(1):1-10. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.6347.</citation> <citation>Fallah Huseini, H., Fakhrzadeh, H., Larijani, B., & Shikh Samani, A. H. Review of anti-diabetic medicinal plant used in traditional medicine. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2006;5(17):1-8.doi:20.1001.1.2717204.2006.5.17.1.7.</citation> <citation>Mentreddy, S. R. Medicinal plant species with potential antidiabetic properties. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2007;87(5):743-750. .doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2811.</citation> <citation>Chase, C. K., & McQueen, C. E. Cinnamon in diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy. 2007;64(10):1033-1035. doi:10.1016/S2225-4110(16)30067-0.</citation> <citation>Rao, P. V., & Gan, S. H. Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.2014.doi: 10.1155/2014/642942.</citation> <citation>Charles, D. J. Cinnamon. In Antioxidant Properties of Spices, Herbs and Other Sources. Springer, New York, NY. 2012; (pp. 231-243). doi: 10.12691/jnh-7-1-4.</citation> <citation>Lu, T., Sheng, H., Wu, J., Cheng, Y., Zhu, J., & Chen, Y. Cinnamon extract improves fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition research. 2012 ;32(6):408-412. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.003.</citation> <citation>Hlebowicz, J., Hlebowicz, A., Lindstedt, S., Björgell, O., Höglund, P., Holst, J. J et al. Effects of 1 and 3 g cinnamon on gastric emptying, satiety, and postprandial blood glucose, insulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, glucagon-like peptide 1, and ghrelin concentrations in healthy subjects. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2009;89(3):815-821. doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26807.</citation> <citation>Medagama, A. B. The glycaemic outcomes of Cinnamon, a review of the experimental evidence and clinical trials. Nutrition journal. 2015;14(1):1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0098-9.</citation> <citation>Leach M & Kumar S. Cinnamon for diabetes mellitus Cochrane Database. Systematic review. 2012(9):CD007170. doi: org/10.1002/14651858.cd007170.pub2.</citation> <citation>Pham A.Q, Kourlas H, Pham D.Q. Cinnamon supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27(4):595-9. DOI: 10.1592/phco.27.4.595.</citation> <citation>Khan, A., Bryden, N. A., Polansky, M. M., & Anderson, R. A. Insulin potentiating factor and chromium content of selected foods and spices. Biological trace element research. 1990;24(2):183-188. doi: 10.3164/jcbn.08-188.</citation> <citation>El-Desoky, G. E., Aboul-Soud, M. A., & Al-Numair, K. S. Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) in alloxan-diabetic rats. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2012;6(9):1685-1691. doi: 10.5897/JMPR11.1472.</citation> <citation>Ramazani, E., YazdFazeli, M., Emami, S. A., Mohtashami, L., Javadi, B., Asili, J et al. Protective effects of Cinnamomum verum, Cinnamomum cassia and cinnamaldehyde against 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Molecular biology reports. 2020;47(4):2437-2445. doi: 10.1007/s11033-020-05284.</citation> <citation>Gul, S., & Safdar, M. Proximate composition and mineral analysis of cinnamon. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 2009;8(9):1456-1460. doi:10.3923/pjn.2009.1456.1460.</citation> <citation>Kirkham, S., Akilen, R., Sharma, S., & Tsiami, A. The potential of cinnamon to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance. Diabetes, obesity and metabolism. 2009;11(12):1100-1113. doi: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2009.01094.x.</citation> <citation>Mang B, Wolters M, Schmitt B, Kelb K, Lichtinghagen R, Stichtenoth DO, Hahn A. Effects of a cinnamon extract on plasma glucose, HbA1c, and serum lipids in diabetes mellitus type 2. European journal of clinical investigation. 2009 ;36(5):340-344.</citation> <citation>Lu, T., Sheng, H., Wu, J., Cheng, Y., Zhu, J., & Chen, Y. Cinnamon extract improves fasting blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin level in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition research. 2012;32(6):408-412. doi: 10.1016/j.nutres.2012.05.003.</citation> <citation>Cao, H., Polansky, M. M., & Anderson, R. A. Cinnamon extract and polyphenols affect the expression of tristetraprolin, insulin receptor, and glucose transporter 4 in mouse 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics. 2007;459(2):214-222. DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.12.034.</citation> <citation>Qin, B., Dawson, H. D., Schoene, N. W., Polansky, M. M., & Anderson, R. A. Cinnamon polyphenols regulate multiple metabolic pathways involved in insulin signaling and intestinal lipoprotein metabolism of small intestinal enterocytes. Nutrition. 2012;28(11-12):1172-1179. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.03.020.</citation> <citation>Beejmohun, V., Peytavy-Izard, M., Mignon, C., Muscente-Paque, D., Deplanque, X., Ripoll, C et al. Acute effect of Ceylon cinnamon extract on postprandial glycemia: alpha-amylase inhibition, starch tolerance test in rats, and randomized crossover clinical trial in healthy volunteers. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;14(1):1-11. DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-351.</citation> <citation>Cheng, D. M., Kuhn, P., Poulev, A., Rojo, L. E., Lila, M. A., & Raskin, I. In vivo and in vitro antidiabetic effects of aqueous cinnamon extract and cinnamon polyphenol-enhanced food matrix. Food chemistry. 2012;135(4):2994-3002. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.117.</citation> <citation>Sartorius, T., Peter, A., Schulz, N., Drescher, A., Bergheim, I., Machann, J et al. Cinnamon extract improves insulin sensitivity in the brain and lowers liver fat in mouse models of obesity. PloS one. 2014;9(3):e92358. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0092358.</citation> <citation>Berry, S. E., Valdes, A. M., Drew, D. A., Asnicar, F., Mazidi, M., Wolf, J et al. Human postprandial responses to food and potential for precision nutrition. Nature medicine. 2020;26(6):964-973. DOI: 10.1038/s41591-020-0934-0 .</citation> <citation>Blaak, E. E., Antoine, J. M., Benton, D., Björck, I., Bozzetto, L., Brouns, F et al. Impact of postprandial glycaemia on health and prevention of disease. Obesity reviews. 2012;13(10):923-984. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01011.x.</citation> <citation>Sivaranjani, R., Zachariah, T. J., & Leela, N. K. Phytotherapeutic potential of bi-herbal extract of cinnamon and turmeric: in vivo antidiabetic studies. Clinical Phytoscience. 20217(1):1-9. doi: 10.1186/s40816-021-00275-3</citation> </citations> <pages>42-47</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-03-01" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="154" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">154</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="549" created_at="2021-12-26" date_created="" file_id="307" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-26" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">COMPARISON OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE PATIENTS.docx</name> <file id="307" filesize="239176" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/154/61c8c8c8b4bab.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1163" created_at="2022-03-01" date_created="" file_id="307" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-01" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="549" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">COMPARISON OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE PATIENTS.docx</name> <file id="307" filesize="239176" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/154/61c8c8c8b4bab.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1164" created_at="2022-03-01" date_created="" file_id="307" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-01" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1163" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">COMPARISON OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE PATIENTS.docx</name> <file id="307" filesize="239176" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/154/61c8c8c8b4bab.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1224" created_at="2022-03-09" date_created="" file_id="692" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="692" filesize="466150" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/154/62287bd506400.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="750" url_path="" seq="39" date_published="2021-12-29" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">154</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.154</id> <title locale="en_US">Comparison of Two Hours Fasting with Conventional 8 Hours Fasting Before Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Fasting Before Undergoing Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Endoscopy is performed in routine to diagnose gastrointestinal diseases. Usually, a patient has fast for 8 hours fast before undergoing endoscopy. But it has also been observed that 2 hours fast can have equal efficacy in clearing upper gastrointestinal tract for diagnosis of gastrointestinal disease and equivalent comfort for endoscopy. <strong>Objective: </strong>To compare the outcome of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with 2&nbsp;hours fasting versus 8 hours fasting (conventional method). <strong>Methods:</strong> Ninety cases (45 in each group) were enrolled and divided in two groups. Patients randomized to group A were asked to fast for 2 hours before undergoing endoscopy. In group B, patients underwent endoscopy after 8 hours fast. Just before procedure, patients were inquired if they felt hunger, thirst, weakness, anxiety, nausea or discomfort. The gastroenterologist also observed the patient for nausea or regurgitation at intubation, liquid or food stasis, and risk of aspiration during procedure. The quality of endoscopy was noted as gastric mucosa visibility and overall endoscopy quality rate was noted to.&nbsp; An overall endoscopy quality score &gt;5 was deemed as good quality. <strong>Results: </strong>In the 2 hours fast group, no patient had hunger, thirst, or weakness before undergoing procedure while 27 (60.0%) patients had anxiety, 13 (28.9%) patients had nausea and 5 (11.1%) patients felt discomfort. In the 8 hours fast group, 5 (11.1%) patients had hunger, but no patient had thirst or weakness before undergoing procedure while 18 (40.0%) patients had anxiety, 13 (28.9%) patients had nausea and 9 (20.0%) patients were feeling discomfort. In 2 hours, fast group, all (100%) patients had comfort with endoscopy. Similarly, in 8 hours fast group, all (100%) patients had comfort with endoscopy. In the 2 hours fast group, gastroenterologist observed nausea in 32 (71.1%) patients, and liquid stasis in 13 (28.9%) patients, while regurgitation at intubation, food stasis, and risk of aspiration were not observed during endoscopy. In the 8 hours fast group, the gastroenterologist observed nausea in 45 (100%) patients, while liquid stasis, regurgitation at intubation, food stasis, and risk of aspiration were not observed during endoscopy. The difference in both groups was highly significant (p&lt;0.05). The overall endoscopy quality rate was 7.47±0.51 in 2 hours fast group and 7.78±0.60 in 8 hours fast group (p&lt;0.05). In both groups, all patients had score 7 or above and hence, a good quality of endoscopy. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>2 hours fast prior to endoscopy achieved results equivalent to those achieved after 8 hours fasting. So, as a day case procedure, endoscopy can be performed within same day after 2 hours fast, instead of waiting for 8 prolonged hours.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword> Fasting, Endoscopy, Upper gastrointestinal disease, Endoscopy discomfort</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="39" id="750"> <givenname locale="en_US"> Salman </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Javed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Gastroenterology, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>drsjaved@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="39" id="1486"> <givenname locale="en_US">Najam us </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sehar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of gastroenterology, Fatimah Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="39" id="1487"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sarah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Samreen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="39" id="1488"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mohsin </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Raza</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="39" id="1489"> <givenname locale="en_US">Qamar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sajjad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="39" id="1490"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amber </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Saleemi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Mayo Hospital Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">184</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.154.g184</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1224"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Siddiqui I, Majid H, Abid S. Update on clinical and research application of fecal biomarkers for gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2017;8(1):39-46.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v8.i1.39</citation> <citation>Mori Y, Kudo S-e, Mohmed HEN, Misawa M, Ogata N, Itoh H, et al. Artificial intelligence and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: Current status and future perspective. Digestive Endoscopy 2019; 31(4):378-88.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/den.13317</citation> <citation>Januszewicz W, Kaminski MF. Quality indicators in diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology 2020; 13:1756284820916693.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/1756284820916693</citation> <citation>Peery AF, Dellon ES, Lund J, Crockett SD, McGowan CE, Bulsiewicz WJ, et al. Burden of gastrointestinal disease in the United States: 2012 update. Gastroenterology 2012;143(5):1179-87. e3.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.08.002</citation> <citation>Shenbagaraj L, Thomas-Gibson S, Stebbing J, Broughton R, Dron M, Johnston D, et al. Endoscopy in 2017: a national survey of practice in the UK. Frontline gastroenterology 2019;10(1):7-15.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/flgastro-2018-100970</citation> <citation>Zhang X, Li M, Chen S, Hu J, Guo Q, Liu R, et al. Endoscopic screening in Asian countries is associated with reduced gastric cancer mortality: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Gastroenterology 2018;155(2):347-54. e9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2018.04.026</citation> <citation>Rutter MD, Senore C, Bisschops R, Domagk D, Valori R, Kaminski MF, et al. The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy quality improvement initiative: developing performance measures. United European gastroenterology journal 2016;4(1):30-41.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/2050640615624631</citation> <citation>Langevin B. Starving for Surgery: An Integrative Review: University of Carolina; 2020.</citation> <citation>Jackson P, Raiji MT. Evaluation and mangement of intestinal obstruction. American family physician 2011;83(2):159-65.</citation> <citation>Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, Vege SS. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG 2013;108(9):1400-15.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.218</citation> <citation>Geeganage C, Beavan J, Ellender S, Bath PM. Interventions for dysphagia and nutritional support in acute and subacute stroke. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012(10).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD000323.pub2</citation> <citation>Wexner SD, Beck DE, Baron TH, Fanelli RD, Hyman N, Shen B, et al. A consensus document on bowel preparation before colonoscopy: prepared by a task force from the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons (ASCRS), the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ASGE), and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Diseases of the colon & rectum 2006;49(6):792-809.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10350-006-0536-z</citation> <citation>Koeppe AT, Lubini M, Bonadeo NM, Moraes I, Fornari F. Comfort, safety and quality of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy after 2 hours fasting: a randomized controlled trial. BMC gastroenterology 2013;13(1):1-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-230X-13-158</citation> <citation>Kim S, Cheoi KS, Lee HJ, Shim CN, Chung HS, Lee H, et al. Safety and patient satisfaction of early diet after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric epithelial neoplasia: a prospective, randomized study. Surgical endoscopy 2014;28(4):1321-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-013-3336-2</citation> <citation>BREUER JP, Bosse G, Seifert S, Prochnow L, Martin J, Schleppers A, et al. Pre‐operative fasting: a nationwide survey of German anaesthesia departments. Acta anaesthesiologica scandinavica 2010;54(3):313-20.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2009.02123.x</citation> <citation>Kyriakos G, Calleja-Fernández A, Ávila-Turcios D, Cano-Rodríguez I, Pomar MDB, Vidal-Casariego A. Prolonged fasting with fluid therapy is related to poorer outcomes in medical patients. Nutricion hospitalaria 2013;28(5):1710-6.</citation> <citation>Nygren J, Thorell A, Ljungqvist O. Are there any benefits from minimizing fasting and optimization of nutrition and fluid management for patients undergoing day surgery? Current Opinion in Anesthesiology 2007;20(6):540-4.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0b013e3282f15493</citation> <citation>Franklin GA, McClave SA, Hurt RT, Lowen CC, Stout AE, Stogner LL, et al. Physician‐delivered malnutrition: why do patients receive nothing by mouth or a clear liquid diet in a university hospital setting? Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 2011;35(3):337-42.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607110374060</citation> <citation>Lamb S, Close A, Bonnin C, Ferrie S. 'Nil By Mouth'-Are we starving our patients? e-SPEN, the European e-Journal of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism 2010;5(2):e90-e2.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclnm.2010.01.003</citation> </citations> <pages>263-267</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-02" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="244" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">244</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="929" created_at="2022-02-02" date_created="" file_id="484" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-02" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">IMPACT OF TREADMILL RUNNING ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS IN GHURKI TRUST AND TEACHING HOSPITAL.docx</name> <file id="484" filesize="28596" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/244/61fa5057f12ab.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="981" created_at="2022-02-08" date_created="" file_id="484" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-08" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="929" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">IMPACT OF TREADMILL RUNNING ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS IN GHURKI TRUST AND TEACHING HOSPITAL.docx</name> <file id="484" filesize="28596" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/244/61fa5057f12ab.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1093" created_at="2022-02-21" date_created="" file_id="484" stage="final" updated_at="2022-02-21" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="981" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">IMPACT OF TREADMILL RUNNING ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS IN GHURKI TRUST AND TEACHING HOSPITAL.docx</name> <file id="484" filesize="28596" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/244/61fa5057f12ab.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1094" created_at="2022-02-21" date_created="" file_id="484" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-02-21" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1093" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">IMPACT OF TREADMILL RUNNING ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL OF TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS IN GHURKI TRUST AND TEACHING HOSPITAL.docx</name> <file id="484" filesize="28596" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/244/61fa5057f12ab.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1288" created_at="2022-03-16" date_created="" file_id="787" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="787" filesize="414903" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/244/6231ef211c578.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1472" url_path="" seq="40" date_published="2021-12-31" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">244</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.244</id> <title locale="en_US">Impact Of Treadmill Running On Blood Glucose Level Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients In Ghurki Trust And Teaching Hospital</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Type 2 diabetes mellitus were define by WHO (world health organization) that “It is a metabolic syndrome which is characterized by prolonged increase in blood glucose level due to any abnormality in insulin action or release of insulin. It is also known as noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)”According to American diabetic Association (ADA) in 2004, the symptoms of long term increase glucose level in blood includes frequent urination, increase thirst, excessive hunger and blurry sight. <strong>Methodos:&nbsp;</strong>Quasi Experimental study design without control group,the duration for the study was 4 months.The study was conducted at Physiotherapy Department, Ghurki trust and teaching hospital. Blood glucose level, Glucose meter and treadmill runningwere outcome measures. Convenient sampling technique was used, 42 subjects were included in study. They were recruited from Ghurki Trust and Teaching Hospital. Diagnosed patients of diabetes mellitus type 2 were eligible. Patients, who fulfil the inclusion criteria, were interviewed and examined by the diabetic clinician in Ghurki trust and teaching hospital. By using convenient sampling method the subject was selected to perform the task.&nbsp; The experimental procedure last for half an hour includes 5 minutes warm up 20 minutes treadmill run and 5 minutes of cool down. In warm up and cool down period mild stretching exercise, active ROM and breathing exercise for 5 minutes Selected Individuals was run on treadmill at a speed of 8km/hour (5miles per hour) for 20 minutes after doing warm up exercise. <strong>Conclusion:&nbsp;</strong>The aerobic exercise intervention is an effective tool to control the noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus as it lower the blood glucose level but exercise must be performed regularly to have good results. Most of the patients with controlled diabetes are able to perform aerobic exercise safely as long as some precautionary measure is taken. Increase physical activity is a key for good health in patients with type 2 diabetes</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Diabetes, Aerobic Exercises, Breathing Exercises, ROM’s</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="40" id="1220"> <givenname locale="en_US">Samiya</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Noreen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Elite College of Management Scienes, Gujranwala, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>saad.shafiq@uipt.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="40" id="1221"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shafique</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="40" id="1222"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tayyaba Mustafa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mian</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="40" id="1223"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiz Abdul </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rehman</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Shalamar Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="40" id="1224"> <givenname locale="en_US">Abdul </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rehman</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Shalamar Medical And Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="40" id="1472"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Saad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shafiq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">IBADAT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>saad.shafiq@uipt.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="40" id="1473"> <givenname locale="en_US"> Ibraheem </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zafar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">SHIFA TAMEER-I-MILLAT UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="40" id="1474"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ramsha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Masood</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">IBADAT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">214</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.244.g214</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1288"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>AGUIAR, E. J., MORGAN, P. J., COLLINS, C. E., PLOTNIKOFF, R. C. & CALLISTER, R. 2014. Efficacy of interventions that include diet, aerobic and resistance training components for type 2 diabetes prevention: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act, 11, 2.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-2</citation> <citation>ASANO, R. Y., SALES, M. M., BROWNE, R. A., MORAES, J. F., COELHO JUNIOR, H. J., MORAES, M. R. & SIMOES, H. G. 2014. Acute effects of physical exercise in type 2 diabetes: A review. World J Diabetes, 5, 659-65.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v5.i5.659</citation> <citation>American Diabetes Association. Economic Consequences of Diabetes Mellitus in the U.S. in 1997. Diabetes Care 1998;21:296-309</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.2.296</citation> <citation>BALDUCCI, S., SACCHETTI, M., HAXHI, J., ORLANDO, G., D'ERRICO, V., FALLUCCA, S., MENINI, S. & PUGLIESE, G. 2014. Physical exercise as therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab Res Rev, 30 Suppl 1, 13-23.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.2514</citation> <citation>BEHBOUDI, L., AZARBAYJANI, M. A., AGHAALINEJAD, H. & SALAVATI, M. 2011. Effects of aerobic exercise and whole body vibration on glycaemia control in type 2 diabetic males. Asian J Sports Med, 2, 83-90.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34789</citation> <citation>BELLO, A. I., OWUSU-BOAKYE, E., ADEGOKE, B. O. & ADJEI, D. N. 2011. Effects of aerobic exercise on selected physiological parameters and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Gen Med, 4, 723-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S16717</citation> <citation>CHURCH, T. S., BLAIR, S. N., COCREHAM, S., JOHANNSEN, N., JOHNSON, W., KRAMER, K., MIKUS, C. R., MYERS, V., NAUTA, M., RODARTE, R. Q., SPARKS, L., THOMPSON, A. & EARNEST, C. P. 2010. Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 304, 2253-62.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1710</citation> <citation>COLBERG, S. R., SIGAL, R. J., FERNHALL, B., REGENSTEINER, J. G., BLISSMER, B. J., RUBIN, R. R., CHASAN-TABER, L., ALBRIGHT, A. L. & BRAUN, B. 2010. Exercise and Type 2 Diabetes: The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Diabetes Care, 33, e147-e167.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-9990</citation> <citation>doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2007.S5Diabetes Care January 2004 vol. 27 no. suppl 1 s5-s10</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.2007.S5</citation> <citation>Hermansen, L, and Saltin, B. (1969). Oxygen update during maximal Treadmill and Bicycle exercise. J. Applied Physiology. 26. 31-37.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1969.26.1.31</citation> <citation>International Diabetes Federation, World Health Organization. The Economics of Diabetes and Diabetes Care. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 1996.</citation> <citation>Krall, L.P. and Beaser, R. S. (1989). Joslin Diabetes Manual. 12th edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. 1-19. 81-91.</citation> <citation>MYERS, V. H., MCVAY, M. A., BRASHEAR, M. M., JOHANNSEN, N. M., SWIFT, D. L., KRAMER, K., HARRIS, M. N., JOHNSON, W. D., EARNEST, C. P. & CHURCH, T. S. 2013. Exercise training and quality of life in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care, 36, 1884-90.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-1153</citation> <citation>MADDEN, K. M. 2013. Evidence for the benefit of exercise therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes, 6, 233-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S32951</citation> <citation>POIRIER, P., MAWHINNEY, S., GRONDIN, L., TREMBLAY, A., BRODERICK, T., CLEROUX, J., CATELLIER, C., TANCREDE, G. & NADEAU, A. 2001. Prior meal enhances the plasma glucose lowering effect of exercise in type 2 diabetes. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33, 1259-64.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200108000-00003</citation> <citation>Praet, Stephan F. E., and Luc J. C. van Loon. "Exercise Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes." Acta Diabetologica 46.4 (2009): 263-278. PMC. Web. 25 Mar. 2015.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-009-0129-0</citation> <citation>Schneider, S.H. (1990) Exercise and NIDDM. Diabetes care. 13. 785-789.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.13.7.785</citation> <citation>SUH, S., JEONG, I. K., KIM, M. Y., KIM, Y. S., SHIN, S., KIM, S. S. & KIM, J. H. 2011. Effects of resistance training and aerobic exercise on insulin sensitivity in overweight korean adolescents: a controlled randomized trial. Diabetes Metab J, 35, 418-26.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2011.35.4.418</citation> <citation>STUART, C. A., SOUTH, M. A., LEE, M. L., MCCURRY, M. P., HOWELL, M. E. A., RAMSEY, M. W. & STONE, M. H. 2013. Insulin Responsiveness in Metabolic Syndrome after Eight Weeks of Cycle Training. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 45, 2021-2029.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31829a6ce8</citation> <citation>THENT, Z. C., DAS, S. & HENRY, L. J. 2013. Role of exercise in the management of diabetes mellitus: the global scenario. PLoS One, 8, e80436.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080436</citation> <citation>1. WHO Expert Committee on Diabetes Mellitus. Second Report. Geneva: WHO, 1980. Technical Report Series 646.</citation> <citation>VAN DER HEIJDEN, M. M., POUWER, F., ROMEIJNDERS, A. C. & POP, V. J. 2012. Testing the effectiveness of a self-efficacy based exercise intervention for inactive people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: design of a controlled clinical trial. BMC Public Health, 12, 331.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-331</citation> <citation>Hermansen, L, and Saltin, B. (1969). Oxygen update during maximal Treadmill and Bicycle exercise. J. Applied Physiology. 26. 31-37.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1969.26.1.31</citation> <citation>ZANUSO, S., JIMENEZ, A., PUGLIESE, G., CORIGLIANO, G. & BALDUCCI, S. 2010. Exercise for the management of type 2 diabetes: a review of the evidence. Acta Diabetol, 47, 15-22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-009-0126-3</citation> </citations> <pages>268-271</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-01-28" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="221" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">221</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="823" created_at="2022-01-28" date_created="" file_id="456" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-28" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Emergence of Plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant SalmonellaTyphi clinical isolates from Punjab, Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="456" filesize="76445" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/221/61f3f85701e44.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="828" created_at="2022-01-28" date_created="" file_id="456" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="823" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Emergence of Plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant SalmonellaTyphi clinical isolates from Punjab, Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="456" filesize="76445" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/221/61f3f85701e44.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="865" created_at="2022-01-29" date_created="" file_id="456" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-29" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="828" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Emergence of Plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant SalmonellaTyphi clinical isolates from Punjab, Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="456" filesize="76445" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/221/61f3f85701e44.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="866" created_at="2022-01-29" date_created="" file_id="456" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-29" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="865" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Emergence of Plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant SalmonellaTyphi clinical isolates from Punjab, Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="456" filesize="76445" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/221/61f3f85701e44.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="987" created_at="2022-02-09" date_created="" file_id="658" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-08" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf numbered.pdf</name> <file id="658" filesize="825661" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/221/622793704a889.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="654" filesize="825661" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/221/62277c7189f7d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="532" filesize="825127" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/221/620377263ccdc.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1146" url_path="" seq="22" date_published="2021-12-30" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">221</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.221</id> <title locale="en_US">Emergence of Plasmid-mediated Quinolone-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Clinical Isolates from Punjab, Pakistan</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Plasmid-mediated quinolone-resistant SalmonellaTyphi clinical isolates</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The present study evaluated the prevalence of fluoroquinolone resistance and the underlying mechanisms among <em>Salmonella </em>Typhi clinical strains from Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 174 <em>Salmonella </em>Typhi strains were isolated from the blood culture samples. The strains identification was done by using the API 20E system and VITEK<sup>®</sup>, while serovar validation was done by agglutination assays using antisera. Molecular characterization was done by PCR using the primers targeting the fliC-d gene of <em>Salmonellaenterica</em> serovar Typhi. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion procedure and the minimum inhibitory concentration using the broth microdilution technique. Moreover,plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes were amplified through a polymerase chain reaction. Alarming rate of ciprofloxacin resistance (90.8%) were observed with high MICs ranging from <u>&lt;</u>0.06 µg/mL to &gt; 2.0 µg/mL.Overall, the qnrS gene was detected among every ciprofloxacin-resistant isolate, of which maximum frequency of <em>qnr</em>S genes was detected among isolates showing MICs <u>&lt;</u>1.0 µg/mL, while 14 <em>qnr</em>Sgene-positive isolates were showing very high MICs values 2.0 µg/mL.Moreover, the ciprofloxacin-resistantisolates, as well as the ten isolates showing intermediate resistance (MIC; 0.5 µg/mL), were negative for <em>qnr</em>A and <em>qnr</em>B genes. This study highlights that the quinolone resistance among <em>S. Typhiis at a </em>critical level that necessitates the need for alternative therapeutic measures and the development of new antibiotics.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1108"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Saeed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1136"> <givenname locale="en_US">Azhar</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Deaprtment of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1137"> <givenname locale="en_US">Farhan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rasheed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pathology, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1138"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Hidayat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rasool</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1139"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ayesha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Azhar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei Province, China</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1140"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiz Sajid</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">The Children's hospital Faisalabad</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1141"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiz Ghulam Murtaza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Saleem</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Faculty of Rehabilitation & Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1142"> <givenname locale="en_US">Abdul </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Waheed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">College of Allied Health Professionals, Directorate of Medical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1143"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zia</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Ashraf</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1144"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ambereen Imran </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Anwar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pathology, Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>8@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1145"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mohsin </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khurshid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Microbiology, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>8@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="1146"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ali </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zohaib</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Deaprtment of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>ali.zohaib@iub.edu.pk</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">137</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.221.g137</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="987"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Barac R, Als D, Radhakrishnan A, Gaffey MF, Bhutta ZA, Barwick M. Implementation of Interventions for the Control of Typhoid Fever in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 2018;99(3_Suppl):79-88.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.18-0110</citation> <citation>Thanh DP, Karkey A, Dongol S, Thi NH, Thompson CN, Rabaa MA, et al. A novel ciprofloxacin-resistant subclade of H58 Salmonella Typhi is associated with fluoroquinolone treatment failure. Elife. 2016;5:e14003.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14003</citation> <citation>Tadesse G, Tessema TS, Beyene G, Aseffa A. Molecular epidemiology of fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2018;13(2):e0192575.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192575</citation> <citation>Chattaway MA, Aboderin AO, Fashae K, Okoro CK, Opintan JA, Okeke IN. Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Enteric Bacteria in Sub-Saharan Africa: Clones, Implications and Research Needs. Frontiers in microbiology. 2016;7:558.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.00558</citation> <citation>Rahman M, Siddique A, Shoma S, Rashid H, Salam M, Ahmed Q, et al. Emergence of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi with decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility in Bangladesh. Epidemiology & Infection. 2006;134(2):433-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268805004759</citation> <citation>Sjolund-Karlsson M, Howie RL, Crump JA, Whichard JM. Fluoroquinolone susceptibility testing of Salmonella enterica: detection of acquired resistance and selection of zone diameter breakpoints for levofloxacin and ofloxacin. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52(3):877-84.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02679-13</citation> <citation>Minarini LA, Darini AL. Mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Brazil. Brazilian journal of microbiology : [publication of the Brazilian Society for Microbiology]. 2012;43(4):1309-14.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822012000400010</citation> <citation>Yang HY, Nam YS, Lee HJ. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among ciprofloxacin-nonsusceptible Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from blood cultures in Korea. The Canadian journal of infectious diseases & medical microbiology = Journal canadien des maladies infectieuses et de la microbiologie medicale. 2014;25(3):163-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/329541</citation> <citation>Xue G, Li J, Feng Y, Xu W, Li S, Yan C, et al. High Prevalence of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Pediatric Patients in China. Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, NY). 2017;23(1):107-14.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2016.0004</citation> <citation>Levy H, Diallo S, Tennant SM, Livio S, Sow SO, Tapia M, et al. PCR method to identify Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi, Paratyphi A, and Paratyphi B among Salmonella Isolates from the blood of patients with clinical enteric fever. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(5):1861-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00109-08</citation> <citation>Liao CH, Hsueh PR, Jacoby GA, Hooper DC. Risk factors and clinical characteristics of patients with qnr-positive Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia. The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy. 2013;68(12):2907-14.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkt295</citation> <citation>Saleem M, Arshad A, Qayyum M. Changing Trends in Antibiogram and Molecular Analysis of Quinolone Resistant Salmonella typhi Isolates in Pakistan. J Infec Dis Treat. 2017;3:1.</citation> <citation>Cooke FJ, Wain J. The emergence of antibiotic resistance in typhoid fever. Travel medicine and infectious disease. 2004;2(2):67-74.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2004.04.005</citation> <citation>Olarte J, Galindo E. Salmonella typhi resistant to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and other antimicrobial agents: strains isolated during an extensive typhoid fever epidemic in Mexico. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 1973;4(6):597-601.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.4.6.597</citation> <citation>Kariuki S, Gordon MA, Feasey N, Parry CM. Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive Salmonella disease. Vaccine. 2015;33:C21-C9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.102</citation> <citation>Chau TT, Campbell JI, Galindo CM, Hoang NVM, Diep TS, Nga TTT, et al. Antimicrobial drug resistance of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi in Asia and molecular mechanism of reduced susceptibility to the fluoroquinolones. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2007;51(12):4315-23.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00294-07</citation> <citation>Xia S, Hendriksen RS, Xie Z, Huang L, Zhang J, Guo W, et al. Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella isolates from infections in humans in Henan Province, China. Journal of clinical microbiology. 2009;47(2):401-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01099-08</citation> <citation>Poirel L, Cattoir V, Nordmann P. Is plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance a clinically significant problem? Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2008;14(4):295-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2007.01930.x</citation> </citations> <pages>165-169</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-01-24" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="225" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">225</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="804" created_at="2022-01-24" date_created="" file_id="448" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-24" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Final maryam work in for jojo (1).docx</name> <file id="448" filesize="47034" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/225/61eebf6fc5b8c.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="805" created_at="2022-01-24" date_created="" file_id="448" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-24" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="804" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Final maryam work in for jojo (1).docx</name> <file id="448" filesize="47034" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/225/61eebf6fc5b8c.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="806" created_at="2022-01-24" date_created="" file_id="448" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-24" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="805" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Final maryam work in for jojo (1).docx</name> <file id="448" filesize="47034" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/225/61eebf6fc5b8c.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="995" created_at="2022-02-09" date_created="" file_id="784" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="784" filesize="518463" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/225/6231e7e9c2199.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="655" filesize="860730" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/225/62277d599d976.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="541" filesize="860029" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/225/6203d356c9226.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1115" url_path="" seq="26" date_published="2021-12-29" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">225</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.225</id> <title locale="en_US">Functional And Nutraceutical Characterization Of Cinnamon</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Cinnamon has been using as a fragrant plant and spice. Cinnamon is a member of family Lauraceae. Cinnamon has been used as a traditional medicine to reduce blood glucose level in diabetes and to control Blood pressure, Tumor Growth, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Cinnamon nutritional composition revealedthat it contained a significant value of mineral, vitamins, and the main bioactive component is cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamon caloric content was determined as ofcarbohydrate (CHO), protein, fat, fiber, moisture and ash. Cinnamon contained the uppermost amount of carbohydrate(53.37%) in T1 and the lowermost amount of ash (1.25%) in T3. The mineral content of macro-elements and micro-elements were determined fromchromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and sodium (Na). The content of minerals in Cinnamon contained the highest amount of potassium (135.2) in T1 and the lowest sodium in T2. The content of vitaminsin Cinnamon contained the fat-solubleand water-soluble vitamins A, K, E, D, β-caroteneand C, B12, B9, B6, B3, B2, B1were determined. Amongst the vitamins, cinnamon contained the uppermostvalue ofβ-carotene (112) and the lowermostvalue of vitamin B6 (0.158). Bioactive compounds of Cinnamon were determined cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, β-caryophyllene and coumarin. Among the bioactive compounds in Cinnamon contained the uppermostvalue of cinnamaldehyde (64.56). The antioxidant capacity of cinnamon bark extract was (49 μg/mL). Conclusively,cinnamon is enriched with nutritional values. So, it can be used in the treatment of various disease.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Cinnamon, Chemical Analysis, Nutrient Composition,Cinnamaldehyde</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="1113"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maryam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shahzadi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="1114"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bahisht </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rizwan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>bahisht.rizwan@dnsc.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="1115"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tabussam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tufail</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tabussam.tufail@dnsc.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="1116"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shahnai </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Basharat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="1117"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sanober</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Shehzadi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of University Institute of Physical Therapy, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">144</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.225.g144</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="995"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Arora S, et al., (2020). Cinnamon: A Clinical Approach as Multifarious Natural Remedy with Absolute Immunity. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 8(3):2331-2345.https://ejmcm.com/article_10484.html</citation> <citation>Medagama AB, (2015).The glycaemic outcomes of Cinnamon, a review of the experimental evidence and clinical trials. Nutrition journal, 14(1):1-2.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0098-9</citation> <citation>Vangalapati et al.,(2012). A review on pharmacological activities and clinical effects of cinnamon species. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(1): 653–663.</citation> <citation>Al-Samydai A, et al., (2018). Anti-Diabetic Activity of Cinnamon: A Review. International Research Journal of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, 1(5):43-45.</citation> <citation>http://irjpms.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/IRJPMS-V1N5P66-18.pdf</citation> <citation>Goel B and Mishra S, (2020). Medicinal and Nutritional Perspective of Cinnamon: A Mini-review. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 31(3):10-16.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.9734/ejmp/2020/v31i330218</citation> <citation>Isaac-Renton, et al., (2015). Cinnamon spice and everything not nice: many features of intraoral allergy to cinnamic aldehyde. Dermatitis, 26(3):116-121.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000112</citation> <citation>Ribeiro-Santos, et al., (2017). A. Revisiting an ancient spice with medicinal purposes: Cinnamon. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 62:154-169.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.011</citation> <citation>Van Haute S, et al., (2016). The effect of Cinnamon, oregano and thyme essential oils in the marinade on the microbial shelf life of fish and meat products. Food Control,68:30-39.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1016/J.FOODCONT.2016.03.025</citation> <citation>Bhagya, H. P., Raveendra, Y. C., and Lalithya, K. A, (2015). Multi beneficial uses of spices: A brief review. Acta Scientifica International Food Nutrition, 1:3-7. https://actascientific.com/ASNH/pdf/ASNH-01-0002.pdf</citation> <citation>Kim JE, et al., (2015). A novel cinnamon-related natural product with Pim-1 inhibitory activity inhibits leukaemia and skin cancer. Cancer research, 75(13):2716-2728.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-3655</citation> <citation>Vallverdú-Queralt A, et al., (2014). A comprehensive study on the phenolic profile of widely used culinary herbs and spices: Rosemary, thyme, oregano, cinnamon, cumin and bay. Food chemistry, 154:299-307.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.106</citation> <citation>Seyer MÈ and Gélinas P (2009). Bran characteristics and wheat performance in whole wheat bread. International journal of food science & technology, 44(4):688-693.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01819.</citation> <citation>Akdogan H, Tilley M and Chung OK, (2006). Effect of emulsifiers on textural properties of whole wheat tortillas during storage. Cereal Chemistry, 83(6):632-635.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1094/CC-83-0632</citation> <citation>Amir RM, et al., (2013). Application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for the identification of wheat varieties. Journal of food science and technology, 50(5):1018-1023.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1007/s13197-011-0424-y</citation> <citation>Aboshora W, et al., (2016). Influence of doum (Hyphaene thebaica L.) flour addition on dough mixing properties, bread quality and antioxidant potential. Journal of food science and technology, 53(1):591-600.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1007/s13197-015-2063-1</citation> <citation>Gaspar MC, et al., (2013). Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis lung disease and new perspectives of treatment: a review. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 32(10):1231-1252.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1007/s10096-013-1876-y</citation> <citation>Bettge AD, et al., (2002). Adaptation of AACC method 56‐11, solvent retention capacity, for use as an early generation selection tool for cultivar development. Cereal Chemistry, 79(5):670-674.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.5.670</citation> <citation>AOAC, (1990). Official Methods of Analysis Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 15th ed. USA: Wilson Boulevard.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.4236/ce.2020.118106</citation> <citation>Finglas PM and Faulks RM (1984). The HPLC analysis of thiamin and riboflavin in potatoes. Food chemistry, 15(1):37-44.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1016/0308-8146(84)90037-2</citation> <citation>Manz, U., and Philipp, K. (1981). Method for the routine determination of tocopherols in animal feed and human foodstuffs with the aid of HPLC. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 51(4):342–348.</citation> <citation>PMID: 7451386</citation> <citation>Kamman, J. F., Wanthesen, J. J., and Labuza, T. P (1980). Technique for measuring thiamin and riboflavin in fortified foods. Journal of Food Science, 45(6):1497–1499.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb07548.x</citation> <citation>Friedman M, Kozukue N, and Harden LA, (2000). Cinnamaldehyde content in foods determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(11):5702-5709.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1021/jf000585g</citation> <citation>Blois MS, (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181(4617):1199-1200.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1038/1811199a0</citation> <citation>Gul S and Safdar M (2009). Proximate composition and mineral analysis of Cinnamon. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(9):1456-1460.</citation> <citation>doi=pjn.2009.1456.1460</citation> <citation>Al-Numair KS, et al., (2007). Nutritive value, levels of polyphenols and anti-nutritional factors in Sri Lankan cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeyalnicum) and Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Cassia). Food Science & Agriculture Research Center, King Saud University, 154:5-21.</citation> <citation>doi=10.1.1.547.6826</citation> <citation>Khalisyaseen O and Mohammed MT (2021). Identification of Some Antioxidant Active Compounds in True Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum) Bark Extract. NVEO-NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS Journal| NVEO, 8(4):7565-7577.http://www.nveo.org/index.php/journal/article/view/1623</citation> <citation>Kim YG, et al., (2015). Cinnamon bark oil and its components inhibit biofilm formation and toxin production. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 195:30-39.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.028</citation> <citation>Tasia WR and Widyaningsih TD, (2014). Jurnal Review: PotensiCincau Hitam (Mesona palustris B1.), Daun Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) Dan Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmannii)Sebagai Bahan Baku Minuman Herbal Fungsional. Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, 2(4);128-136.</citation> <citation>https://jpa.ub.ac.id/index.php/jpa/article/view/85</citation> </citations> <pages>187-192</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-27" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="173" stage="externalReview"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">173</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="574" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="330" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Range of motion in upper and lower Cervical spine in Dentists with chronic Neck pain of Lahore city.docx</name> <file id="330" filesize="76973" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/173/61ca304ddb153.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="602" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="330" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="574" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Range of motion in upper and lower Cervical spine in Dentists with chronic Neck pain of Lahore city.docx</name> <file id="330" filesize="76973" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/173/61ca304ddb153.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="652" created_at="2022-01-05" date_created="" file_id="330" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="602" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Range of motion in upper and lower Cervical spine in Dentists with chronic Neck pain of Lahore city.docx</name> <file id="330" filesize="76973" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/173/61ca304ddb153.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="653" created_at="2022-01-05" date_created="" file_id="471" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-31" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="652" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Range of motion in upper and lower Cervical spine in Dentists with chronic Neck pain of Lahore City..docx</name> <file id="471" filesize="62476" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/173/61f7e98e7f3d7.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="330" filesize="76973" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/173/61ca304ddb153.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="934" created_at="2022-02-02" date_created="" file_id="684" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="684" filesize="812764" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/173/62285ecae571f.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="488" filesize="812673" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/173/61fa9d929d9ec.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1179" url_path="" seq="17" date_published="2021-12-31" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">173</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.173</id> <title locale="en_US">Range of motion in upper and lower Cervical spine in Dentists with chronic Neck pain of Lahore city</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Neck pain is a commonly reported problem these days mostly due to increased screen timings and mobile usage, other than age factors Objective:To check range of motion in upper and lower cervical spine in dentists with chronic neck painMethods:cross-sectional Study was conducted and non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to get sample size. Forty-three participants were taken in this study. Only dentists with chronic neck pain were included. Association between pain intensity and cervical range of motion was obtained. After taking consent information data was collected by using cervical range of motion device and neck disability index questioner. Data was analyzedusing SPSS21Results:There was association between pain intensity and cervical flexion (p-value=0.043), pain intensity and cervical bending left side (p-value=0.000) while there was no association between pain intensity and cervical extension (p-value=0.201), pain intensity and cervical bending Right side (p-value=0.721), pain intensity and cervical rotation right side (p-value=0.207),pain intensity and cervical rotation left side (p-value=0.178)Conclusions:Dentists with chronic neck pain have decreased cervical flexion, cervical left side bending due to bad standing posture and continuous flexed neck for longer duration during work.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="1178"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fatima </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Amin</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of Physical Therapy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="1179"> <givenname locale="en_US">Adnan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ikram</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of Physical Therapy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="1180"> <givenname locale="en_US">Haris</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Farooq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of Physical Therapy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="835"> <givenname locale="en_US">Atta </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Muhammad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>m_atta005@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="833"> <givenname locale="en_US">M Asim </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="832"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiz Raja </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">M Usman</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">122</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.173.g122</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="934"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L. The Saskatchewan health and back pain survey: The prevalence of neck pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine 1998;23:1689-98. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199809010-00012</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199809010-00012</citation> <citation>- Helewa A, Goldsmith CH, Lee P, et al. The prevalence of neck pain in a university community. Phys Ther 1994;74:S26</citation> <citation>- Bogduk N. Neck pain. Aust Fam Physician 1984;13:26-30</citation> <citation>-Ariens GAM, Borghouts AJ, Koes BW. Neck Pain. In: Crombie IK, ed. Epidemiology of Pain. Seattle: IASP Press, 1999:235-55.</citation> <citation>- Bassett S. Back problems among dentists. J Can Dent Assoc. 1983 Apr;49(4):251-6. No abstract available.</citation> <citation>- Merskey H, Bogduk N: Classification of Chronic Pain: Description of Chronic Pain Syndromes and Definitions of Pain Terms, ed 2. Seattle, IASP Press, 1994.</citation> <citation>- Cote P, Cassidy JD, Carroll L. The Saskatchewan Health and Back Pain Survey: the prevalence of neck pain and related disability in Saskatchewan adults. Spine 1998;23 (15):1689-98.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199808010-00015</citation> <citation>- Bland J. Disorders of the cervical spine, Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders, 1987.</citation> <citation>- Tavernier C, Maillefert JF, Piroth C. Diagnostic et traitement des cervicalgies. EncyclMédChir (Elsevier, Paris) AppareilLocomoteur, 14-365-A10. 1996. p. 14</citation> <citation>-Viitanen J, Kokko M-L, Heikkila S, Kautiainen H. Neck mobility assessment in ankylosing spondylitis: a clinical study of nine measurements including new tape methods for cervical rotation and lateral flexion. Br J Rheumatol 1998; 37:377-81.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/37.4.377</citation> <citation>- Clark W, Haldeman S. The development of guideline factors for the evaluation of disability in neck and back injuries. Division of Industrial Accidents, State of California. Spine 1993; 18:1736-45.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199310000-00004</citation> <citation>- Spitzer WO, Skovron ML, Salmi LR, Cassidy JD, Duranceau J, Suissa S, Zeiss E. Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining "whiplash" and its management. Spine 1995; 20 (Suppl.):1S-73S.</citation> <citation>Youdas JW, Garrett TR, Suman VJ, Bogard CL, Hallman HO, Carey JR. Normal range of motion of the cervical spine: an initial goniometric study. Phys Ther. 1992;72:770-780.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/72.11.770</citation> <citation>Youdas JW, Carey JR, Garrett TR. Reliability of measurements of cervical spine range of motion-comparison of three methods. Phys Ther. 1991;71:98-104; discussion 105-106.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/71.2.98</citation> <citation>César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Joshua Cleland, María Palacios-Ceña, Stella Fuensalida-Novo, Juan A. Pareja, Cristina Alonso-Blanco. 2017. The Effectiveness of Manual Therapy versus Surgery on Self-reported Function, Cervical Range of Motion, and Pinch Grip Force in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: 47:3, 151-161.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2017.7090</citation> <citation>Hoving JL, O'Leary EF, Niere KR et al. Validity of the neck disability index, Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire, and problem elicitation technique for measuring disability associated with whiplash-associated disorders. Pain 2003;102:273-81.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00406-2</citation> <citation>Vernon H. The Neck Disability Index: patient Assessment and Outcome Monitoring in Whiplash. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 1996;4:95-104.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1300/J094v04n04_09</citation> <citation>Thomas Rudolfsson, Martin Bjorklund, Mats DjubsjobackaRange of motion in the upper and lower cervical spine in people with chronic neck pain 10.1016 2011.08.007</citation> <citation>Shrestha BP, Singh GK, Niraula SR J Nepal Med Assoc, 2008 Work related complaints among dentists 2008 s563d8a6108ae34e98c4aea81.</citation> <citation>César Fernández-de-las-Peñas, Joshua Cleland, María Palacios-Ceña, Stella Fuensalida-Novo, Juan A. Pareja, Cristina Alonso-Blanco. 2017. The Effectiveness of Manual Therapy versus Surgery on Self-reported Function, Cervical Range of Motion, and Pinch Grip Force in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial. 47:3, 151-161.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2017.7090</citation> <citation>François Hains, Judith K Waalen, SilvanoMior Psychometric properties of the Neck Disability Index 1998. 51299766</citation> <citation>Vernon H. The Neck Disability Index: patient Assessment and Outcome Monitoring in Whiplash. Journal of Musculoskeletal Pain 1996;4:95-104</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1300/J094v04n04_09</citation> </citations> <pages>139-142</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-27" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="170" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">170</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="571" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="327" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Patient safety culture a survey of private sector tertiary care hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="327" filesize="50481" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/170/61ca241049c09.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="595" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="327" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="571" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Patient safety culture a survey of private sector tertiary care hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="327" filesize="50481" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/170/61ca241049c09.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="777" created_at="2022-01-21" date_created="" file_id="327" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-21" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="595" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Patient safety culture a survey of private sector tertiary care hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="327" filesize="50481" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/170/61ca241049c09.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="778" created_at="2022-01-21" date_created="" file_id="327" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-21" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="777" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Patient safety culture a survey of private sector tertiary care hospitals of Lahore, Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="327" filesize="50481" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/170/61ca241049c09.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1102" created_at="2022-02-22" date_created="" file_id="678" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="678" filesize="1182871" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/170/6228589ee5e94.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="602" filesize="1181548" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/170/6214dbd352501.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="821" url_path="" seq="31" date_published="2021-12-31" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">170</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.170</id> <title locale="en_US">Patient safety culture: A Survey of Private Sector Tertiary Care Hospital of Lahore, Pakistan</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Patient safety culture in private sector tertiary care hospital in Pakistan</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Patient safety is a critical component to improving healthcare quality. Due to the potential of growing recognition and importance of establishing a patient safety culture within healthcare organizations, assessing existing patient safety culture is a prerequisite. Despite a vital role in delivering quality care, little attention has been given to describe healthcare professionals' perceptions and expectations of the patient safety culture in Pakistan. <strong>Objective</strong>:The current study aimed to assess the patient safety culture at a private tertiary hospital in Lahore from the perspectives of doctors and nurses. <strong>Methods</strong>: This cross-sectional study collected data from 120 nurses and doctors of the private hospital using the Hospital Survey of Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC).The respondent's demographic characteristics and study variables influencing patient safety culture were presented through descriptive statistics, and a chi-square test was applied to identify the variable influencing patient safety.<strong>Results</strong>: The current study outcomes revealed a positive score for different dimensions ranging from 32.1% to 86.5%. The dimension of organizational learning-continuous improvement (86.5%) and teamwork within units (81.7%) had the highest scores as compared to teamwork across units (74.7%), feedback and communication about the error (73.7%), management support for patient safety (71.6%), supervisor/ manager expectations and actions promoting patient safety (69.8%), communication openness (65.4%), overall perceptions of patient safety (62%), frequency of events reported (53.7%), handoffs and transitions (49.9%), staffing (33.3%) and non-punitive response to errors (32.1%).<strong>Conclusion</strong>:  The current study's findings highlighted a less positive attitude of doctors and nurses towards patient safety culture within their organizations. The outcomes of the present study could be used for designing and establishing interventions to improve patient safety practices in similar tertiary care settings across Pakistan.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="31" id="821"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sajid </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hameed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of public health,University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>doctorsajidhameed@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="31" id="822"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ayesha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Humayun </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Public Health and Community Medicine and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="31" id="823"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Yaqoob</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of public health,University of Lahore.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="31" id="824"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Zahid </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Latif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Medical Education,Azra Naheed Medical College</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="31" id="1434"> <givenname locale="en_US">Abdul Majeed</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Akhtar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US"> University Insitute of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">166</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.170.g166</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1102"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Nolan TW. System changes to improve patient safety. Bmj. 2000 Mar 18;320(7237):771-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7237.771</citation> <citation>Mitchell I, Schuster A, Smith K, Pronovost P, Wu A. Patient safety incident reporting: a qualitative study of thoughts and perceptions of experts 15 years after 'To Err is Human'. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2016 Feb 1;25(2):92-9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004405</citation> <citation>Magnussen L, Ehiri J, Jolly P. Comprehensive versus selective primary health care: lessons for global health policy. Health Affairs. 2004 May;23(3):167-76.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.23.3.167</citation> <citation>Andermann A, Ginsburg L, Norton P, Arora N, Bates D, Wu A, Larizgoitia I. Patient Safety Research Training and Education Expert Working Group of WHO Patient Safety. Core competencies for patient safety research: a cornerstone for global capacity strengthening. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2011 Jan 1;20(1):96-101.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs.2010.041814</citation> <citation>Mackey TK, Nayyar G. Digital danger: a review of the global public health, patient safety and cybersecurity threats posed by illicit online pharmacies. British Med. Bulletin. 2016 Jun 1;118(1):110-26. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldw016</citation> <citation>Sammer CE, Lykens K, Singh KP, Mains DA, Lackan NA. What is patient safety culture? A review of the literature. J. Nursing Scholarship. 2010 Jun;42(2):156-65.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2009.01330.x</citation> <citation>Xuanyue M, Yanli N, Hao C, Pengli J, Mingming Z. Literature review regarding patient safety culture. J. Evidence‐Based Med. 2013 Feb;6(1):43-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jebm.12020</citation> <citation>Fleming M. Patient safety culture measurement and improvement: a "how to" guide. Health Q. 2005 Jan 1;8(Spec No):14-9. https://doi.org/10.12927/hcq.2005.17656</citation> <citation>Nieva VF, Sorra J. Safety culture assessment: a tool for improving patient safety in healthcare organizations. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2003 Dec 1;12(suppl 2):ii17-23.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/qhc.12.suppl_2.ii17</citation> <citation>Cooper J, Edwards A, Williams H, Sheikh A, Parry G, Hibbert P, Butlin A, Donaldson L, Carson-Stevens A. Nature of blame in patient safety incident reports: mixed methods analysis of a national database. The Annals of Family Med. 2017 Sep 1;15(5):455-61.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.2123</citation> <citation>Singer S, Meterko M, Baker L, Gaba D, Falwell A, Rosen A. Workforce perceptions of hospital safety culture: development and validation of the patient safety climate in healthcare organizations survey. Hlth. Services Res. 2007 Oct;42(5):1999-2021.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00706.x</citation> <citation>Okuyama JH, Galvao TF, Silva MT. Healthcare professional's perception of patient safety measured by the hospital survey on patient safety culture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Scientific World J. 2018 Jul 19;2018.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9156301</citation> <citation>Blegen MA, Gearhart S, O'Brien R, Sehgal NL, Alldredge BK. AHRQ's hospital survey on patient safety culture: psychometric analyses. J. Patient Safety. 2009 Sep 1;5(3):139-44. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0b013e3181b53f6e</citation> <citation>Bodur S, Filiz E. Validity and reliability of Turkish version of" Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture" and perception of patient safety in public hospitals in Turkey. BMC Health Services Research. 2010 Dec;10(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-10-28</citation> <citation>Halligan M, Zecevic A. Safety culture in healthcare: a review of concepts, dimensions, measures and progress. BMJ Quality & Safety. 2011 Apr 1;20(4):338-43.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs.2010.040964</citation> <citation>Jafree SR, Zakar R, Fischer F, Zakar MZ. Ethical violations in the clinical setting: the hidden curriculum learning experience of Pakistani nurses. BMC Medical Ethics. 2015 Dec;16(1):1-1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-015-0011-2</citation> <citation>Waraich RS. Healthcare System and Medical Malpractice Law in Pakistan. Policy Perspectives. 2018 Jan 1;15(3):85-98. https://doi.org/10.13169/polipers.15.3.0085</citation> <citation>Sorra JS, Battles J. Lessons from the AHRQ hospital survey on patient safety culture. InPatient Safety Culture 2018 Oct 9 (263-284). CRC Press.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315599717-15</citation> <citation>Farokhzadian J, Nayeri ND, Borhani F. The long way ahead to achieve an effective patient safety culture: challenges perceived by nurses. BMC Health Services Research. 2018 Dec;18(1):1-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-3467-1</citation> <citation>Alahmadi HA. Assessment of patient safety culture in Saudi Arabian hospitals. Quality and Safety in Health Care. 2010 Oct 1;19(5):e17-. https://doi.org/10.1136/qshc.2009.033258</citation> <citation>El-Jardali F, Jaafar M, Dimassi H, Jamal D, Hamdan R. The current state of patient safety culture in Lebanese hospitals: a study at baseline. Int. J. Quality in Health Care. 2010 Oct 1;22(5):386-95. https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzq047</citation> <citation>Sorra J, Khanna K, Dyer N, Mardon R, Famolaro T. Exploring relationships between patient safety culture and patients' assessments of hospital care. J. Patient Safety. 2012 Sep 1;8(3):131-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/PTS.0b013e318258ca46</citation> <citation>Chen IC, Li HH. Measuring patient safety culture in Taiwan using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC). BMC Health Services Research. 2010 Dec;10(1):1-0.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-10-152</citation> <citation>Ammouri AA, Tailakh AK, Muliira JK, Geethakrishnan R, Al Kindi SN. Patient safety culture among nurses. Int. Nursing Rev. 2015 Mar;62(1):102-10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/inr.12159</citation> <citation>Balamurugan E, Flower JL. A study on patient safety culture among nurses in a tertiary care hospital of Puducherry. Int. J. Basic Appl. Med. Sci. 2014 May;4(2):93-8. doi:10.5958/0974-9357.2015.00036.7</citation> <citation>Jafree SR, Zakar R, Zakar MZ, Fischer F. Assessing the patient safety culture and ward error reporting in public sector hospitals of Pakistan. Safety in Health. 2017 Dec;3(1):1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40886-017-0061-x</citation> <citation>Hatakeyama Y, Fujita S, Iida S, Nagai Y, Shimamori Y, Ayuzawa J, Hirao T, Onishi R, Seto K, Matsumoto K, Hasegawa T. Prioritization of patient safety health policies: Delphi survey using patient safety experts in Japan. PloS One. 2020 Sep 17;15(9):e0239179.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239179</citation> <citation>Hamdan M, Saleem AA. Assessment of patient safety culture in Palestinian public hospitals. Int. J. Quality in Healthcare. 2013 Apr 1;25(2):167-75.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzt007</citation> <citation>Singer S, Meterko M, Baker L, Gaba D, Falwell A, Rosen A. Workforce perceptions of hospital safety culture: development and validation of the patient safety climate in healthcare organizations survey. Health services research. 2007 Oct;42(5):1999-2021.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2007.00706.x</citation> <citation>Morey JC, Simon R, Jay GD, Wears RL, Salisbury M, Dukes KA, Berns SD. Error reduction and performance improvement in the emergency department through formal teamwork training: evaluation results of the MedTeams project. Health Services Research. 2002 Dec;37(6):1553-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.01104</citation> <citation>Armellino D, Quinn Griffin MT, Fitzpatrick JJ. Structural empowerment and patient safety culture among registered nurses working in adult critical care units. J. of Nursing Mgmnt. 2010 Oct;18(7):796-803. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2010.01130.x</citation> <citation>El-Jardali F, Sheikh F, Garcia NA, Jamal D, Abdo A. Patient safety culture in a large teaching hospital in Riyadh: baseline assessment, comparative analysis and opportunities for improvement. BMC Health Services Research. 2014 Dec;14(1):1-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-122</citation> <citation>Ramos RR, Calidgid CC. Patient safety culture among nurses at a tertiary government hospital in the Philippines. Applied Nursing Research. 2018 Dec 1;44:67-75.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2018.09.007</citation> <citation>Tabrizchi N, Sedaghat M. The first study of patient safety culture in Iranian primary health centers. Acta Medica Iranica. 2012:505-10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22930384/</citation> <citation>Zwart DL, Langelaan M, van de Vooren RC, Kuyvenhoven MM, Kalkman CJ, Verheij TJ, Wagner C. Patient safety culture measurement in general practice. Clinimetric properties of'SCOPE'. BMC Family Practice. 2011 Dec;12(1):1-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-12-117</citation> <citation>• 36. Ghobashi MM, El-Ragehy HA, Ibrahim HM, Al-Doseri FA. Assessment of patient safety culture in primary health care settings in Kuwait. Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Public Health. 2014 Jan 22;11(3). doi:10.2427/9101</citation> <citation>Bodur S, Filiz E. A survey on patient safety culture in primary healthcare services in Turkey. Int. J. for Quality in Health Care. 2009 Oct 1;21(5):348-55.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzp035</citation> <citation>Webair HH, Al-Assani SS, Al-Haddad RH, Al-Shaeeb WH, Selm MA, Alyamani AS. Assessment of patient safety culture in primary care setting, Al-Mukala, Yemen. BMC Family Practice. 2015 Dec;16(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-015-0355-1</citation> <citation>Agnew C, Flin R, Mearns K. Patient safety climate and worker safety behaviours in acute hospitals in Scotland. J. Safety Res. 2013; 45:95-101.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2013.01.008</citation> <citation>Kaldjian LC, Jones EW, Wu BJ, Forman-Hoffman VL, Levi BH, Rosenthal GE. Reporting medical errors to improve patient safety: a survey of physicians in teaching hospitals. Arch. Internal Med. 2008 Jan 14;168(1):40-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2007.12</citation> </citations> <pages>215-223</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-27" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="167" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">167</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="568" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="324" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Editorial Prof. Lavezzi PBMJ.docx</name> <file id="324" filesize="12048" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/167/61ca10ad16451.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="581" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="324" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="568" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Editorial Prof. Lavezzi PBMJ.docx</name> <file id="324" filesize="12048" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/167/61ca10ad16451.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="582" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="324" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="581" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Editorial Prof. Lavezzi PBMJ.docx</name> <file id="324" filesize="12048" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/167/61ca10ad16451.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1039" created_at="2022-02-14" date_created="" file_id="662" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-08" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="662" filesize="523270" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/167/62279906da41a.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="653" filesize="523270" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/167/62277ba8013dc.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="562" filesize="523246" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/167/620a5c46249a0.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="808" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2021-12-27" section_ref="Edt" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">167</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.167</id> <title locale="en_US">Editorial</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>I am pleased to share that ‘Pakistan BioMedical Journal’ is progressing by leaps and bounds. I congratulate to the journal team for their passion and enthusiasm in the growth of journal. All the team is working very hard. I would also like to appreciate the authors from wide range of disciplines for their scholarly contributions for our journal. By this issue, we have completed four successful years of publication. We are also proud to announce with great pleasure that PBMJ is recognized by ‘Higher Education Commission’ (HEC) of Pakistan. It is really a great matter of contentment for us and we will continue working hard to achieve further milestones. In 2021, we had to increase the number of articles in both the issues due to large number of incoming articles. At the end, I would like to wish Happy Christmas, Happy ending 2021 and Happy New Year 2022 in advance, to the International Community across the globe. I wish all the readers, authors and Editorial team with a joyous and prosperous life ahead. We, as a scientific community, may collaborate and support each other in the upcoming year as well. I would also like to extend my heartiest gratitude to the reviewers who have made enormous contribution in refining the articles and making this journal a great success.</p> <p>Looking forward for more innovative and research contributions.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="808"> <givenname locale="en_US">Anna Maria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Lavezzi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University of Milan, Milan, Italy</affiliation> <country>IT</country> <email>anna.lavezzi@unimi.it</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">153</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.167.g153</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1039"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>.</citation> </citations> <pages>1</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-27" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="164" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">164</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="599" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="338" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PERCEPTION+OF+MEDICAL+STUDENTS+TOWARDS+TEACHING+AND+TRAINING+AT+PUBLIC+AND+PRIVATE+MEDICAL+COLLEGES+OF+PESHAWAR+USING+DUNDEE+READY+EDUCATION+ENVIRONMENT+MEASURE.docx</name> <file id="338" filesize="40615" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/164/61cb4f6c6d3ff.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="625" created_at="2021-12-30" date_created="" file_id="338" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-30" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="599" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PERCEPTION+OF+MEDICAL+STUDENTS+TOWARDS+TEACHING+AND+TRAINING+AT+PUBLIC+AND+PRIVATE+MEDICAL+COLLEGES+OF+PESHAWAR+USING+DUNDEE+READY+EDUCATION+ENVIRONMENT+MEASURE.docx</name> <file id="338" filesize="40615" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/164/61cb4f6c6d3ff.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="648" created_at="2022-01-05" date_created="" file_id="338" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="625" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PERCEPTION+OF+MEDICAL+STUDENTS+TOWARDS+TEACHING+AND+TRAINING+AT+PUBLIC+AND+PRIVATE+MEDICAL+COLLEGES+OF+PESHAWAR+USING+DUNDEE+READY+EDUCATION+ENVIRONMENT+MEASURE.docx</name> <file id="338" filesize="40615" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/164/61cb4f6c6d3ff.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="649" created_at="2022-01-05" date_created="" file_id="338" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="648" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PERCEPTION+OF+MEDICAL+STUDENTS+TOWARDS+TEACHING+AND+TRAINING+AT+PUBLIC+AND+PRIVATE+MEDICAL+COLLEGES+OF+PESHAWAR+USING+DUNDEE+READY+EDUCATION+ENVIRONMENT+MEASURE.docx</name> <file id="338" filesize="40615" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/164/61cb4f6c6d3ff.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1153" created_at="2022-02-26" date_created="" file_id="679" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="679" filesize="1009944" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/164/62285951ac8c7.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="620" filesize="1010149" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/164/621a0b38c415d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="793" url_path="" seq="35" date_published="2021-12-30" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">164</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.164</id> <title locale="en_US">Perception of Medical Students towards Teaching and Training at Public and Private Medical Colleges of Peshawar Using Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The importance of teaching and training quality has been acknowledged as critical for successful learning and practical skill development. The perceptions of medical students toward teaching and training offer a good basis for altering and refining the quality of medical teaching. The purpose of this study was to analyses students' perceptions of teaching also training at public and private medical colleges of Peshawar, Pakistan. <strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> The Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire was given to 240 pupils from various public and private medical schools. The questionnaire has 27 items that were rated on an 0-4 Likert scale (total scores between 0-108). The questionnaire had five subscales that assessed students' perceptions of learning, teaching, environment, academic self-perception, and social self-perception. Data was collected and mean and standard deviation for each subscale was calculated using SPSS. <strong>Results:</strong> The total mean score of DREEM both public and private was 64/108 (59%). The total mean score for public and private was 65/108 (60%) and 62/108 (57%) respectively. The total score of SPL domain for public and private was 16.81/28 (61%) and 16.09/28 (57%). The total score of SPT was 19.52/32 (61%) for pubic and 19.67/32 (61%), while that of SASP was 5.02/8 (62%) and 4.33/8 (54%). The total score of SPA domain was 19.31/32 (60%) and 17.91/32 (55%) while that of SSSP was 4.9/8 (61%) and 4.49/8 (56%) for public and private medical colleges respectively. For SPA, SSSP, SASP, SPL and SPT domain the score of public medical colleges was ≥60% and for private only SPT was 61% and the remaining were &lt;60%. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Total DREEM score was 64.02 which are more positive than negative. However, the individual scores of domains for both public and private medical colleges were showing a positive perception of students except the SASP domain for private medical colleges, which is showing many negative aspects and needs further exploration.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>DREEM, medical students, perception, public, private, teaching, training</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="35" id="795"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sobia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Haris</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Medical Education, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sobiaharis92@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="35" id="793"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Haris</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Anatomy, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>dx_harris@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="35" id="794"> <givenname locale="en_US">Farah</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Deeba</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Medical Education, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>fara20017@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="35" id="796"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Jehangir</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pediatric Surgery, Makka Medical Center, Nowshera</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>drjehangir313@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="35" id="797"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ahmad Sharjeel </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Karam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Kabir Medical College, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>ahmadparadox1999@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">171</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.164.g171</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1153"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Reza Z, Jadoon HK, Danish SH, Fahad Kazmi SA, Ahmed F. Student's opinion regarding teaching methods: A survey amongst MBBS and BDS students of a private Medical University in Karachi - Short Communication. JPMA. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2018 Aug;68(8):1281-1284. PMID: 30108407.</citation> <citation>Shazia N, Rehan A, Raheela Y. Teachers' perception of their roles in medical colleges. Adv Health Prof Educ. 2015;1(1):24-9.</citation> <citation>Javaeed A. The Crisis of Health Professions Education in Pakistan. MedEdPublish. 2019 Feb 11;8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2019.000027.1</citation> <citation>Bakhshi, H., Bakhshialiabad, M., & Hassanshahi, G. (2014). Students' perceptions of the educational environment in an Iranian Medical School, as measured by The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin, 40(1), 36-41. https://doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v40i1.20335.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v40i1.20335</citation> <citation>Stadler, C., Feifel, J., Rohrmann, S. et al. Peer-Victimization and Mental Health Problems in Adolescents: Are Parental and School Support Protective?.Child Psychiatry Hum Dev41, 371-386 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0174-5</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0174-5</citation> <citation>Naqvi AS. Problems of medical education in Pakistan. JOURNAL-PAKISTAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION. 1997 Nov 1;47:267-269.</citation> <citation>Flexner A. Medical education in the United States and Canada. Science. 1910 Jul 8;32(810):41-50.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1126/science.32.810.41</citation> <citation>Craft SW. The impact of extracurricular activities on student achievement at the high school level. The University of Southern Mississippi; 2012.</citation> <citation>Sue Roff, Sean McAleer, O.S. Ifere& Soumya Bhattacharya(2001)A global diagnostic tool for measuring educational environment: comparing Nigeria and Nepal,Medical Teacher,23:4,378-382,DOI: 10.1080/01421590120043080</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590120043080</citation> <citation>J. M. Genn& R. M. Harden(1986)What is Medical Education Here Really Like? Suggestions for action research studies of climates of medical education environments,Medical Teacher,8:2,111-124,DOI: 10.3109/01421598609010737</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/01421598609010737</citation> <citation>Schönrock-Adema J, Bouwkamp-Timmer T, van Hell EA, Cohen-Schotanus J. Key elements in assessing the educational environment: where is the theory?. Advances in Health Sciences Education. 2012 Dec 1;17(5):727-42.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10459-011-9346-8</citation> <citation>Susan Miles, Louise Swift & Sam J. Leinster(2012)The Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM): A review of its adoption and use,Medical Teacher,34:9,e620-e634,DOI: 10.3109/0142159X.2012.668625</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2012.668625</citation> <citation>McAleer S, Roff S. A practical guide to using the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM). AMEE medical education guide. 2001;23(5):29-33.</citation> <citation>Gonzales CQ. Achieving high-quality health care and access for all. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 1999 Apr;74(4):305-307. DOI: 10.1097/00001888-199904000-00007. PMID: 10219193.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00001888-199904000-00007</citation> <citation>Irum, S., M.Z. Iqbal and F. Naumeri. 2018. Perception of medical students regarding educational environment in a public sector medical college: A cross-sectional survey using the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire. Annals of King Edward Medical University, 24(1): 129-133.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v24i1.2340</citation> <citation>Al-Naggar RA, Abdulghani M, Osman MT, Al-Kubaisy W, Daher AM, Nor Aripin KN, Assabri A, Al-Hidabi DA, Ibrahim MI, Al-Rofaai A, Ibrahim HS, Al-Talib H, Al-Khateeb A, Othman GQ, Abdulaziz QA, Chinna K, Bobryshev YV. The Malaysia DREEM: perceptions of medical students about the learning environment in a medical school in Malaysia. Adv Med Educ Pract. 2014 Jun 9;5:177-84. doi: 10.2147/AMEP.S61805. PMID: 24959093; PMCID: PMC4061139.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S61805</citation> <citation>Thomas HF, Simmons RJ, Jin G, Almeda AA, Mannos AA. Comparison of student outcomes for a classroom-based vs. an internet-based construction safety course. The Journal of SH&E Research. 2005;2(1):1-5.</citation> <citation>Ortega B J, Pérez V C, Ortiz M L, et al. [An assessment of the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) in Chilean university students]. Revista Medica de Chile. 2015 May;143(5):651-657. DOI: 10.4067/s0034-98872015000500013. PMID: 26203577.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872015000500013</citation> <citation>Christopher Yi Wen Chan, Min Yi Sum, Giles Ming Yee Tan, Phern-Chern Tor & Kang Sim (2018) Adoption and correlates of the Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) in the evaluation of undergraduate learning environments - a systematic review, Medical Teacher, 40:12, 1240-1247, DOI: 10.1080/0142159X.2018.1426842</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2018.1426842</citation> <citation>Bhosale U. Medical Students' Perception about the Educational Environment in Western Maharashtra in Medical College using DREEM Scale. J Clin Diagn Res. 2015 Nov;9(11):JC01-4. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2015/15094.6809. Epub 2015 Nov 1. PMID: 26674218; PMCID: PMC4668437.</citation> </citations> <pages>238-244</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-26" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="159" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">159</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="553" created_at="2021-12-26" date_created="" file_id="311" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-26" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">WHY THE RATE OF PCOSPCOD INCREASE AT THE AGE OF MENARCHE.docx</name> <file id="311" filesize="70580" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/159/61c8e206ce161.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="591" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="311" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="553" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">WHY THE RATE OF PCOSPCOD INCREASE AT THE AGE OF MENARCHE.docx</name> <file id="311" filesize="70580" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/159/61c8e206ce161.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="698" created_at="2022-01-09" date_created="" file_id="311" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-09" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="591" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">WHY THE RATE OF PCOSPCOD INCREASE AT THE AGE OF MENARCHE.docx</name> <file id="311" filesize="70580" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/159/61c8e206ce161.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="699" created_at="2022-01-09" date_created="" file_id="311" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-09" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="698" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">WHY THE RATE OF PCOSPCOD INCREASE AT THE AGE OF MENARCHE.docx</name> <file id="311" filesize="70580" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/159/61c8e206ce161.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1019" created_at="2022-02-13" date_created="" file_id="630" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-01" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="630" filesize="722560" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/159/621e347179416.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="555" filesize="859869" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/159/6208fa2e432fa.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="765" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2020-12-31" section_ref="Sys.Rvw" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">159</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.159</id> <title locale="en_US">Why The Rate Of Pcos/Pcod Increase At The Age Of Menarche</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Rate of PCOS/PCOD at the Age of Menarche</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) ratio increase at age of menarche worldwide<strong>. Objective:</strong> The objective is to determine the cause of PCOD/PCOS at the age of menarche. <strong>Methods:</strong> Age at menarche was compared with PCOS/ PCOD. The data extracted by Medline, PubMed and Obsgyne online library that were queried for studies published between 1998 to 2021 by specific MeSH terms. We reviewed 10 cross-sectional style analytical studies for the collection of data in this systematic article <strong>Results:</strong> 10 studies conducted between the years 1998 to 2021 included in this systematic review. The age of menarche is between 10-18 years. Menarche is one of the major causes of PCOD/PCOS due to poor diagnosis of normal pubertal ovaries and polycystic ovaries. At the age of menarche, the weight ratio is subjectively increased due to poor diet and then BMI increased. So PCOD/ PCOS ratio increases day by day at the age of menarche. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> Age at menarche in women with PCOS is influenced by BMI and Genetic Variants and poor diagnostic at ultrasound scan.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Polycystic Ovary Syndrome; Hyperandrogenaemia; Hirsutism; Oligomenorrhea; Menarche; Ultrasound</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="765"> <givenname locale="en_US">Wajiha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zafar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>wajihazafar707@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="766"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Khadija </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>syyedakhadija55@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="767"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kinza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rasool </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>kinzarasool66@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="768"> <givenname locale="en_US">Anam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fazal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>anamfazal47@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="769"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amna </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sana</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="770"> <givenname locale="en_US">Raisa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shazadi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">152</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.159.g152</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1019"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/polycystic-ovary- syndrome-pcos</citation> <citation>Haji Shafiha, M., T. Zabiri, and S. H. Salari Lak. "Investigating validity criteria of vaginal ultrasound (ovarian volume, the ovarian stroma and the stromal surface of the ovary) in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome." Urmia Medical Journal 3 (2007): 538-543.</citation> <citation>Dahlgren E, Johansson S, Lindstedt G, Knutsson F, Oden A, Janson PO, Mattson LA, Crona N, Lundberg PA. Reprint of: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in 1956 to 1965: a long-term follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones. Fertil Steril. 2019 Oct;112(4 Suppl1):e162-e170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.08.084</citation> <citation>Thiyagarajan DK, Basit H, Jeanmonod R. Physiology, Menstrual Cycle. 2021 Sep 18. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. PMID: 29763196.</citation> <citation>Petry CJ, Ong KK, Hughes IA, Acerini CL, Dunger DB. Age at Menarche and Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2019 Jan;15:134-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2019.01.004. PMID: 30713829; PMCID: PMC6352955.</citation> <citation>Sadrzadeh S, Klip WA, Broekmans FJ, Schats R, Willemsen WN, Burger CW, Van Leeuwen FE, Lambalk CB; OMEGA Project group. Birth weight and age at menarche in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome or diminished ovarian reserve, in a retrospective cohort. Hum Reprod. 2003 Oct;18(10):2225-30. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deg409. PMID: 14507847.</citation> <citation>Louwers YV, Laven JSE. Characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome throughout life. Ther Adv Reprod Health. 2020 Mar 18;14:2633494120911038. doi: 10.1177/2633494120911038. PMID: 32518918; PMCID: PMC7254582.</citation> <citation>Lemarchand-Béraud T, Zufferey MM, Reymond M, Rey I. Maturation of the hypothalamo- pituitary-ovarian axis in adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982 Feb;54(2):241-6. doi: 10.1210/jcem-54-2-241. PMID: 6798063.</citation> <citation>Yildiz BO, Bolour S, Woods K, Moore A, Azziz R. Visually scoring hirsutism. Hum Reprod Update. 2010 Jan-Feb;16(1):51-64. doi: 10.1093/humupd/dmp024. PMID: 19567450; PMCID: PMC2792145.</citation> <citation>Carmina E. Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome: from NIH criteria to ESHRE-ASRM guidelines. Minerva Ginecol. 2004 Feb;56(1):1-6. PMID: 14973405.</citation> <citation>Thathapudi S, Kodati V, Erukkambattu J, Katragadda A, Addepally U, Hasan Q. Anthropometric and Biochemical Characteristics of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in South Indian Women Using AES-2006 Criteria. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jan 5;12(1):e12470. doi: 10.5812/ijem.12470. PMID: 24696694; PMCID: PMC3968989.</citation> <citation>Sidra S, Tariq MH, Farrukh MJ, Mohsin M. Evaluation of clinical manifestations, health risks, and quality of life among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. PLoS One. 2019 Oct 11;14(10):e0223329. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223329. PMID: 31603907; PMCID: PMC6788722.</citation> <citation>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/256806-treatment</citation> <citation>Peña AS, Witchel SF, Hoeger KM, Oberfield SE, Vogiatzi MG, Misso M, Garad R, Dabadghao P, Teede H. Adolescent polycystic ovary syndrome according to the international evidence-based guideline. BMC Med. 2020 Mar 24;18(1):72. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020- 01516-x. PMID: 32204714; PMCID: PMC7092491.</citation> <citation>Stark O, Peckham CS, Moynihan C. Weight and age at menarche. Arch Dis Child. 1989 Mar;64(3):383-7. doi: 10.1136/adc.64.3.383. PMID: 2705803; PMCID: PMC1791908.</citation> <citation>Casey VA, Dwyer JT, Coleman KA, Krall EA, Gardner J, Valadian I. Accuracy of recall by middle-aged participants in a longitudinal study of their body size and indices of maturation earlier in life. Ann Hum Biol. 1991 Mar-Apr;18(2):155-66. doi: 10.1080/03014469100001492. PMID: 2024949.</citation> <citation>Apter D, Bützow T, Laughlin GA, Yen SS. Metabolic features of polycystic ovary syndrome are found in adolescent girls with hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Oct;80(10):2966-73. doi: 10.1210/jcem.80.10.7559882. PMID: 7559882.</citation> <citation>Laitinen J, Taponen S, Martikainen H, Pouta A, Millwood I, Hartikainen AL, Ruokonen A, Sovio U, McCarthy MI, Franks S, Järvelin MR. Body size from birth to adulthood as a predictor of self-reported polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Jun;27(6):710-5. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802301. PMID: 12833115.</citation> <citation>Michelmore KF, Balen AH, Dunger DB, Vessey MP. Polycystic ovaries and associated clinical and biochemical features in young women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Dec;51(6):779-86. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00886.x. PMID: 10619984.</citation> <citation>Carroll J, Saxena R, Welt CK. Environmental and genetic factors influence age at menarche in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2012;25(5-6):459- 66. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0047. PMID: 22876539; PMCID: PMC3597236.</citation> <citation>Dahlgren E, Johansson S, Lindstedt G, Knutsson F, Odén A, Janson PO, Mattson LA, Crona N, Lundberg PA. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in 1956 to 1965: a long-term follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones. Fertil Steril. 1992 Mar;57(3):505-13. doi: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)54892-4. PMID: 1740195.</citation> <citation>https://radiopaedia.org/articles/polycystic-ovaries.</citation> <citation>Radswiki, T., Jones, J. Polycystic ovaries. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org. (accessed on 31 Oct 2021) https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-14971.</citation> <citation>Barber TM, Alvey C, Greenslade T, Gooding M, Barber D, Smith R, Marland A, Wass JA, Child T, McCarthy MI, Franks S, Golding SJ. Patterns of ovarian morphology in polycystic ovary syndrome: a study utilising magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol. 2010 May;20(5):1207-13. doi: 10.1007/s00330-009-1643-8. Epub 2009 Nov 5. PMID: 19890641.</citation> <citation>Hertzberg, Barbara S., and William D. Middleton. Ultrasound: the requisites. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015.</citation> <citation>Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF, Dokras A, Laven J, Moran L, Piltonen T, Norman RJ; International PCOS Network. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2018 Aug;110(3):364-379. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.004. Epub 2018 Jul 19. PMID: 30033227; PMCID: PMC6939856.</citation> <citation>Adams J, Franks S, Polson DW, Mason HD, Abdulwahid N, Tucker M, Morris DV, Price J, Jacobs HS. Multifollicular ovaries: clinical and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone. Lancet. 1985 Dec 21-28;2(8469-70):1375-9. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92552-8. PMID: 2867389.</citation> </citations> <pages>274-276</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-26" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="157" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">157</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="552" created_at="2021-12-26" date_created="" file_id="310" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-26" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">REVIEW ARTICLE,ANAM FAZAL-converted.pdf</name> <file id="310" filesize="317311" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/157/61c8dbe2c18e7.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="601" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="310" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="552" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">REVIEW ARTICLE,ANAM FAZAL-converted.pdf</name> <file id="310" filesize="317311" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/157/61c8dbe2c18e7.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="688" created_at="2022-01-07" date_created="" file_id="310" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-07" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="601" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">REVIEW ARTICLE,ANAM FAZAL-converted.pdf</name> <file id="310" filesize="317311" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/157/61c8dbe2c18e7.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="689" created_at="2022-01-07" date_created="" file_id="310" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-07" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="688" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">REVIEW ARTICLE,ANAM FAZAL-converted.pdf</name> <file id="310" filesize="317311" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/157/61c8dbe2c18e7.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="690" created_at="2022-01-07" date_created="" file_id="310" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-07" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="688" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">REVIEW ARTICLE,ANAM FAZAL-converted.pdf</name> <file id="310" filesize="317311" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/157/61c8dbe2c18e7.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1182" created_at="2022-03-02" date_created="" file_id="638" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-02" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="638" filesize="800724" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/157/621f8c345f59d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="758" url_path="" seq="2" date_published="2021-12-30" section_ref="Sys.Rvw" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">157</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.157</id> <title locale="en_US">Relation of Amenorrhea with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Below the age of Thirty-Five</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Amenorrhea with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Polycystic ovarian syndrome, Amenorrhea, Hypothalamic amenorrhea, Oligo-amenorrhea</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="758"> <givenname locale="en_US">Anam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fazal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>anamfazal47@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="759"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khadija </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>syyedakhadija55@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="760"> <givenname locale="en_US">Wajiha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zafar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="761"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amna</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sana</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="762"> <givenname locale="en_US">Raisa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shazadi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="763"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kinza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rasool </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES &MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>kinzarasool66@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">178</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.157.g178</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1182"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>: Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Current evaluation of amenorrhea. Fertil Steril. 2004 Sep;82 Suppl 1:S33-9. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.07.001. PMID: 15363691.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.07.001</citation> <citation>: Rosenfield RL, Ghai K, Ehrmann DA, Barnes RB. Diagnosis of the polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence: comparison of adolescent and adult hyperandrogenism. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000;13 Suppl 5:1285-9. PMID: 11117671.</citation> <citation>: Golden NH, Carlson JL. The pathophysiology of amenorrhea in the adolescent. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1135:163-78. doi: 10.1196/annals.1429.014. PMID: 18574222.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1429.014</citation> <citation>: Buggs C, Rosenfield RL. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2005 Sep;34(3):677-705, x. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2005.04.005. PMID: 16085166; PMCID: PMC3477606.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2005.04.005</citation> <citation>: Franks S. Adult polycystic ovary syndrome begins in childhood. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 Jun;16(2):263-72. doi: 10.1053/beem.2002.0203. PMID: 12064892.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1053/beem.2002.0203</citation> <citation>: Dramusic V, Goh VH, Rajan U, Wong YC, Ratnam SS. Clinical, endocrinologic, and ultrasonographic features of polycystic ovary syndrome in Singaporean adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 1997 Aug;10(3):125-32. doi: 10.1016/s1083-3188(97)70072-x. PMID: 9288656.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S1083-3188(97)70072-X</citation> <citation>: Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995 Sep 28;333(13):853-61. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199509283331307. Erratum in: N Engl J Med 1995 Nov 23;333(21):1435. PMID: 7651477.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199509283331307</citation> <citation>: Obhrai M, Lynch SS, Holder G, Jackson R, Tang L, Butt WR. Hormonal studies on women with polycystic ovaries diagnosed by ultrasound. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1990 Apr;32(4):467-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00887.x. PMID: 2140734.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1990.tb00887.x</citation> <citation>: Rashid, Fahmida, Sufia Khanam, Anowara Begum, and Moshammat Zebunnessa. "Primary Amenorrhea in a Teenage Girl with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome." Bangladesh J 1, no. 1 (2021): 63-66.</citation> <citation>: Driscoll DA. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Nov;997:49-55. doi: 10.1196/annals.1290.006. PMID: 14644809.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1290.006</citation> <citation>: Michelmore KF, Balen AH, Dunger DB, Vessey MP. Polycystic ovaries and associated clinical and biochemical features in young women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Dec;51(6):779-86. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00886.x. PMID: 10619984.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00886.x</citation> <citation>: Dunaif A, Finegood DT. Beta-cell dysfunction independent of obesity and glucose intolerance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Mar;81(3):942-7. doi: 10.1210/jcem.81.3.8772555. PMID: 8772555.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.81.3.8772555</citation> <citation>: Wiksten-Almströmer M, Hirschberg AL, Hagenfeldt K. Menstrual disorders and associated factors among adolescent girls visiting a youth clinic. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(1):65-72. doi: 10.1080/00016340601034970. PMID: 17230292.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/00016340601034970</citation> <citation>: Nichols JF, Rauh MJ, Lawson MJ, Ji M, Barkai HS. Prevalence of the female athlete triad syndrome among high school athletes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006 Feb;160(2):137-42. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.160.2.137. PMID: 16461868. 15: Frisch RE, Gotz-Welbergen AV, McArthur JW, Albright T, Witschi J, Bullen B, Birnholz J, Reed RB, Hermann H. Delayed menarche and amenorrhea of college athletes in relation to age of onset of training. JAMA. 1981 Oct 2;246(14):1559-63. PMID: 7277629.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.160.2.137</citation> <citation>: Warren MP, Perlroth NE. The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system. J Endocrinol. 2001 Jul;170(1):3-11. doi: 10.1677/joe.0.1700003. PMID: 11431132.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1700003</citation> <citation>: Dadgostar H, Razi M, Aleyasin A, Alenabi T, Dahaghin S. The relation between athletic sports and prevalence of amenorrhea and oligomenorrhea in Iranian female athletes. Sports Med Arthrosc Rehabil Ther Technol. 2009 Jul 30;1(1):16. doi: 10.1186/1758-2555-1-16. PMID: 19642982; PMCID: PMC2732598.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-2555-1-16</citation> <citation>: Thangavelu K, Geetanjali S. Menstrual disturbance and galactorrhea in people taking conventional antipsychotic medications. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2006 Nov;14(4):459-60. doi: 10.1037/1064-1297.14.4.459. PMID: 17115873. 19: Phylactou M, Clarke SA, Patel B, Baggaley C, Jayasena CN, Kelsey TW, Comninos AN, Dhillo WS, Abbara A. Clinical and biochemical discriminants between functional hypothalamic amenorrhoea (FHA) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2021 Aug;95(2):239-252. doi: 10.1111/cen.14402. Epub 2021 Jan 19. PMID: 33354766.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14402</citation> <citation>: Gordon CM, Ackerman KE, Berga SL, Kaplan JR, Mastorakos G, Misra M, Murad MH, Santoro NF, Warren MP. Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 May 1;102(5):1413-1439. doi: 10.1210/jc.2017-00131. PMID: 28368518.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-00131</citation> <citation>: Teede H, Deeks A, Moran L. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan. BMC Med. 2010 Jun 30;8:41. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-8-41. PMID: 20591140; PMCID: PMC2909929.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-41</citation> <citation>: Lakhani K, Seifalian AM, Atiomo WU, Hardiman P. Polycystic ovaries. Br J Radiol. 2002 Jan;75(889):9-16. doi: 10.1259/bjr.75.889.750009. PMID: 11806952. 23: Lee TT, Rausch ME. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: role of imaging in diagnosis. Radiographics. 2012 Oct;32(6):1643-57. doi: 10.1148/rg.326125503. PMID: 23065162.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.326125503</citation> </citations> <pages>277-280</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-26" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="156" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">156</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="550" created_at="2021-12-26" date_created="" file_id="308" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-26" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">COMPARISON OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE PATIENTS.docx</name> <file id="308" filesize="239176" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/156/61c8cf46053ef.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="600" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="308" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="550" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">COMPARISON OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE PATIENTS.docx</name> <file id="308" filesize="239176" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/156/61c8cf46053ef.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="908" created_at="2022-02-01" date_created="" file_id="308" stage="final" updated_at="2022-02-01" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="600" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">COMPARISON OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE PATIENTS.docx</name> <file id="308" filesize="239176" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/156/61c8cf46053ef.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="909" created_at="2022-02-01" date_created="" file_id="308" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-02-01" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="908" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">COMPARISON OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE PATIENTS.docx</name> <file id="308" filesize="239176" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/156/61c8cf46053ef.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="970" created_at="2022-02-07" date_created="" file_id="524" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-02-07" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">02-COMPARISON OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIES IN OBESE AND NON-OBESE PATIENTS (4.2).pdf</name> <file id="524" filesize="886674" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/156/6201655288168.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1159" created_at="2022-03-01" date_created="" file_id="786" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="786" filesize="414903" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/156/6231ea32ca83d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="625" filesize="414151" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/156/621e19cd374a9.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="752" url_path="" seq="21" date_published="2021-12-31" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">156</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.156</id> <title locale="en_US">Comparison Of Polycystic Ovaries In Obese And Non-Obese Patients</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Polycystic Ovaries in Obese and Non-Obese Patients</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Polycystic ovarian syndrome is a very common female endocrine; metabolic and reproductive disorder mainly affects females of reproductive age. It is multiple organ disorder affects 5 to 10 % female population. The world occurrence of PCOS is 105 million in the age ranges from 15 to 45. This metabolic dysfunction is closely related with obesity, hirsutism, acne and pregnancy complications. Around 5-10% of female population is affected, obese women are more prone to PCOS. <strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the comparison of polycystic ovaries between obese and non-obese females. <strong>Methods: </strong>A literature search was performed with the use of search engines. The following search engines provided the articles for this systematic review, PubMed, Medscape, NCBI, and Google Scholar. For article searching following keywords were used; Polycystic ovaries, obese and non-obese. <strong>Results: </strong>As literature reviewed of 30 articles and only 39 were included in this review, it is found that Mean age of all subjects was 24-35 year. Obese 20-29 year and non-obese 19-35 year. Hirsutism was observed mostly in obese patient of PCOs and not observed in non-obese. Incidence of Amenorrhea was higher in non-obese than obese patients. Acne was observed in all patients.<strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is concluded that there is a significant effect of obesity on clinical features of patients with PCOS.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="752"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kinza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rasool </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, The University Of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>kinzarasool66@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="753"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khadija</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, The University Of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>syyedakhadija55@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="754"> <givenname locale="en_US">Anam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fazal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, The University Of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="755"> <givenname locale="en_US">Raisa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shazadi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, The University Of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="756"> <givenname locale="en_US">Wajiha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Zafar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, The University Of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="757"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amna </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sana</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, The University Of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">135</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.156.g135</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1159"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Taylor, A.E. Understanding the Underlying Metabolic Abnormalities of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Their Implications. Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 1998; 179: S94- S100.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70239-X</citation> <citation>Goldzieher, J.W. & Green, J.A. The Polycystic Ovary: Clinical and Histological Features. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1962; 22: 325-338.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-22-3-325</citation> <citation>Conway, G.S., Honour, J.W., & Jacobs, H.S. Heterogeneity of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Clinical, Endocrine and Ultrasound Features in 556 Patients. Clin.Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 1989; 30: 459-470</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1989.tb00446.x</citation> <citation>Azziz R, Woods KS, Reyna R, Key TJ, Knochenhauer ES, Yildiz BO. The Prevalence And Features Of The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome In An Unselected Population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:2745-2749.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-032046</citation> <citation>Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Kouli CR, Bergiele AT, Et Al. A Survey Of The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome In The Greek Island Of Lesbos: Hormonal And Metabolic Profile. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84: 4006-4011.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.11.6148</citation> <citation>Knochenhauer ES, Key TJ, Kahsar-Miller M, Waggoner W, Boots LR, Azziz R. Prevalence Of The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome In Unselected Black And White Women Of The Southeastern United States: A Prospective Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83:3078-3082.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.83.9.3078</citation> <citation>Michelmore KF, Balen AH, Dunger DB, Vessey MP. Polycystic Ovaries And Associated Clinical And Biochemical Features In Young Women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;51:779-786.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00886.x</citation> <citation>Asuncion M, Calvo RM, San Millan JL, Sancho J, Avila S, Escobarmorreale HF. A Prospective Study Of The Prevalence Of The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome In Unselected Caucasian Women From Spain. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:2434-2438.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.85.7.2434</citation> <citation>March WA, Moore VM, Willson KJ, Phillips DI, Norman RJ, Davies MJ. The Prevalence Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome In A Community Sample Assessed Under Contrasting Diagnostic Criteria. Hum Reprod. 2010;25(2): 544-551.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dep399</citation> <citation>Mehrabian F, Khani B, Kelishadi R, Ghanbari E. The Prevalence Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome In Iranian Women Based On Different Diagnostic Criteria. Endokrynol Pol. 2011;62(3):238-242.</citation> <citation>Tehrani FR, Simbar M, Tohidi M, Hoseinpanah F, Azizi F. The Prevalence Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome In A Community Sample Of Iranian Population: Iranian PCOS Prevalence Study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2011;9:39.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-9-39</citation> <citation>Yildiz BO, Bozdag G, Yapici Z, Esinler I, Yarali H. Prevalence, Phenotype And Cardiometabolic Risk Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Under Different Diagnostic Criteria. Hum Reprod. 2012;27(10):3067-3073.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des232</citation> <citation>Chang RJ, Nakamura RM, Judd HL, Kaplan SA. Insulin Resistance In Nonobese Patients With Polycystic Ovarian Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab1983;57:356-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-57-2-356</citation> <citation>Dunaif A, Segal KR, Futtereweit W, Drobrjansky A. Profound Peripheral Insulin Resistance, Independent Of Obesity, In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Diabetes 1989;38:1165-74.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.38.9.1165</citation> <citation>Alila Medical Media/Shutterstock</citation> <citation>Souter I, Sanchez L, Perez M, Bartolucci A, Azziz R. The Prevalence Of Androgen Excess Among Patients With Minimal Unwanted Hair Growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191:1914-1920.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2004.06.064</citation> <citation>Azziz R, Sanchez L, Knochenhauer ES, Et Al. Androgen Excess In Women: Experience With Over 1000 Consecutive Patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89(2):453-462.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2003-031122</citation> <citation>Fauser B, Tarlatzis B, Rebar R, Et Al. Consensus On Women's Health Aspects Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): The Amsterdam ESHRE/ ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. FertilSteril. 2012;97(1):28-38. E25.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.09.024</citation> <citation>Ferriman D, Gallwey J. Clinical Assessment Of Body Hair Growth In Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1961;21:1440-1447.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-21-11-1440</citation> <citation>Unluhizarci K, Kaltsas G, Kelestimur F. Non Polycystic Ovary Syndrome-Related Endocrine Disorders Associated With Hirsutism. Eur J Clin Invest. 2012;42(1):86-94.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02550.x</citation> <citation>Adams J, Polson D, Franks S. Prevalence Of Polycystic Ovaries In Women With Anovulation And Idiopathic Hirsutism. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1986;293(6543):355-359.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.293.6543.355</citation> <citation>Wijeyaratne CN, Balen AH, Barth JH, Belchetz PE. Clinical Manifestations And Insulin Resistance (IR) In Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Among South Asians And Caucasians: Is There A Difference? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2002;57:343-350.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2002.01603.x</citation> <citation>Eden J. The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Presenting As Resistant Acne Successfully Treated With Cyproterone Acetate. Med J Aust. 1991;155(10):677-680.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1991.tb93959.x</citation> <citation>Teede H, Deeks A, Moran L. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Complex Condition With Psychological, Reproductive And Metabolic Manifestations That Impacts On Health Across The Lifespan. BMC Med. 2010;8:41.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-8-41</citation> <citation>Brassard M, Ainmelk Y, Baillargeon JP. Basic Infertility Including Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Med Clin North Am. 2008;92: 1163-1192.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2008.04.008</citation> <citation>Glueck C, Phillips H, Cameron D, Sieve-Smith L, Wang P. Continuing Metformin Throughout Pregnancy In Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Appears To Safely Reduce First-Trimester Spontaneous Abortion: A Pilot Study. FertilSteril. 2001;75(1):46- 52.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(00)01666-6</citation> <citation>Jakubowicz DJ, Iuorno MJ, Jakubowicz S, Roberts K, Nestler JE. Effects Of Metformin On Early Pregnancy Loss In The Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(2):524-529</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.2.8207</citation> <citation>Rotterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group. Revised 2003 Consensus On Diagnostic Criteria And Longterm Health Risks Related To Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. FertilSteril. 2004;81:19-25.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004</citation> <citation>Lujan ME, Jarrett BY, Brooks ED, Et Al. Updated Ultrasound Criteria For Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Reliable Thresholds For Elevated Follicle Population And Ovarian Volume. Hum Reprod. 2013;28(5):1361-1368.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/det062</citation> <citation>Dewailly D, Gronier H, Poncelet E, Et Al. Diagnosis Of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Revisiting The Threshold Values Of Follicle Count On Ultrasound And Of The Serum AMH Level For The Definition Of Polycystic Ovaries. Hum Reprod. 2011;26(11):3123-3129.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der297</citation> <citation>Allemand MC, Tummon IS, Phy JL, Foong SC, Dumesic DA, Session DR. Diagnosis Of Polycystic Ovaries By Three-Dimensional Transvaginal Ultrasound. FertilSteril. 2006;85(1):214-219.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.07.1279</citation> <citation>Ajossa S, Guerriero S, Paoletti AM, et al. Uterine perfusion and hormonal pattern in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet 2001;18:436.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016686721307</citation> <citation>Lobo RA. What are the key features of importance in polycystic ovary syndrome? FertilSteril 2003;80(August (2)):259-61</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00733-7</citation> <citation>Cussons AJ, Stuckey BG, Walsh JP, Burke V, Norman RJ. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: marked differences between endocrinologists and gynaecologists in diagnosis and management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2005;62(March (3)):289- 95.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02208.x</citation> <citation>Polson DW, Adams J, Wadsworth J, Franks S. Polycystic ovaries-a common finding in normal women. Lancet 1988;1(April (8590)):870-2.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91612-1</citation> <citation>Jonard S, Robert Y, Dewailly D. Revisiting the ovarian volume as a diagnostic criterion for polycystic ovaries. Hum Reprod 2005;20(October (10)):2893-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei159</citation> <citation>Stein IF, Leventhal ML (1935): Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J ObstetGynecol, 29:181-91.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(15)30642-6</citation> <citation>Siddiqui, I.A., Tamimi, W., Tamim, H. et al. A study on clinical and sonographic features in obese and nonobese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 281, 467-471 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-009-1124-y</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-009-1124-y</citation> <citation>Goldhiezer JW, Zereg GS (1985):Polycystic ovarian disease in clinical reproductive endocrinology.Sherman RP,406.</citation> <citation>Gambineri A, Pelusi C, VicennatiV,Pagotto U (2002):Obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome. Int J ObesRelMetab Disord,26:883-96.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0801994</citation> <citation>Cosar E, Koken G, Sahin FK, Arioz DT &Yilmazer M. Insulin sensitivity does not differentiate by hirsutism in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocrine Journal 2008 55 465-468. (doi:10.1507/endocrj.K07-069)</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.K07-069</citation> </citations> <pages>160-164</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-25" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="153" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">153</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="616" created_at="2021-12-29" date_created="" file_id="351" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-29" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Trachyspermum ammi essential oil, fractions and its derivatives.docx</name> <file id="351" filesize="157093" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/153/61ccb24edca63.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="617" created_at="2021-12-29" date_created="" file_id="351" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-29" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="616" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Trachyspermum ammi essential oil, fractions and its derivatives.docx</name> <file id="351" filesize="157093" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/153/61ccb24edca63.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="656" created_at="2022-01-05" date_created="" file_id="351" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="617" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Trachyspermum ammi essential oil, fractions and its derivatives.docx</name> <file id="351" filesize="157093" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/153/61ccb24edca63.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="657" created_at="2022-01-05" date_created="" file_id="351" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="656" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Trachyspermum ammi essential oil, fractions and its derivatives.docx</name> <file id="351" filesize="157093" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/153/61ccb24edca63.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="783" created_at="2022-01-21" date_created="" file_id="668" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf_compressed.pdf</name> <file id="668" filesize="1047314" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/153/62284eb26186e.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="431" filesize="1082201" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/153/61eb0c4b4db33.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="746" url_path="" seq="13" date_published="2021-12-29" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">153</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.153</id> <title locale="en_US">Effect of Trachyspermum ammi essential oil, fractions and its derivatives on resistant fungal Strains</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Effect of Trachyspermum ammi Essential oil, & fungal Strains</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Persistentantimicrobial drugs treatmenthas resulted in antimicrobial resistance in fungi. There is always a gap for newer antifungal agent. As fungi are associated with multiple health risks in humans and many diseases in crops as well.<strong>Objective:</strong> To find alternate natural antimicrobial agent as compared to the synthetic one. <strong>Method:</strong>Essential oil of <em>Trachyspermumammi</em> was isolated, fractionated, and subjected to GC-MS analysis. Components from fractions were derivatized to check their antimicrobial potential against fungal resistant strains. <strong>Results:</strong>Analysis showed γ -terpinene (39%), α-phellandrene (1.3%), α-pinene (0.5%), Sabinene (0.15%), β-pinene (4.40%),  β-myrcene (1.14%), O-cymene (15.78%),  p-cymefne (38.78%), and other components were less than 1%. Fractional components were derivatised and their antifungal action was studied. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Ajwain oil components found to be good against resistant fungal strains. While some derivatives showed more and some less antimicrobial action.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="13" id="746"> <givenname locale="en_US">Naila</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Iram</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of chemistry, Faculty of sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>nailairamchem@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="13" id="747"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Asif </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hanif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of chemistry, Faculty of sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="13" id="748"> <givenname locale="en_US">Haq Nawaz </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Bhatti</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of chemistry, Faculty of sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="13" id="749"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Shahid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad , Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">101</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.153.g101</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="783"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Strom, S., et al., Chemical defense in the microplankton II: Inhibition of protist feeding by β‐dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Limnology and Oceanography, 2003. 48(1): p. 230-237.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2003.48.1.0230</citation> <citation>Oerke, E.-C., Crop losses to pests. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 2006. 144(1): p. 31-43.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859605005708</citation> <citation>Amabile-Cuevas, C.F., M. Cardenas-Garcia, and M. Ludgar, Antibiotic resistance. American Scientist, 1995. 83(4): p. 320-329.</citation> <citation>Sultana, N. and N. Hanif, Mycotoxin contamination in cattle feed and feed ingredients. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 2009. 29(4): p. 211-213.</citation> <citation>Bloem, J., D.W. Hopkins, and A. Benedetti, Microbiological methods for assessing soil quality. 2005: Cabi.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851990989.0000</citation> <citation>Kathiravan, M.K., et al., The biology and chemistry of antifungal agents: a review. Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 2012. 20(19): p. 5678-5698.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.045</citation> <citation>Arendrup, M.C., et al., ESCMID and ECMM joint clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and management of rare invasive yeast infections. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 2014. 20: p. 76-98.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12360</citation> <citation>Rodríguez-Rojas, A., et al., Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance: a bitter fight against evolution. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 2013. 303(6-7): p. 293-297.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.004</citation> <citation>Yadav, V., et al., METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN ANIMALS: A. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AND FUTURE PROSPECTS IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL HEALTH: p. 78.</citation> <citation>Golmakani, M.-T. and K. Rezaei, Comparison of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation withthe traditional hydrodistillation method in the extractionof essential oils from Thymus vulgaris L. Food chemistry, 2008. 109(4): p. 925-930.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.084</citation> <citation>Zuo, Y., C. Wang, and J. Zhan, Separation, characterization, and quantitation of benzoic and phenolic antioxidants in American cranberry fruit by GC− MS. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2002. 50(13): p. 3789-3794.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020055f</citation> <citation>Zheng, G. and M. Slavik, Isolation, partial purification and characterization of a bacteriocin produced by a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis strain. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 1999. 28(5): p. 363-367.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00545.x</citation> <citation>Mastelic, J., et al., Comparative study on the antioxidant and biological activities of carvacrol, thymol, and eugenol derivatives. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2008. 56(11): p. 3989-3996.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1021/jf073272v</citation> <citation>Lopez, P., et al., Solid-and vapor-phase antimicrobial activities of six essential oils: susceptibility of selected foodborne bacterial and fungal strains. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2005. 53(17): p. 6939-6946.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050709v</citation> <citation>Şerban, E.S., et al., Screening of the antibacterial and antifungal activity of eight volatile essential oils. Farmacia, 2011. 59(3): p. 440-446.</citation> <citation>Espinel-Ingroff, A., K. Boyle, and D.J. Sheehan, In vitro antifungal activities of voriconazole and reference agents as determined by NCCLS methods: review of the literature. Mycopathologia, 2001. 150(3): p. 101-115.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010954803886</citation> <citation>Gunes, H., et al., Antibacterial effects of curcumin: an in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration study. Toxicology and industrial health, 2016. 32(2): p. 246-250.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0748233713498458</citation> <citation>Abdelmajeed, N.A., E.N. Danial, and H.S. Ayad, The effect of environmental stress on qualitative and quantitative essential oil of aromatic and medicinal plants. Archives Des Sciences, 2013. 66(4): p. 100-120.</citation> <citation>Hanif, M.A., et al., Essential oil composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of unexplored Omani basil. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 2011. 5(5): p. 751-757.</citation> <citation>Robledo, S., et al., In vitro and in vivo cytotoxicities and antileishmanial activities of thymol and hemisynthetic derivatives. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, 2005. 49(4): p. 1652-1655.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.4.1652-1655.2005</citation> </citations> <pages>119-123</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-25" status="4" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="152" stage="externalReview"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">152</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="540" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="300" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-25" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="03024072285" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">CLINICAL HORMONAL AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CORRELATION IN WOMEN WITH PCOS1.docx</name> <file id="300" filesize="189475" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/152/61c775136ad4d.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="590" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="300" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="540" uploader="03024072285" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">CLINICAL HORMONAL AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CORRELATION IN WOMEN WITH PCOS1.docx</name> <file id="300" filesize="189475" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/152/61c775136ad4d.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="1" primary_contact_id="744" url_path="" seq="0" section_ref="Sys.Rvw" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">152</id> <title locale="en_US">Clinical hormonal and ultrasonographic correlation in women with PCOS</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting in fertile age women. PCOS is characterized by type 2 diabetics, hyperandrogenism, obesity, acne, infertility, hypertension, amenorrhea and hirustism. <strong>Objective: </strong>The main objective of our systematic review is to compare clinical, hormonal, and ultrasonographic criteria for the diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. <strong>MATERIAL AND METHODs: </strong>In this systematic review of study 10 article is collected from Google scholar, science direct and pub med and other site that are published during the years of 1997 to 2019 for analysis of PCOS in ultrasound, clinically, biochemical and hormonal data. 2589 females ranging from 14-50 years were included in this study. <strong>Results: </strong>­Out of 2589 females, 1688 were suffering from PCOS, 901 females were normal. In PCOS the most of the patients are obese or overweight (BMI&gt;25Kg/m2). Most of the patients increased the level of testosterone. And testosterone is significantly associated with obesity. In this study volume of the ovary is increased (&gt;10cm3) and each follicle size is 2-9mm with increased central stromal echogenicity. Serum androgen and LH is elevated in some case but PCOS finding on ultrasound. Sometimes patients have a history of menstrual irregularity that causes oligo-ovulatory infertility. Sometimes diabetics type 2 and hypertension may also be seen. Sometime in ultrasound female ovaries appears to be normal, but biochemical and clinical finding suggests that these females having a PCOS. <strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Polycystic ovarian syndrome is heterogeneous group of disease. Obesity and free testosterone are significant. Ovarian volume and obesity are significantly associated. Ovarian volume and hyperandrogenemia are significantly associated. Chronic anovulation is dominant feature of PCOS. Both LH-FSH ratio and testosterone can be taken for accuracy of diagnosis.  The criteria for ultrasound diagnosis, 12 or more follicles size of 2-9mm is found in an ovary. Ovary size if &gt; 10cm<sup>3 </sup>and follicles are seen at peripheral region</p></abstract> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Ultrasound, PCOS, Ovarian follicles, testosterone, metabolic disturbance, Obesity, LH, FSH</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="744"> <givenname locale="en_US">Usman Ali</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences And Medical Imaging Technologies (UIRSMIT), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, (FAHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>usmanali4072@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="745"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khadija</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences And Medical Imaging Technologies (UIRSMIT), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, (FAHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <citations> <citation>Laven JS, Imani B, Eijkemans MJ and Fauser BC (2002) New approaches to PCOS and other forms of anovulation. Obstet Gynecol Surv 57,755–767</citation> <citation>Ehrmann DA, Barnes RB, Rosenfield RL, Cavaghan MK and Imperial J (1999) Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care 22,141–146.</citation> <citation>Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Dodson WC and Dunaif A (1999) Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84,165–169.</citation> <citation>Insler V, Shoham Z, Barash A, Koistinen R, Seppala M, Hen M, Lunenfeld B, Zadik Z. Polycystic ovaries in non-obese and obese patients: possible pathophysiological mechanism based on new interpretation of facts and findings. Hum Reprod 1993;8:379–84</citation> <citation>Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome: a changing perspective. Clin Endocrinol 1989;31:87–120</citation> <citation>Sheehan MT. Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Diagnosis and Management. Clin Med Res. 2004, 2 (1):13–27</citation> <citation>Insler V, Lunenfeld B. Polycystic ovarian disease: A challenge and controversy. Gynecol Endocrinol 1990;4:51 70</citation> <citation>Stein KF, Leventhal ML. Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1935;29:181 91</citation> <citation>Sachdeva G, Gainder S, Suri V, Sachdeva N, Chopra S. Comparison of the Different PCOS Phenotypes Based on Clinical Metabolic, and Hormonal Profile, and their Response to Clomiphene. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May-Jun;23(3):326-331. doi: 10.4103/ijem.IJEM_30_19. PMID: 31641635; PMCID: PMC6683693</citation> <citation>Esmaeilzadeh S, Andarieh MG, Ghadimi R, Delavar MA. Body mass index and gonadotropin hormones (LH & FSH) associate with clinical symptoms among women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Global journal of health science. 2015 Mar;7(2):101.</citation> <citation>Grundy SM, Cleeman JL, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. American Heart Association, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: An American Heart Association/National Herat, Lung and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005;112:2735 52.</citation> <citation>Buyalos RP, Bergman RN, Geffner ME, Gornbein,JA, Watanabe RM, Judd HL. The influence of luteiniing hormone and insulin on sex steroids and sex hormone-binding globulin in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil Steril 1993;60:626-33</citation> <citation>Adams J, Franks S, Polson DW, M ason HD, Abdulwahid N, tucker M, Morri DV, Price J, Jacobs HS. Mulifollicular ovaries: clinical and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone. Lancet 1985;2:1375-8</citation> <citation>Takahashi K,Eda Y, Abu-Musa A, Okada S, Yoshino K, Kitao M. Transvaginal ultrasound imaging, histopathology and endocrinopathy in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Repord 1994;7:1231-6</citation> <citation>Battaglia C, Artini PG, Salvatori M, Giulini S, Petraglia F, Maxia N, Volpe A. Ultrasonographic patterns of polycystic ovaries: color Doppler and hormonal correlations. Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology: The Official Journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 1998 May 1;11(5):332-6.</citation> <citation>Haq F, Aftab O, Rizvi J. Clinical, biochemical and ultrasonographic features of infertile women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 2007;17(2):76.</citation> <citation>Guraya SS. Prevalence and ultrasound features of polycystic ovaries in young unmarried Saudi females. Journal of Microscopy and ultrastructure. 2013 Jun 1;1(1-2):30-4.</citation> <citation>Kar S. Anthropometric, clinical, and metabolic comparisons of the four Rotterdam PCOS phenotypes: A prospective study of PCOS women. Journal of human reproductive sciences. 2013 Jul;6(3):194.</citation> <citation>Munir SS, Sultana M, Rasul S. Heterogeneity of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Clinical, Endocrinal and Ultrasound Features. PJMHS. 2014 Jan 1;8(1):115.</citation> <citation>Najem FI, Elmehdawi RR, Swalem AM. Clinical and biochemical characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome in Benghazi-Libya; a retrospective study. Libyan Journal of Medicine. 2008 Jan 1;3(2):71-4.</citation> <citation>Dewailly D, Gronier H, Poncelet E, Robin G, Leroy M, Pigny P, Duhamel A, Catteau-Jonard S. Diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): revisiting the threshold values of follicle count on ultrasound and of the serum AMH level for the definition of polycystic ovaries. Human reproduction. 2011 Nov 1;26(11):3123-9.</citation> </citations> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-25" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="151" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">151</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="536" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="299" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-25" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Preventative role of Selenium in Keshan Disease A Review.docx</name> <file id="299" filesize="48759" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/151/61c7658551bee.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="589" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="299" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="536" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Preventative role of Selenium in Keshan Disease A Review.docx</name> <file id="299" filesize="48759" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/151/61c7658551bee.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="682" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="299" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="589" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Preventative role of Selenium in Keshan Disease A Review.docx</name> <file id="299" filesize="48759" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/151/61c7658551bee.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="683" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="299" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="682" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Preventative role of Selenium in Keshan Disease A Review.docx</name> <file id="299" filesize="48759" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/151/61c7658551bee.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1204" created_at="2022-03-07" date_created="" file_id="1104" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-04-06" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1104" filesize="878440" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/151/624d5b8b08a37.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="646" filesize="477939" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/151/62260b38bff41.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="723" url_path="" seq="5" date_published="2021-12-30" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">151</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.151</id> <title locale="en_US">Preventative role of Selenium in Keshan Disease: A Review</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Mineral deficiencies have caused severe health consequences in developing countries. Among many other minerals, selenium is also an essential nutritional trace mineral element that is critical to the normal physiology of humans. In 1817, Swedish chemist and physician Jons Jacob Berzelius discovered this element. The US Department of Agriculture has an RDA of 55 μg/day for adults. Regional dietary deficiency of selenium caused Keshan and Kashin-Beck diseases. Keshan disease is endemic congestive cardiomyopathy, characterized by cardiac insufficiency, heart enlargement, arrhythmia, and electrocardiographic modifications. First identified in 1935 in Keshan County, Heilongjiang Province, northeast China. This disease is clinically divided into four categories: acute, subacute, chronic, and latent. However, selenium supplementations to the residents of Keshan disease endemic areas significantly reduced the incidence of KD. Thus, the government decided to apply sodium selenite to growing crops, and the incidence of the disease decreased dramatically.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Selenium, Keshan disease, Cardiomyopathy, Selenium supplementation.</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="723"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bahisht </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rizwan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>bahisht.rizwan@dnsc.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="724"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sammar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fatima</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="725"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shahnai </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Basharat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="727"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mishal </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Liaqat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="728"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maham</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Saeed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="1003"> <givenname locale="en_US">Waniya </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Javed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">180</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.151.g180</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1204"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Albuquerque, R.G., Hirotsu, C., Tufik, S. and Andersen, M.L., (2017). Why Should We Care About Selenium in Obstructive Sleep Apnea? Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 13(7), 931-932.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.6674</citation> <citation>Avery, J.C. and Hoffmann, P.R., (2018). Selenium, selenoproteins, and immunity. Nutrients, 10(9), 1203.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10091203</citation> <citation>Becker, D.J., Reul, B., Ozcelikay, A.T., Buchet, J.P., Henquin, J.C. and Brichard, S.M., (1996). Oral selenate improves glucose homeostasis and partly reverses abnormal expression of liver glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes in diabetic rats. Diabetologia, 39(1), 3-11.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00400407</citation> <citation>Bergqvist, A.C., Chee, C.M., Lutchka, L., Rychik, J. and Stallings, V.A., (2003). Selenium deficiency associated with cardiomyopathy: a complication of the ketogenic diet. Epilepsia, 44(4), 618-620.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1528-1157.2003.26102.x</citation> <citation>Bevis, L.E., (2015). Soil-to-human mineral transmission with an emphasis on zinc, selenium, and iodine. Springer Science Reviews, 3(1), 77-96.</citation> <citation>https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40362-014-0026-y.pdf</citation> <citation>Bolog, M.I., (2019). Coenzyme Q10 and Selenium in Heart Failure–A New Perspective. Internal Medicine, 16(5), 41-51.</citation> <citation>https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/inmed-2019-0083</citation> <citation>Boosalis, M.G., (2008). The role of selenium in chronic disease. Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 23(2), 152-160.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533608314532</citation> <citation>Burk, R.F. and Hill, K.E., (2015). Regulation of selenium metabolism and transport. Annual review of nutrition, 35(1), 109-134.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-071714-034250</citation> <citation>Cheng, W.H. and Prabhu, K.S., (2019). Special issue of “Optimal selenium status and selenoproteins in health”. Biological trace element research, 192(1), 1-2.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-019-01898-x</citation> <citation>Cheng, Y.Y. and Qian, P.C., (1990). The effect of selenium-fortified table salt in the prevention of Keshan disease on a population of 1.05 million. Biomedical and environmental sciences: BES, 3(4), 422-428.</citation> <citation>PMID: 2096847</citation> <citation>Coppinger, R.J. and Diamond, A.M., (2001). Selenium deficiency and human disease. In Selenium, Springer, Boston, MA, 219-233.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1609-5_18</citation> <citation>Dos-Reis, A.R., El-Ramady, H., Santos, E.F., Gratão, P.L. and Schomburg, L., (2017). Overview of selenium deficiency and toxicity worldwide: affected areas, selenium-related health issues, and case studies. In Selenium in plants, Springer, 11(1), 209-230.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56249-0_13</citation> <citation>Duntas, L.H. and Benvenga, S., (2015). Selenium: an element for life. Endocrine, 48(3), 756-775.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-014-0477-6</citation> <citation>Fleming, C.R., Lie, J.T., McCall, J.T., O'brien, J.F., Baillie, E.E. and Thistle, J.L., (1982). Selenium deficiency and fatal cardiomyopathy in a patient on home parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology, 83(3), 689-693.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(82)80208-4</citation> <citation>Guan, B., Yan, R., Li, R. and Zhang, X., (2018). Selenium as a pleiotropic agent for medical discovery and drug delivery. International journal of nanomedicine, 13, 7473–7490.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S181343</citation> <citation>Guang-qi, Y., Tai-an, Y.I.N. and Sheng-jie, L.I.U., (1982). Approaches to the supplemenation of selenium in the prevention of keshan disease. ActaNutrimentaSinica, 1.</citation> <citation>https://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTotal-YYXX198201000.htm</citation> <citation>Jia, C., Chen, X., Li, X., Li, M., Miao, C., Sun, B., Fan, Z. and Ren, L., (2011). The effect of DHEA treatment on the oxidative stress and myocardial fibrosis induced by Keshan disease pathogenic factors. Journal of Trace elements in medicine and biology, 25(3),154-159.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2011.04.001</citation> <citation>Koller, L.D. and Exon, J.H., (1986). The two faces of selenium-deficiency and toxicity--are similar in animals and man. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research, 50(3),297–306. PMID: 3527390</citation> <citation>Kuruppu, D., Hendrie, H.C., Yang, L. and Gao, S., (2014). Selenium levels and hypertension: a systematic review of the literature. Public health nutrition, 17(6), 1342-1352.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980013000992</citation> <citation>Lei, C., Niu, X., Ma, X. and Wei, J., (2011). Is selenium deficiency really the cause of Keshandisease? Environmental geochemistry and health, 33(2),183-188.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-010-9331-9</citation> <citation>Li, G., Wang, F., Kang, D. and Li, C., (1985). Keshan disease: an endemic cardiomyopathy in China. Human pathology, 16(6), 602-609.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(85)80110-6</citation> <citation>Li, Q., Liu, M., Hou, J., Jiang, C., Li, S. and Wang, T., (2013). The prevalence of Keshan disease in China. International journal of cardiology, 168(2),1121-1126.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.11.046</citation> <citation>Li, S., Wang, T., Ye, C., Li, Q., Guo, Z., Wu, H., Liu, H., Gao, X., Zhou, H., Pang, H. and Deng, J., (2016). An approach to assessment of Keshan disease elimination at the township level. International Health, 8(6), 398–404,</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihw045</citation> <citation>Liu, H., Yu, F., Shao, W., Ding, D., Yu, Z., Chen, F., Geng, D., Tan, X., Lammi, M.J. and Guo, X., (2018). Associations between selenium content in hair and Kashin-Beck disease/Keshan disease in children in northwestern China: a prospective cohort study. Biological trace element research, 184(1), 16-23.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1169-x</citation> <citation>Liu, X., Yang, G., Wang, L.X., Wei, J., Tan, W.H. and Zhu, Y.H., (2016). Progressive risks of latent Keshan disease: a long term follow-up study. Sichuan da xuexuebao. Yi xue ban= Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition, 47(3), 398-424.</citation> <citation>PMID: 27468488</citation> <citation>Liu, Y., Chiba, M., Inaba, Y. and Kondo, M., (2002). Keshan disease-a review from the aspect of history and etiology. Nippon EiseigakuZasshi (Japanese Journal of Hygiene), 56(4), 641-648.</citation> <citation>https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjh1946/56/4/56_4_641/_article/-char/ja/</citation> <citation>Loscalzo, J., (2014). Keshan disease, selenium deficiency, and the selenoproteome. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(18), 1756-1760.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcibr1402199</citation> <citation>Mujaji, W.B., (1983). Advances in nutritional research, edited by Harold H Draper, Plenum Press, New York & London, 4(2), 344-349.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/0307-4412(83)90077-8</citation> <citation>Mukherjee, B., Anbazhagan, S., Roy, A., Ghosh, R. and Chatterjee, M., (1998). Novel implications of the potential role of selenium on antioxidant status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy, 52(2), 89-95.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0753-3322(98)80008-5</citation> <citation>Munguti, C.M., Al Rifai, M. and Shaheen, W., (2017). A rare cause of cardiomyopathy: A case of selenium deficiency causing severe cardiomyopathy that improved on supplementation. Cureus, 9(8): e1627.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1627</citation> <citation>Naziroglu, M. and Çay, M., (2001). Protective role of intraperitoneally administered vitamin E and selenium on the antioxidative defense mechanisms in rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin. Biological trace element research, 79(2),149-159.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1385/BTER:79:2:149</citation> <citation>Neve, J., (1996). Selenium as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation, 3(1),42-47.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/174182679600300106</citation> <citation>Nezelof, C., Bouvier, R. and Dijoud, F., (2002). Multifocal myocardial necrosis: a distinctive cardiac lesion in cystic fibrosis, lipomatous pancreatic atrophy, and Keshan disease. Pediatric pathology & molecular medicine, 21(3), 343-352.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/pdp.21.3.343.352</citation> <citation>Oldfield, J.E., (2006). Selenium: A historical perspective. In Selenium: Its molecular biology and role in human health, Springer, Boston, MA, 1-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-33827-6_1</citation> <citation>Oster, O. and Prellwitz, W., (1990). Selenium and cardiovascular disease. Biological trace element research, 24(2), 91-103.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02917198</citation> <citation>Ozturk, N., Olgar, Y. and Ozdemir, S., (2013). Trace elements in diabetic cardiomyopathy: An electrophysiological overview. World journal of diabetes, 4(4), 92-95.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v4.i4.92</citation> <citation>Prince, K., Khan, M.S., Ijaz, M., Anjum, A.A., Ali, M.A., Khan, J.A., Nisar, A., Rais, A., Mushtaq, A., Umar, S. and Yung-Fu, C., (2018). Dynamics of Selenium Deficiency in Bovines in District Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 50(2), 611-617.</citation> <citation>http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjz/2018.50.2.611.617</citation> <citation>Quercia, R.A., Korn, S., O'Neill, D., Dougherty, J.E., Ludwig, M., Schweizer, R. and Sigman, R., (1984). Selenium deficiency and fatal cardiomyopathy in a patient receiving long-term home parenteral nutrition. Clinical pharmacy, 3(5), 531-535.</citation> <citation>PMID: 6435941</citation> <citation>Rai, A., Singh, N., Rani, R., Kanse, S. And Shingh, S., (2019). Selenium in Food, its Detection Methods and Human Health: A Review, Trends in Biosciences,12(12), 849-854.</citation> <citation>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rekha-Rani-3/publication/335421111_Selenium_in_Food_its_Detection_Methods_and_Human_Health_A_Review/links/5d64cfb3458515d610266fec/Selenium-in-Food-its-Detection-Methods-and-Human-Health-A-Review.pdf</citation> <citation>Rees, K., Hartley, L., Day, C., Flowers, N., Clarke, A. and Stranges, S., (2013). Selenium supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009671.pub2</citation> <citation>Reeves, M.A. and Hoffmann, P.R., (2009). The human selenoproteome: recent insights into functions and regulation. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 66(15),2457-2478.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-009-0032-4</citation> <citation>Reeves, W.C., Marcuard, S.P., Willis, S.E. and Movahed, A., (1989). Reversible cardiomyopathy due to selenium deficiency. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 13(6), 663-665.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607189013006663</citation> <citation>Reich, H.J. and Hondal, R.J., (2016). Why nature chose selenium. ACS chemical biology, 11(4), 821-841.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1021/acschembio.6b00031</citation> <citation>Smith, A.M. and Temple, K., (1997). Selenium metabolism and renal disease. Journal of Renal Nutrition, 7(2), 69-72.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S1051-2276(97)90041-8</citation> <citation>Stoffaneller, R. and Morse, N.L., (2015). A review of dietary selenium intake and selenium status in Europe and the Middle East. Nutrients, 7(3),1494-1537.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031494</citation> <citation>Sun, S., Tao, J.I. and Zhang, J., (2018). A brief history and revelation of etiological studies on Keshan disease. Chinese Journal of Endemiology, 37(5), 345-350.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.2095-4255.2018.05.001</citation> <citation>Sun, Y., Gao, C., Wang, X. and Liu, Y., (2017). Preliminary quantitative proteomics analysis in chronic and latent Keshan disease by iTRAQ labeling approach. Oncotarget, 8(62),105761–105774.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.22397</citation> <citation>Tinkov, A.A., Ajsuvakova, O.P., Filippini, T., Zhou, J.C., Lei, X.G., Gatiatulina, E.R., Michalke, B., Skalnaya, M.G., Vinceti, M., Aschner, M. and Skalny, A.V., (2020). Selenium and selenoproteins in adipose tissue physiology and obesity. Biomolecules, 10(4),658-672.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/biom10040658</citation> <citation>Vinceti, M., Filippini, T. and Wise, L.A., (2018). Environmental selenium and human health: an update. Current environmental health reports, 5(4),464-485.</citation> <citation>https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40572-018-0213-0.pdf</citation> <citation>Vinceti, M., Filippini, T., Del Giovane, C., Dennert, G., Zwahlen, M., Brinkman, M., Zeegers, M.P., Horneber, M., D'Amico, R. and Crespi, C.M., (2018). Selenium for preventing cancer. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 1(1), 1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005195.pub4</citation> <citation>Wang, C., Li, S., Wang, H. and Fu, J., (2016). Selenium minerals and the recovery of selenium from copper refinery anode slimes. Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 116(6), 593-600.</citation> <citation>http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2411-9717/2016/v116n6a16</citation> <citation>Wang, S., Lv, Y., Wang, Y., Du, P., Tan, W., Lammi, M.J. and Guo, X., (2018). Network analysis of Se-and Zn-related proteins in the serum proteomics expression profile of the endemic dilated cardiomyopathy Keshan disease. Biological trace element research, 183(1), 40-48.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-017-1063-6</citation> <citation>Wang, S., Yan, R., Wang, B., Du, P., Tan, W., Lammi, M.J. and Guo, X.,(2018). Prediction of co-expression genes and integrative analysis of gene microarray and proteomics profile of Keshan disease. Scientific reports, 8(1), 231-236.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-18599-x</citation> <citation>Wang, Y., Wang, X., Liu, Z., Chong, G., Wang, J. and Wang, M., (2016). Life quality of Chinese patients with chronic Keshan disease and its influencing factors. Chinese Journal of Endemiology, 35(9), 650-654.</citation> <citation>http://wprim.whocc.org.cn/admin/article/articleDetail?WPRIMID=502223&articleId=502223</citation> <citation>Winther, K.H., Rayman, M.P., Bonnema, S.J. and Hegedüs, L., (2020). Selenium in thyroid disorders—essential knowledge for clinicians. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 16(3),165-176.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0311-6</citation> <citation>Xu, G.L., Wang, S.C., Gu, B.Q., Yang, Y.X., Song, H.B., Xue, W.L., Liang, W.S. and Zhang, P.Y., (1997). Further investigation on the role of selenium deficiency in the aetiology and pathogenesis of Keshan disease. Biomedical and environmental sciences: BES, 10(3), 316-326. PMID: 9315325</citation> <citation>https://europepmc.org/article/med/9315325</citation> <citation>Yan, C., Luo, R., Li, F., Liu, M., Li, J., Hua, W. and Li, X., (2021). The epidemiological status, environmental and genetic factors in the etiology of Keshan disease. Cardiovascular Endocrinology & Metabolism, 10(1),14-16.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1097/XCE.0000000000000214</citation> <citation>Yang, G., Ge, K., Chen, J. and Chen, X., (1988). Selenium-related endemic diseases and the daily selenium requirement of humans. World review of nutrition and dietetics, 55(1),98-100.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.5812/iranjradiol.91941.</citation> <citation>Yuanyuan, W.F. and Zhao, X.X., (2020). Evaluation of Late Gadolinium Enhancement and Cardiac Cine-MRI Based on Artificial Intelligence in a Patient with Selenium Deficiency Cardiomyopathy (Keshan Disease): A Case Report. Iranian Journal of Radiology, 17(2), e91941.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5812/iranjradiol.91941.</citation> <citation>Yusuf, S.W., Rehman, Q. and Casscells, W., (2002). Cardiomyopathy in association with selenium deficiency: a case report. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 26(1), 63-66.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/014860710202600163</citation> <citation>Zhou, B., He, S., Wang, X.I., Zhen, X., Su, X. and Tan, W., (2016). Metabolism of arachidonic acid by the cytochrome P450 enzyme in patients with chronic Keshan disease and dilated cardiomyopathy. Biomedical reports, 4(2), 251-255</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2015.563</citation> <citation>Zhou, H., Wang, T., Li, Q. and Li, D., (2018). Prevention of Keshan disease by selenium supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biological trace element research, 186(1), 98-105.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1302-5</citation> <citation>Zhou, J., Huang, K. and Lei, X.G., (2013). Selenium and diabetes—evidence from animal studies. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 65(1), 1548-1556.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.012</citation> <citation>Zhu, Y.H., Wang, X.F., Yang, G., Wei, J., Tan, W.H., Wang, L.X., Guo, X., Lammi, M.J. and Xu, J.H., (2019). Efficacy of long-term selenium supplementation in the treatment of chronic Keshan disease with congestive heart failure. Current medical science, 39(2), 237-242.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-019-2025-3 3</citation> </citations> <pages>36-41</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-25" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="148" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">148</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="534" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="297" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-25" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Sadia Article.docx</name> <file id="297" filesize="60794" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/148/61c759eebfe18.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="546" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="297" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="534" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Sadia Article.docx</name> <file id="297" filesize="60794" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/148/61c759eebfe18.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="684" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="297" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="546" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Sadia Article.docx</name> <file id="297" filesize="60794" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/148/61c759eebfe18.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="685" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="297" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="684" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Sadia Article.docx</name> <file id="297" filesize="60794" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/148/61c759eebfe18.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1015" created_at="2022-02-13" date_created="" file_id="554" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-02-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="554" filesize="837362" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/148/6208f8bf84165.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="708" url_path="" seq="29" date_published="2021-12-30" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">148</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.148</id> <title locale="en_US">Influence of Smartphone Usage on Health Causing Insomnia and Binge Eating</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Smartphone Usage, Insomnia & Binge Eating</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Smart phone is an electrical device and its use is increasing day by day even in the growing countries like Pakistan. Difficulty in sleeping and disturbed sleep quality is termed as insomnia and binge eating is a psychological disorder characterized by overeating. <strong>Objective: </strong>To access the influence of excessive use of smart phone on health causing insomnia and binge eating. <strong>Method: </strong>A Cross Sectional Study design was done on 100 university students in Lahore to elucidate the influence of smart phone usage on health causing binge eating and insomnia. A self-formulated questionnaire was used including questions like (age, sex, weight, height, snacking while using smart phone and sleep quality). Purposive Sampling technique was used to collect data. Adolescent’s aging 20-25 years of age were participants of the study. Data was analyzed through latest version of SPSS. <strong>Result: </strong>According to the findings of study, out of total 100 participants 69 were females and 31 were males. Majority 61% of the participants were having disturbed sleep quality due to smart phone usage and 64% were binging while on their smart phones using social media. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is concluded from study that percentage of smart phone usage is contributing to sleep disturbances and high calorie intake in university students.The results suggest that students who were addicted to smartphones were having sleep disturbances and were also binging. In addition, it was also Affecting their weight as their BMI were increased.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="29" id="708"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maria.aslam@ahs.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="29" id="729"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Dur e Najaf</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="29" id="730"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fiza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arooj</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="29" id="731"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sadia Asad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rai</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="29" id="732"> <givenname locale="en_US">Alina </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Abdul Manan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="29" id="733"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sehar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fatima</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">151</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1015"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Tamura H, Nishida T, Tsuji A, Sakakibara H. Association between excessive use of mobile phone and insomnia and depression among Japanese adolescents. Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. hlth. 2017 Jul;14(7):701. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070701</citation> <citation>Khalily MT, Loona MI, Bhatti MM, Ahmad I, Saleem T. Smartphone addiction and its associated factors among students in twin cities of Pakistan. JPMA. 2020 Mar 28;2020.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5455/JPMA.23054</citation> <citation>Farooq L, Ali A, Mahmood S, Farzand M, Masood H, Mujahid S. Association between excessive use of mobile phone and insomnia among pakistaniteenagers cross sectional study. Am. Int. J. Multidisciplinary Sci. Res. 2019 Oct 5;5(4):10-5. https://doi.org/10.46281/aijmsr.v5i4.406</citation> <citation>Domoff SE, Sutherland EQ, Yokum S, Gearhardt AN. Adolescents' addictive phone use: Associations with eating behaviors and adiposity. Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. hlth. 2020 Jan;17(8):2861. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082861</citation> <citation>Rafeeq S, Naman MS, Ijaz MT, Touseef M, Rai IA, Chaudhry MA. Association of excessive smartphone use with sleep in students of a private medical college in Lahore, Pakistan. Rawal Med. J. 2021 Oct;46(4):947-50. https://www.rmj.org.pk/?mno=38666</citation> <citation>Rehman A, Zahra S, Khan R, Asghar U, Din S, Raza S. Association Of Insomnia With Excessive Internet Use Among Physical Therapy Students In Lahore, Pakistan. Euro. J. Hlth. Sci. 2021 Jun 11;6(2):41-8. https://doi.org/10.47672/ejhs.726</citation> <citation>Jamali YA, Memon SF, Lagahri ZA, Shaikh SA, Warsi J, Arain AA. Prevalence of Eating Disorders among Students of Quest University, Nawabshah, Pakistan. doi:10.5281/zenodo.3764134</citation> <citation>La Marra M, Caviglia G, Perrella R. Using Smartphones When Eating Increases Caloric Intake in Young People: An Overview of the Literature. Frontiers in Psychology. 2020 Dec 3;11:3334.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.587886</citation> <citation>Wang PY, Chen KL, Yang SY, Lin PH. Relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students. PloS one. 2019 Apr 3;14(4):e0214769.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214769</citation> <citation>Wacks Y, Weinstein AM. Excessive smartphone use is associated with health problems in adolescents and young adults. Frontiers in psychiatry. 2021;12.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669042</citation> <citation>Liu S, Xiao T, Yang L, Loprinzi PD. Exercise as an alternative approach for treating smartphone addiction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of random controlled trials. Int. J. Env. Res. Pub. Hlth. 2019 Jan;16(20):3912. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203912</citation> <citation>Malinauskas R, Malinauskiene V. A meta-analysis of psychological interventions for Internet/smartphone addiction among adolescents. J. behavioral addic. 2019 Dec;8(4):613-24. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.72</citation> <citation>Alshobaili FA, AlYousefi NA. The effect of smartphone usage at bedtime on sleep quality among Saudi non-medical staff at King Saud University Medical City. J. family med. primary care. 2019 Jun;8(6):1953. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_269_19</citation> <citation>Rafique N, Al-Asoom LI, Alsunni AA, Saudagar FN, Almulhim L, Alkaltham G. Effects of mobile use on subjective sleep quality. Nature and Science of Sleep. 2020; 12:357.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S253375</citation> <citation>Nowreen N, Ahad F. Effect of smartphone usage on quality of sleep in medical students. National J. Phy., Pharm. Pharmaco. 2018;8(9):1366. https://doi.org/10.5455/njppp.2018.8.0620009062018</citation> <citation>Krishnan B, Sanjeev RK, Latti RG. Quality of sleep among bedtime smartphone users. Int. j. preventive med. 2020;11. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_266_19</citation> <citation>Xie X, Dong Y, Wang J. Sleep quality as a mediator of problematic smartphone use and clinical health symptoms. J. behavioral addic. 2018 Jun;7(2):466-72. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.40</citation> <citation>Wang PY, Chen KL, Yang SY, Lin PH. Relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students. PloS one. 2019 Apr 3;14(4):e0214769</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214769</citation> <citation>da Mata Gonçalves RF, de Almeida Barreto D, Monteiro PI, Zangeronimo MG, Castelo PM, van der Bilt A, Pereira LJ. Smartphone use while eating increases caloric ingestion. Physiology & behavior. 2019 May 15;204:93-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.02.021</citation> <citation>TayhanKartal F, YabancıAyhan N. Relationship between eating disorders and internet and smartphone addiction in college students. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2021 Aug;26(6):1853-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-01027-x</citation> </citations> <pages>204-208</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-25" status="4" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="149" stage="externalReview"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">149</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="533" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="424" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-20" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">updated 28dec.docx</name> <file id="424" filesize="105425" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/149/61e97af4b5159.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="296" filesize="233569" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/149/61c6d27ee4d7c.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="588" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="296" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="533" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Bioactive components of rice bran and theirs health benefits-1 (1).docx</name> <file id="296" filesize="233569" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/149/61c6d27ee4d7c.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="764" created_at="2022-01-20" date_created="" file_id="424" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-20" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="533" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">updated 28dec.docx</name> <file id="424" filesize="105425" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/149/61e97af4b5159.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="1" primary_contact_id="709" url_path="" seq="0" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">149</id> <title locale="en_US">BIOACTIVE COMPONENTS OF RICE BRAN AND THEIR HEALTH BENEFITS</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Rice is a staple food for more than half the world's population. About 480 million tons of milled rice is produced annually. Rice bran is one of the main products in the process of milling rice. The outer layer is brown of brown rice and is separated during the milling process. Rice bran is used as a good source of protein, oil, raw fiber, carbohydrates and fatty acids. Rice bran is listed as a rich source of bioactive chemicals such as gamma-oryzanol, phenolic acid, phytic acid, β-sitosterol and vitamin E, which provide beneficial health properties and provide anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, lipid lowering, antihypertensive, and controlling genetic expression. Therefore, to provide a number of health benefits, including: aging, prevention of cardiovascular disease and protection from chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer and non-vascular diseases. Or-oryzanol, a unique component of rice bran, contains a group of esters of triterpene alcohol and phytosterols. Also, phytosterols campesterol and β-sitosterol can be found in very high doses in rice bran oil. Both have the ability to lower serum cholesterol and have powerful anticancer properties. Vitamin E contents (tocopherols and tocotrienols) also present in rice bran. Both tocopherols and tocotrienols are considered to be the most important natural antioxidants. Many phenolic compounds have already been identified in rice bran. The main phenolics in rice bran are phenolic acid, especially ferulic and p-coumaric acids. Filtering complete phenolics in rice bran is well integrated with their anticancer activity. Rice bran has great potential in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries due to the presence of these health-promoting substances.</p></abstract> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="718"> <givenname locale="en_US">Marrium</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Javed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="719"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tabassum </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tufail</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="720"> <givenname locale="en_US">Saadia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hanif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="709"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maria.aslam@ahs.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="721"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shaista </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Jabeen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <citations> <citation>Wu X, Li F, Wu W. Effects of rice bran rancidity on the oxidation and structural characteristics of rice bran protein. LWT. 2020 Feb 1;120:108943.</citation> <citation>Sharif MK, Butt MS, Anjum FM, Khan SH. Rice bran: A novel functional ingredient. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2014 Jan 1;54(6):807-16.</citation> <citation>Phongthai S, Homthawornchoo W, Rawdkuen S. Preparation, properties and application of rice bran protein: A review. International Food Research Journal. 2017;24(1):25.</citation> <citation>Yu Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Sun B. The anti-cancer activity and potential clinical application of rice bran extracts and fermentation products. RSC advances. 2019;9(31):18060-9.</citation> <citation>Shin HY, Kim SM, Lee JH, Lim ST. Solid-state fermentation of black rice bran with Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus oryzae: Effects on phenolic acid composition and antioxidant activity of bran extracts. Food chemistry. 2019 Jan 30;272:235-41.</citation> <citation>Bhosale S, Vijayalakshmi D. Processing and nutritional composition of rice bran. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal. 2015 Apr 28;3(1):74-80.</citation> <citation>Santos DI, Saraiva JM, Vicente AA, Moldão-Martins M. Methods for determining bioavailability and bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds and nutrients. InInnovative thermal and non-thermal processing, bioaccessibility and bioavailability of nutrients and bioactive compounds 2019 Jan 1; 23-54.</citation> <citation>Ortega AM, Campos MR. Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutic Alternatives. InBioactive compounds 2019 Jan; 247-264.</citation> <citation>Mahanta CL, Sikia S. Bioactive compounds of rice as health promoters. Natural Bioactive Compounds from Fruits and Vegetables as Health Promoters Part II. 2016 May 3:221-34.</citation> <citation>Bet CD, de Oliveira CS, Colman TA, Bisinella RZ, Beninca C, Lacerda LG, Ramos AP, Schnitzler E. Aqueous extraction of organic amaranth starch and their by-products. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. 2019 Nov 1;138(4):2733-49.</citation> <citation>Shih CK, Ho CJ, Li SC, Yang SH, Hou WC, Cheng HH. Preventive effects of rice bran oil on 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine/dextran sodium sulphate-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Food Chemistry. 2011 May 15;126(2):562-7.</citation> <citation>Faria SA, Bassinello PZ, Penteado MD. Nutritional composition of rice bran submitted to different stabilization procedures. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2012 Dec;48(4):651-7.</citation> <citation>Phongthai S, Homthawornchoo W, Rawdkuen S. Preparation, properties and application of rice bran protein: A review. International Food Research Journal. 2017;24(1):25.</citation> <citation>Hasani S, Khodadadi I, Heshmati A. Viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus in rice bran‐enriched stirred yoghurt and the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of product during refrigerated storage. International Journal of Food Science & Technology. 2016 Nov;51(11):2485-92.</citation> <citation>Liu YQ, Strappe P, Zhou ZK, Blanchard C. Impact on the nutritional attributes of rice bran following various stabilization procedures. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition. 2019 Aug 22;59(15):2458-66.</citation> <citation>Alauddina M, Islama J, Shirakawaa H, Kosekib T, Komaia AM. Rice Bran as a Functional Food: An Overview of the Conversion of Rice Bran into a Superfood/Functional Food. InSuperfood and functional food—An overview of their processing and utilization 2017 Mar 1.</citation> <citation>Lemos MR, Souza-Soares LA. Rice and its byproducts in southern Brazil. Vetor. Revista de Ciências Exatas e Engenharias. Editora da Fundação Universidade do Rio Grande, FURG, Rio Grande, RS, Brasil. 2000;10:21-36.</citation> <citation>Bhosale S, Vijayalakshmi D. Processing and nutritional composition of rice bran. Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal. 2015 Apr 28;3(1):74-80.</citation> <citation>Ghosh M. Review on recent trends in rice bran oil processing. Journal of the American oil chemists' society. 2007 Apr 1;84(4):315-24.</citation> <citation>Garofalo SF, Tommasi T, Fino D. A short review of green extraction technologies for rice bran oil. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. 2020 Jul 16:1-9.</citation> <citation>Pengkumsri N, Chaiyasut C, Sivamaruthi BS, Saenjum C, Sirilun S, Peerajan S, Suwannalert P, Sirisattha S, Chaiyasut K, Kesika P. The influence of extraction methods on composition and antioxidant properties of rice bran oil. Food Science and Technology. 2015 Sep;35(3):493-501.</citation> <citation>Rigo LA, Rascovetzki RH, Beck RC. Sunscreen formulations containing rice bran or soybean oil: rheological properties, spreadability and in vitro sun protection factor. Latin American Journal of Pharmacy. 2011;30.</citation> <citation>Bernardi DS, Pereira TA, Maciel NR, Bortoloto J, Viera GS, Oliveira GC, Rocha-Filho PA. Formation and stability of oil-in-water nanoemulsions containing rice bran oil: in vitro and in vivo assessments. Journal of nanobiotechnology. 2011 Dec;9(1):1-9.</citation> <citation>Juliano C, Cossu M, Alamanni MC, Piu L. Antioxidant activity of gamma-oryzanol: mechanism of action and its effect on oxidative stability of pharmaceutical oils. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2005 Aug 11;299(1-2):146-54.</citation> <citation>Ruktanonchai U, Limpakdee S, Meejoo S, Sakulkhu U, Bunyapraphatsara N, Junyaprasert V, Puttipipatkhachorn S. The effect of cetyl palmitate crystallinity on physical properties of gamma-oryzanol encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles. Nanotechnology. 2008 Feb 12;19(9):095701.</citation> <citation>Rigo LA, Frescura V, Fiel L, Coradini K, Ourique AF, Emanuelli T, Quatrin A, Tedesco S, Silva CB, Guterres SS, Pohlmann AR. Influence of the type of vegetable oil on the drug release profile from lipid-core nanocapsules and in vivo genotoxicity study. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology. 2014 Nov 1;19(7):789-98.</citation> <citation>Lee JS, Kim HW, Chung D, Lee HG. Catechin-loaded calcium pectinate microparticles reinforced with liposome and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose: Optimization and in vivo antioxidant activity. Food Hydrocolloids. 2009 Dec 1;23(8):2226-33.</citation> <citation>Phutthaphadoong S, Yamada Y, Hirata A, Tomita H, Hara A, Limtrakul P, Iwasaki T, Kobayashi H, Mori H. Chemopreventive effect of fermented brown rice and rice bran (FBRA) on the inflammation-related colorectal carcinogenesis in ApcMin/+ mice. Oncology reports. 2010 Jan 1;23(1):53-9.</citation> <citation>Lamberts L, Delcour JA. Carotenoids in raw and parboiled brown and milled rice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 2008 Dec 24;56(24):11914-9.</citation> <citation>Kannan A, Hettiarachchy NS, Lay JO, Liyanage R. Human cancer cell proliferation inhibition by a pentapeptide isolated and characterized from rice bran. Peptides. 2010 Sep 1;31(9):1629-34.</citation> <citation>Goffman FD, Bergman CJ. Rice kernel phenolic content and its relationship with antiradical efficiency. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2004 Aug 15;84(10):1235-40.</citation> <citation>Xu Z, Hua N, Godber JS. Antioxidant activity of tocopherols, tocotrienols, and γ-oryzanol components from rice bran against cholesterol oxidation accelerated by 2, 2 ‘-azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2001 Apr 16;49(4):2077-81.</citation> <citation>Aggarwal BB, Sundaram C, Prasad S, Kannappan R. Tocotrienols, the vitamin E of the 21st century: its potential against cancer and other chronic diseases. Biochemical pharmacology. 2010 Dec 1;80(11):1613-31.</citation> <citation>Stratil P, Klejdus B, Kubáň V. Determination of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in fruits and cereals. Talanta. 2007 Mar 15;71(4):1741-51.</citation> <citation>Srikaeo K. Organic rice bran oils in health. InWheat and Rice in Disease Prevention and Health 2014 Jan 1; 453-465.</citation> <citation>Pornputtapitak W, Pantakitcharoenkul J, Panpakdee R, Teeranachaideekul V, Sinchaipanid N. Development of γ-oryzanol rich extract from Leum Pua glutinous rice bran loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for topical delivery. Journal of Oleo Science. 2018;67(2):125-33.</citation> <citation>Islam MS, Matsuki N, Nagasaka R, Ohara K, Hosoya T, Ozaki H, Ushio H, Hori M. Rice bran antioxidants in health and wellness. InWheat and Rice in Disease Prevention and Health 2014 Jan 1; 443-451.</citation> <citation>Minatel IO, Francisqueti FV, Corrêa CR, Lima GP. Antioxidant activity of γ-oryzanol: A complex network of interactions. International journal of molecular sciences. 2016 Aug; 17(8):1107.</citation> <citation>Patel M, Naik SN. Gamma-oryzanol from rice bran oil–A review. 2004.</citation> <citation>Panche AN, Diwan AD, Chandra SR. Flavonoids: an overview. Journal of nutritional science. 2016;5.</citation> <citation>Goufo P, Trindade H. Rice antioxidants: phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, tocopherols, tocotrienols, γ‐oryzanol, and phytic acid. Food science & nutrition. 2014 Mar;2(2):75-104.</citation> <citation>Ghasemzadeh A, Baghdadi A, ZE Jaafar H, Swamy MK, Megat Wahab PE. Optimization of flavonoid extraction from red and brown rice bran and evaluation of the antioxidant properties. Molecules. 2018 Aug;23(8):1863.</citation> <citation>Chen MH, McClung AM, Bergman CJ. Concentrations of oligomers and polymers of proanthocyanidins in red and purple rice bran and their relationships to total phenolics, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and whole grain color. Food Chemistry. 2016 Oct 1;208:279-87.</citation> <citation>Xiao J, Chen T, Cao H. WITHDRAWN: Flavonoid glycosylation and biological benefits.</citation> <citation>Tanaka T, Oyama T, Sugie S. Dietary tricin suppresses inflammation-related colon carcinogenesis in mice. Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology. 2019 Oct 11;65(Supplement):S100-3.</citation> <citation>Ghasemzadeh A, Baghdadi A, ZE Jaafar H, Swamy MK, Megat Wahab PE. Optimization of flavonoid extraction from red and brown rice bran and evaluation of the antioxidant properties. Molecules. 2018 Aug;23(8):1863.</citation> <citation>Safrida S, Budijanto S, Nuraida L, Priosoeryanto BP. Potency of Bioactive Compound of Rice Bran for Colon Cancer Prevention. KEMAS: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. 2020 Nov 30;16(2).</citation> <citation>Arun KB, Dhanya R, Chandran J, Abraham B, Satyan S, Nisha P. A comparative study to elucidate the biological activities of crude extracts from rice bran and wheat bran in cell line models. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2020 Mar 17:1-1.</citation> <citation>Ghasemzadeh A, Karbalaii MT, Jaafar HZ, Rahmat A. Phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, and antiproliferative properties of black, red, and brown rice bran. Chemistry Central Journal. 2018 Dec 1;12(1):17.</citation> <citation>Pitija K, Nakornriab M, Sriseadka T, Vanavichit A, Wongpornchai S. Anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity in bran extracts of some T hai black rice varieties. International journal of food science & technology. 2013 Feb;48(2):300-8.</citation> <citation>Shao Y, Bao J. Polyphenols in whole rice grain: Genetic diversity and health benefits. Food Chemistry. 2015 Aug 1;180:86-97.</citation> <citation>Kushwaha UK. Black rice. InBlack Rice 2016; 21-47.</citation> <citation>Hashemi SM, Gholamhosseinpour A, Khaneghah AM. Fermentation of acorn dough by lactobacilli strains: Phytic acid degradation and antioxidant activity. LWT. 2019 Feb 1;100:144-9.</citation> <citation>Nissar J, Ahad T, Naik HR, Hussain SZ. A review phytic acid: As antinutrient or nutraceutical. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry. 2017;6(6):1554-60.</citation> <citation>Marchiosi R, dos Santos WD, Constantin RP, de Lima RB, Soares AR, Finger-Teixeira A, Mota TR, de Oliveira DM, Foletto-Felipe MD, Abrahão J, Ferrarese-Filho O. Biosynthesis and metabolic actions of simple phenolic acids in plants. Phytochemistry Reviews. 2020 Aug;19:865-906.</citation> <citation>Walter M, Marchesan E, Massoni PF, da Silva LP, Sartori GM, Ferreira RB. Antioxidant properties of rice grains with light brown, red and black pericarp colors and the effect of processing. Food research international. 2013 Mar 1;50(2):698-703.</citation> <citation>Schmidt CG, Gonçalves LM, Prietto L, Hackbart HS, Furlong EB. Antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibition of phenolic acids from fermented rice bran with fungus Rizhopus oryzae. Food Chemistry. 2014 Mar 1;146:371-7.</citation> <citation>S.-M. Kim and S.-T. Lim, Enhanced antioxidant activity of rice bran extract by carbohydrase treatment, J. Cereal Sci., 2016, 68, 116–121.</citation> <citation>Kahkeshani N, Farzaei F, Fotouhi M, Alavi SS, Bahramsoltani R, Naseri R, Momtaz S, Abbasabadi Z, Rahimi R, Farzaei MH, Bishayee A. Pharmacological effects of gallic acid in health and diseases: A mechanistic review. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences. 2019 Mar;22(3):225.</citation> <citation>Boz H. Ferulic acid in cereals-a review. Czech Journal of Food Sciences. 2015 Mar 4;33(1):1-7.</citation> <citation>Tan BL, Norhaizan ME. Rice By- product: Phytochemicals and food Products Application. 2020:44.</citation> <citation>Gul K, Yousuf B, Singh AK, Singh P, Wani AA. Rice bran: Nutritional values and its emerging potential for development of functional food—A review. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre. 2015 Jul 1;6(1):24-30.</citation> </citations> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-25" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="147" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">147</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="532" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="295" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-25" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Nafela Article.docx</name> <file id="295" filesize="54529" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/147/61c6cd4f5e268.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="537" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="295" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-25" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="532" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Nafela Article.docx</name> <file id="295" filesize="54529" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/147/61c6cd4f5e268.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="680" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="295" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="537" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Nafela Article.docx</name> <file id="295" filesize="54529" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/147/61c6cd4f5e268.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="681" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="295" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="680" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Nafela Article.docx</name> <file id="295" filesize="54529" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/147/61c6cd4f5e268.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="994" created_at="2022-02-09" date_created="" file_id="673" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="673" filesize="926641" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/147/6228545fbd6f7.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="540" filesize="925541" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/147/6203d278a5291.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="707" url_path="" seq="25" date_published="2021-12-30" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">147</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.147</id> <title locale="en_US">Impact of Social Media and Peer Pressure on Eating Behaviors of Adolescents</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Social Media and Peer Pressure on Eating Behaviors</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Social media is the site used everywhere around the world to interact and communicate with people. The most used social media networks include Facebook, WhatsApp, YouTube, Twitter, Instagram and Snapchat. Social networks usage is negatively associated with the eating choices of students, and it has made lifestyle sedentary.<strong>Objectives:</strong> The main aim of the study was to determine how the use of social media is linked with the eating habits of students. The secondary objective was to determine how peer choices affected eating choices in students.<strong>Methods:</strong> A cross sectional study was conducted among 100 university of Lahore students for period of 3 months ranging from 18 to 25 years. Information on how social media and peer pressure influence eating behaviors in students was collected using a questionnaire through purposive sampling technique.<strong>Results:</strong> The results revealed that the majority of participants were female i.e., 89% and 11% were male. About 43% participants were using Instagram, whereas about 70% participants were using cell phone before laying down. 39% participants were using internet for 10 hours while 30% participants for whole day. Majority 29% participant crave junk food while watching social media, and 74% participants consumed junk food with friends. Adolescents are influenced by peer pressure as 40% participants ate 3 meals and 24% participants ate 4 meals per day with friends.<strong>Conclusion:</strong> Social media and peer pressure has greatly affected the lifestyle and eating choices of students. Our youth has decreased enjoying healthy meals with family. Thus, future nutrition programs must focus on promoting healthy eating behavior among our youth.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="707"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maria.aslam@ahs.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="710"> <givenname locale="en_US">Jannat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Gull Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="711"> <givenname locale="en_US">Gullnoor </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="712"> <givenname locale="en_US">Henna </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Asif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="713"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nafela </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Atta</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="714"> <givenname locale="en_US">Aqsa</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Rafique</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="715"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tuba </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tahir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="716"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nabeera </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="717"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ayesha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">.</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>8@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">143</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.147.g143</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="994"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Chung A, Vieira D, Donley T, Tan N, Jean-Louis G, Gouley KK, Seixas A. Adolescent Peer Influence on Eating Behaviors via Social Media: Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2021 Jun 3;23(6):e19697.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2196/preprints.19697</citation> <citation>Vaterlaus JM, Patten EV, Roche C, Young JA. # Gettinghealthy: The perceived influence of social media on young adult health behaviors. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015 Apr 1;45:151-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.013</citation> <citation>Oyeboade JA. SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS, PEER PRESSURE AND USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA BY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN, IBADAN, OYO STATE, NIGERIA. Library Philosophy & Practice. 2017 Jan 1.</citation> <citation>Domoff SE, Sutherland EQ, Yokum S, Gearhardt AN. Adolescents' addictive phone use: Associations with eating behaviors and adiposity. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020 Jan;17(8):2861.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082861</citation> <citation>Lau WW. Effects of social media usage and social media multitasking on the academic performance of university students. Computers in human behavior. 2017 Mar 1;68:286-91.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.043</citation> <citation>Kosek B. The influence of Instagram on exercise and eating behavior.</citation> <citation>Sidani JE, Shensa A, Hoffman B, Hanmer J, Primack BA. The association between social media use and eating concerns among US young adults. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2016 Sep 1;116(9):1465-72.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.03.021</citation> <citation>Coates AE, Hardman CA, Halford JC, Christiansen P, Boyland EJ. Social media influencer marketing and children's food intake: a randomized trial. Pediatrics. 2019 Apr 1;143(4).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2554</citation> <citation>Tayhan Kartal F, Yabancı Ayhan N. Relationship between eating disorders and internet and smartphone addiction in college students. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2021 Aug;26(6):1853-62.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-020-01027-x</citation> <citation>Vaterlaus JM, Patten EV, Roche C, Young JA. # Gettinghealthy: The perceived influence of social media on young adult health behaviors. Computers in Human Behavior. 2015 Apr 1;45:151-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.013</citation> <citation>Stok FM, De Vet E, de Ridder DT, de Wit JB. The potential of peer social norms to shape food intake in adolescents and young adults: a systematic review of effects and moderators. Health psychology review. 2016 Jul 2;10(3):326-40.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2016.1155161</citation> <citation>Amaya-Hernández A, Alvarez-Rayón G, Ortega-Luyando M, Mancilla-Díaz JM. Peer influence in preadolescents and adolescents: A predictor of body dissatisfaction and disordered eating behaviors. Revista mexicana de trastornos alimentarios. 2017 Jan 1;8(1):31-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmta.2016.12.001</citation> <citation>König LM, Giese H, Stok FM, Renner B. The social image of food: Associations between popularity and eating behavior. Appetite. 2017 Jul 1;114:248-58.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.039</citation> <citation>Barberis N, Gugliandolo MC, Costa S, Cannavò M. Healthy and binge eating behaviours: the motivational processes underlying peer pressure. Psychology, Health & Medicine. 2021 Apr 1:1-0.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1903054</citation> <citation>Al-Sheyab NA, Gharaibeh T, Kheirallah K. Relationship between peer pressure and risk of eating disorders among adolescents in Jordan. Journal of obesity. 2018 Sep 19;2018.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7309878</citation> <citation>Tadena S, Kang SR, Kim SJ. The influence of social media affinity on eating attitudes and body dissatisfaction in Philippine adolescents. Child Health Nursing Research. 2020;26(1):121-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4094/chnr.2020.26.1.121</citation> <citation>Sarcona A, Kovacs L, Wright J, Williams C. Differences in eating behavior, physical activity, and health-related lifestyle choices between users and nonusers of mobile health apps. American Journal of Health Education. 2017 Sep 3;48(5):298-305.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2017.1335630</citation> <citation>Qutteina Y, Nasrallah C, Kimmel L, Khaled SM. Relationship between social media use and disordered eating behavior among female university students in Qatar. Journal of Health and Social Sciences. 2019;4(1):59-72.</citation> <citation>Karmila S, Aritonang EY, Sudaryati E. The Relationship of the Duration of Social Media Instagram Usage and Student's Eating Behavior in University of Sumatera Utara, 2019. Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal. 2020 Feb 29;2(1):289-95.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v2i1.190</citation> <citation>Kabir A, Miah S, Islam A. Factors influencing eating behavior and dietary intake among resident students in a public university in Bangladesh: A qualitative study. PloS one. 2018 Jun 19;13(6):e0198801.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198801</citation> </citations> <pages>181-186</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-24" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="146" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">146</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="522" created_at="2021-12-24" date_created="" file_id="294" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-24" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Performance Evaluation of Waste Management Practices.docx</name> <file id="294" filesize="48660" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/146/61c618ec860e9.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="531" created_at="2021-12-24" date_created="" file_id="294" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="522" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Performance Evaluation of Waste Management Practices.docx</name> <file id="294" filesize="48660" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/146/61c618ec860e9.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="678" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="294" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="531" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Performance Evaluation of Waste Management Practices.docx</name> <file id="294" filesize="48660" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/146/61c618ec860e9.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="679" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="294" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="678" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Performance Evaluation of Waste Management Practices.docx</name> <file id="294" filesize="48660" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/146/61c618ec860e9.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1173" created_at="2022-03-02" date_created="" file_id="631" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-02" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Performance Evaluation of Waste Management Practices.docx</name> <file id="631" filesize="52305" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/146/621f40491b3df.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1177" created_at="2022-03-02" date_created="" file_id="680" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="680" filesize="1078139" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/146/62285a0672d57.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="633" filesize="1298900" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/146/621f6dce55af6.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="702" url_path="" seq="37" date_published="2021-12-30" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">146</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.146</id> <title locale="en_US">Performance Evaluation of Waste Management Practices at DHQ Hospital Sheikhupura</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Hospital waste management (HWM) is extremely important and it is very different kind of waste that has high potential of spreading infection and diseases. There should be proper management of this waste, otherwise it can be hazardous<strong> Objective:</strong> The objective of the study is to evaluate the waste management practices at DHQ Hospital, Sheikhupura <strong>Methods:</strong> It was cross-sectional hospital-based study. The study was carried out at DHQ Hospital Sheikhupura. The sample size of the study was 169 including 94 waste handlers, 45 nurses and 30 doctors were included. Data was collected through questionnaire using non-probability convenient sampling technique, which was entered and statistically analyzed using SPSS 20.0. <strong>Results</strong>: Among 94 waste handlers, 30.8% were 21-30 years old, 64.9% males and 45.7% had up to 5 years’ work experience. 67.0% had been vaccinated, 87.2% confirmed that waste is segregated at source and100.0% waste handlers were provided with color bags for various types of hospital wastes. 92.6% stated that pre-treatment procedure is carried out before hospital waste disposal and 75.5% waste handlers were provided with protective gears. Among 45 nurses, 55.6% were 31-40 years old and 64.4% had up to five years’ work experience. 100.0% nurses ensured internal collection of waste bags &amp; containers and their transportation to the central storage facility of hospital on the daily basis. 82.2% coordinated and monitored all the operations related to waste management and for this purpose regularly met with hospital waste management committee. 100.0% nurses recorded the waste quantities generated by the department on weekly basis. Among 30 doctors, 73.3% organized training activities for HWM staff on safe waste management procedures.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="37" id="700"> <givenname locale="en_US">Adnan Ul</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Qamar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="37" id="701"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tallat Anwar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Faridi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tallat.anwar@pht.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="37" id="702"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Moazzam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>mmoazzam739@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="37" id="703"> <givenname locale="en_US">Wafa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fatima</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="37" id="704"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syed Bilal </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hassan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, University of Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="37" id="705"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Azam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Health Professional Technologies,The university of Lahore,Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="37" id="706"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syed Amir </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Gilani</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">176</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.146.g176</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1177"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Janagi R, Shah J, Maheshwari D. Scenario of management of medical waste in US and UK: a review. 2015; 6(1): 2328-39. https://www.jgtps.com/admin/uploads/ERmDV8.pdf</citation> <citation>Hussain M, Mushtaq MM. Awareness about hospital wastes and its effects on the health of patients in District D. G. Khan. Asian j. app. science and engineering. 2014; 3: 301-8. doi.org/10.15590/ajase/2014/v3i8/54483</citation> <citation>Kwikiriza S, Stewart AG, Mutahunga B, Dobson AE, Wilkinson E. A whole systems approach to hospital waste management in rural Uganda. Frontier pub. hlth. 2019; 7: 136.</citation> <citation>doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00136</citation> <citation>Khan BA, Cheng L, Khan AA, Ahmed H. Healthcare waste management in Asian developing countries: a mini review. Waste management & research. 2019; 37(9): 863-75.</citation> <citation>doi.org/10.1177/0734242X19857470</citation> <citation>Yves Chartier J, Pieper U, Prüss AEA. Safe management of wastes from health care activities. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/85349/9789241548564_eng.pdf;jsessionid=C53E24B7DD2AC090BA705CB1E554FA1C?sequence=1</citation> <citation>Chauhan A, Singh A, Jharkharia S. Healthcare waste management practices' identification and evaluation to rank hospitals. Int. j. operational res. 2015; 1-20. doi:10.1504/IJOR.2018.10016678</citation> <citation>Campion N, Thiel CL, Woods NC, Swanzy L, Landis AE, Bilec MM. Sustainable healthcare and environmental life-cycle impacts of disposable supplies: a focus on disposable custom packs. J. cleaner prod. 2015; 94: 46-55. doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.076</citation> <citation>Krisiunas E, Seto HW, Ching P, Law R, Salkin IF. Hong Kong hospital authority clinical waste management program: a model for success. In: Poon CS, Seto HW, Ching P, Law R, Salkin IF (editors), Waste management: the challenge for Asian cities - search for a sustainable future: proceedings of ISWA international symposium and exhibition on waste management in Asian cities, Hong Kong. 2000; 1: 84-9.</citation> <citation>Patil AD, Shekdar AV. Health-care waste management in India. J. env. mgmnt. 2001; 63(2): 211-20. doi.org/10.1006/jema.2001.0453</citation> <citation>Yong Z, Gang X, Guanxing W, Tao Z, Dawei J. Medical waste management in China: a case study of Nanjing. Waste management. 2009; 29(4): 1376-82.</citation> <citation>doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.10.023</citation> <citation>Lee BK, Ellenbecker MJ, Moure-Ersaso R. Alternatives for treatment and disposal cost reduction of regulated medical wastes. Waste management. 2004; 24(2): 143-51.</citation> <citation>doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2003.10.008</citation> <citation>Qadir M, Murad R, Faraz N. Hospital waste management; tertiary care hospitals. Professional med. J. 2016; 23(7): 802-6. doi.org/10.29309/TPMJ/2016.23.07.1642</citation> <citation>Meleko A, Tesfaye T, Henok A. Assessment of healthcare waste generation rate and its management system in health centers of Bench Maji Zone. Ethiopian j. hlth. Sci. 2018; 28(2): 125-34. doi.org/10.4314/ejhs.v28i2.4</citation> <citation>Mwesigye P. Integrated assessment of present status of environmentally -sound management of wastes in Africa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Economic Commission for Africa; 2009.</citation> <citation>Mesfin K, Kassahun A, Andamlak G, Trifa ZM. Assessment of the health care waste generation rates and its management system in hospitals of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2011. BMC public health. 2013; 13: 28. doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-28</citation> <citation>Ullah JH, Ahmed R, Malik JI, Khan MA. Outcome of 7-S TQM technique for health care waste management. J. coll. Phy. Surg. Pak. 2011; 21:731-4. https://jcpsp.pk/archive/2011/Dec2011/04.pdf</citation> <citation>Zeeshan MF, Al Ibad A, Aziz A, Subhani A, Shah A, Khan T, et al. Practice and enforcement of national hospital waste management 2005 rules in Pakistan. Eastern Mediterranean hlth. J. 2018; 24(5): 443-50. doi.org/10.26719/2018.24.5.443</citation> <citation>Mukhtar S, Khan H, Kiani Z, Nawaz S, Zulfiqar S, Tabassum N. Hospital waste management: Execution in Pakistan and environmental concerns - a review. Environmental contaminants reviews, 2018; 1(1): 18-23. doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2018.18.23</citation> <citation>Mathew J, Abitha J, Farah FM, Agnes AA. A study on the need for bio-medical waste management-available treatment techniques and suggestions. Int. j. adv. Microb. Microb. Res. 2017; 2: 1. https://doi.org/10.18831/djmicro.org/2017011002</citation> <citation>Ali S, Mahmood U, Malik AU, Aziz F, Naghman RB, Ahmed I. Current hospital waste management practices in Pakistan: case study and curative measures. Pub. Hlth. Prev. med. 2015; 1(3): 125-9. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Current-Hospital-Waste-Management-Practices-in-%3A-Ali-Mahmood/ccebc2cac0703ce1af95c0f1ad2de8c8dbb6dcca</citation> <citation>Khattak FH. Hospital waste management in Pakistan. Pakistan j. med. Res. 2009; 48(1):19-3.</citation> <citation>Kumar R, Khan EA, Ahmed J, Khan Z, Magan M, Nousheen, et al. Healthcare waste management (HCWM) in Pakistan: current situation and training options. J. Ayub med. Coll. Abbottabad. 2010; 22(4): 102-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22455273/</citation> <citation>Rasheed S, Iqbal S, Baig LA, Mufti K. Hospital waste management in the teaching hospitals of Karachi. J. Pakistan med. Assoc. 2005; 55: 192. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15960283/</citation> <citation>Sultana, Habibullah; Salahuddin, Afsar., et al. Waste disposal of government health-care facilities in urban area of Karachi-a KAP survey. Pakistan j. med. Res. 2007; 46(1): 5-10. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/emr-163877</citation> <citation>Anwar O, Malik N, Asim M. Evaluation of hospital waste management in public and private sector hospitals of Faisalabad city, Pakistan. Academic journal of interdisciplinary studies. 2013; 2(2): 161-6. doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2013.v2n2p161</citation> <citation>Umar AB, Yahaya MN. Hospital waste management practices: a case study of primary health care centers, in Fagge Local Government Area, Kano State. J. nursing hlth. Sci. 2014; 3(6): 26-33. doi.org/10.9790/1959-03622633</citation> <citation>Amin R, Gul R, Mehrab A. Hospital waste management: Practices in different hospitals of Distt. Peshawar. Professional med. J. 2013; 20(6): 988-94.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.29309/TPMJ/2013.20.06.1684</citation> <citation>Arab M, Baghbani RA, Tajvar M, Pourreza A, Tajvar M, Omrani Q, et al. The assessment of hospital waste management: a case study in Tehran. Waste mgmnt. & res. 2008; 26: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X08093598</citation> <citation>Farooq MT, Omar N, Shahid F, Khizar S, Khan A, Ashfaq N, et al. Assessment of hospital waste management protocols in tertiary care hospitals of Lahore. Biomedica. 2017; 33(2): 136-42. http://thebiomedicapk.com/articles/542.pdf</citation> <citation>Al Emad AA. Assessment of medical waste management in the main hospitals in Yemen. Eastern Mediterranean hlth. j. 2011; 17(‎10)‎: 730-7. doi.org/10.26719/2011.17.10.730</citation> </citations> <pages>251-257</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-24" status="4" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="112" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">112</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="520" created_at="2021-12-24" date_created="" file_id="292" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-24" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="tabussam786" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Final maryam work in for jojo.docx</name> <file id="292" filesize="46777" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/112/61c5cfcb432f0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="530" created_at="2021-12-24" date_created="" file_id="292" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="520" uploader="tabussam786" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Final maryam work in for jojo.docx</name> <file id="292" filesize="46777" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/112/61c5cfcb432f0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="1" primary_contact_id="493" url_path="" seq="0" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">112</id> <title locale="en_US">FUNCTIONAL AND NUTRACEUTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CINNAMON</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Cinnamon has been using as a fragrant plant and spice. Cinnamon is a member of family Lauraceae. Cinnamon has been used as a traditional medicine to reduce blood glucose level in diabetes and to control Blood pressure, Tumor Growth, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Cinnamon nutritional composition revealed that it contained a significant value of mineral, vitamins, and the main bioactive component is cinnamaldehyde. Cinnamon caloric content was determined as of carbohydrate (CHO), protein, fat, fiber, moisture and ash. Cinnamon contained the uppermost amount of carbohydrate (53.37%) in T1 and the lowermost amount of ash (1.25%) in T3. The mineral content of macro-elements and micro-elements were determined from chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and sodium (Na). The content of minerals in Cinnamon contained the highest amount of potassium (135.2) in T1 and the lowest sodium in T2. The content of vitamins in Cinnamon contained the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins A, K, E, D, β-carotene and C, B12, B9, B6, B3, B2, B1 were determined. Amongst the vitamins, cinnamon contained the uppermost value of β-carotene (112) and the lowermost value of vitamin B6 (0.158). Bioactive compounds of Cinnamon were determined cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl acetate, β-caryophyllene and coumarin. Among the bioactive compounds in Cinnamon contained the uppermost value of cinnamaldehyde (64.56). The antioxidant capacity of cinnamon bark extract was (49 μg/mL). Conclusively, cinnamon is enriched with nutritional values. So, it can be used in the treatment of various disease.</p></abstract> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Cinnamon</keyword> <keyword>Chemical Analysis</keyword> <keyword>Nutritent Composition</keyword> <keyword>Cinnamaldehyde</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="696"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maryam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shahzadi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="697"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bahisht </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rizwan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="493"> <givenname locale="en_US">TABUSSAM</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">TUFAIL</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHOREUniversity Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tabussam.tufail@dnsc.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="698"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shahnai</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Basharat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="699"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sanober </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shehzadi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of University Institute of Physical Therapy, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <citations> <citation>Arora S, et al., (2020). Cinnamon: A Clinical Approach as Multifarious Natural Remedy with Absolute Immunity. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 8(3):2331-2345. https://ejmcm.com/article_10484.html</citation> <citation>Medagama AB, (2015). The glycaemic outcomes of Cinnamon, a review of the experimental evidence and clinical trials. Nutrition journal, 14(1):1-2.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1186/s12937-015-0098-9</citation> <citation>Vangalapati et al., (2012). A review on pharmacological activities and clinical effects of cinnamon species. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 3(1): 653–663.</citation> <citation>Al-Samydai A, et al., (2018). Anti-Diabetic Activity of Cinnamon: A Review. International Research Journal of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, 1(5):43-45.</citation> <citation>http://irjpms.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/IRJPMS-V1N5P66-18.pdf</citation> <citation>Goel B and Mishra S, (2020). Medicinal and Nutritional Perspective of Cinnamon: A Mini-review. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 31(3):10-16.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.9734/ejmp/2020/v31i330218</citation> <citation>Isaac-Renton, et al., (2015). Cinnamon spice and everything not nice: many features of intraoral allergy to cinnamic aldehyde. Dermatitis, 26(3):116-121.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1097/DER.0000000000000112</citation> <citation>Ribeiro-Santos, et al., (2017). A. Revisiting an ancient spice with medicinal purposes: Cinnamon. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 62:154-169.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.02.011</citation> <citation>Van Haute S, et al., (2016). The effect of Cinnamon, oregano and thyme essential oils in the marinade on the microbial shelf life of fish and meat products. Food Control, 68:30-39.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1016/J.FOODCONT.2016.03.025</citation> <citation>Bhagya, H. P., Raveendra, Y. C., and Lalithya, K. A, (2015). Multi beneficial uses of spices: A brief review. Acta Scientifica International Food Nutrition, 1:3-7. https://actascientific.com/ASNH/pdf/ASNH-01-0002.pdf</citation> <citation>Kim JE, et al., (2015). A novel cinnamon-related natural product with Pim-1 inhibitory activity inhibits leukaemia and skin cancer. Cancer research, 75(13):2716-2728.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-3655</citation> <citation>Vallverdú-Queralt A, et al., (2014). A comprehensive study on the phenolic profile of widely used culinary herbs and spices: Rosemary, thyme, oregano, cinnamon, cumin and bay. Food chemistry, 154:299-307.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.106</citation> <citation>Seyer MÈ and Gélinas P (2009). Bran characteristics and wheat performance in whole wheat bread. International journal of food science & technology, 44(4):688-693.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2008.01819.</citation> <citation>Akdogan H, Tilley M and Chung OK, (2006). Effect of emulsifiers on textural properties of whole wheat tortillas during storage. Cereal Chemistry, 83(6):632-635.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1094/CC-83-0632</citation> <citation>Amir RM, et al., (2013). Application of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for the identification of wheat varieties. Journal of food science and technology, 50(5):1018-1023.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1007/s13197-011-0424-y</citation> <citation>Aboshora W, et al., (2016). Influence of doum (Hyphaene thebaica L.) flour addition on dough mixing properties, bread quality and antioxidant potential. Journal of food science and technology, 53(1):591-600.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1007/s13197-015-2063-1</citation> <citation>Gaspar MC, et al., (2013). Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis lung disease and new perspectives of treatment: a review. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 32(10):1231-1252.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1007/s10096-013-1876-y</citation> <citation>Bettge AD, et al., (2002). Adaptation of AACC method 56‐11, solvent retention capacity, for use as an early generation selection tool for cultivar development. Cereal Chemistry, 79(5):670-674.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1094/CCHEM.2002.79.5.670</citation> <citation>AOAC, (1990). Official Methods of Analysis Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 15th ed. USA: Wilson Boulevard.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.4236/ce.2020.118106</citation> <citation>Finglas PM and Faulks RM (1984). The HPLC analysis of thiamin and riboflavin in potatoes. Food chemistry, 15(1):37-44.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1016/0308-8146(84)90037-2</citation> <citation>Manz, U., and Philipp, K. (1981). Method for the routine determination of tocopherols in animal feed and human foodstuffs with the aid of HPLC. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 51(4):342–348.</citation> <citation>PMID: 7451386</citation> <citation>Kamman, J. F., Wanthesen, J. J., and Labuza, T. P (1980). Technique for measuring thiamin and riboflavin in fortified foods. Journal of Food Science, 45(6):1497–1499.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb07548.x</citation> <citation>Friedman M, Kozukue N, and Harden LA, (2000). Cinnamaldehyde content in foods determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 48(11):5702-5709.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1021/jf000585g</citation> <citation>Blois MS, (1958). Antioxidant determinations by the use of a stable free radical. Nature, 181(4617):1199-1200.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1038/1811199a0</citation> <citation>Gul S and Safdar M (2009). Proximate composition and mineral analysis of Cinnamon. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(9):1456-1460.</citation> <citation>doi=pjn.2009.1456.1460</citation> <citation>Al-Numair KS, et al., (2007). Nutritive value, levels of polyphenols and anti-nutritional factors in Sri Lankan cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeyalnicum) and Chinese Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Cassia). Food Science & Agriculture Research Center, King Saud University, 154:5-21.</citation> <citation>doi=10.1.1.547.6826</citation> <citation>Khalisyaseen O and Mohammed MT (2021). Identification of Some Antioxidant Active Compounds in True Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Zeylanicum) Bark Extract. NVEO-NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS Journal| NVEO, 8(4):7565-7577. http://www.nveo.org/index.php/journal/article/view/1623</citation> <citation>Kim YG, et al., (2015). Cinnamon bark oil and its components inhibit biofilm formation and toxin production. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 195:30-39.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.11.028</citation> <citation>Tasia WR and Widyaningsih TD, (2014). Jurnal Review: Potensi Cincau Hitam (Mesona palustris B1.), Daun Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius) Dan Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmannii) Sebagai Bahan Baku Minuman Herbal Fungsional. Jurnal Pangan dan Agroindustri, 2(4);128-136.</citation> <citation>https://jpa.ub.ac.id/index.php/jpa/article/view/85</citation> </citations> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-23" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="141" stage="editorial"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">141</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="511" created_at="2021-12-23" date_created="" file_id="286" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-23" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">WOUND HEALING EFFICACY OF HONEY, ALOE VERA, AND TURMERIC.docx</name> <file id="286" filesize="47166" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/141/61c4857bd0724.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="603" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="286" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="511" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">WOUND HEALING EFFICACY OF HONEY, ALOE VERA, AND TURMERIC.docx</name> <file id="286" filesize="47166" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/141/61c4857bd0724.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="655" created_at="2022-01-05" date_created="" file_id="286" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="603" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">WOUND HEALING EFFICACY OF HONEY, ALOE VERA, AND TURMERIC.docx</name> <file id="286" filesize="47166" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/141/61c4857bd0724.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="791" created_at="2022-01-22" date_created="" file_id="442" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-01-23" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">WOUND HEALING EFFICACY OF HONEY, ALOE VERA, AND TURMERIC</name> <file id="442" filesize="1177621" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/141/61ed32a2b533d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="437" filesize="1178487" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/141/61ec24271ad56.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="669" url_path="" seq="4" date_published="2021-12-30" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">141</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.141</id> <title locale="en_US">Wound Healing Efficacy of Hondy, Aloe Vera, and Turmeric</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Wound Healing Efficacy of Hondy, Aloe Vera, and Turmeric</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Skin naturally acts as a body's protective layer and external environmental factors that can harm internal body organs are protected by it.So, maintaining skin integrity is vital for normal physiological functioning.In our daily lives, the bodies of both animals and humans are subjected to various forms of violence, some of which are severe enough to destroy the skin's continuity.A wound is a breakdown in the continuity of the skin. When the skin's continuity is disrupted, the body's interior organs are exposed.There's a risk of death in this case.There's a risk of death in this case. The skin's immediate response to a wound is the first step in the healing process, which begins automatically after the injury has been inflicted.It is possible to speed up this process in a variety of ways, including keeping the wound free of bacterial infection, moisture, and dirt.A&nbsp;number&nbsp;of&nbsp;antiseptic&nbsp;dressings&nbsp;are&nbsp;available&nbsp;for&nbsp;this&nbsp;purpose,&nbsp;and&nbsp;when&nbsp;applied&nbsp;topically,they&nbsp;help&nbsp;to&nbsp;speed&nbsp;up&nbsp;the&nbsp;healing&nbsp;process&nbsp;of&nbsp;wounds.They protect the wound from contamination by microorganisms and speed up the healing process.Among these are <em>Aloe vera</em>, honey, and turmeric, all of which have considerable wound healing capabilities.Turmeric, honey, and <em>Aloe vera</em> are all considered good for promoting wound healing.They are involved in the prevention of platelet aggregation, myocardial infarction, tumour formation, inflammatory cytokine release, oxidative stress, and metastasis.Several studies have demonstrated that they play a critical function in the promotion of wound healing. Their use for wound dressing has proven to be a successful method. The primary goal of this review is to summarise previous scientists' findings with authentic concluding verse for the use of <em>Aloe vera</em>,Turmeric and Honey that are safe, readily available, and less expensive.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="669"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Jamil</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">PARC Arid Zone Research Centre, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>jamilmatrah@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="670"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Kashif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Clinical Sciences, Sub Campus Jhang, University of veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="671"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bashir </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Plant Protection,University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="672"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bibi </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sadia</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Sardar Bahadur Khan Women's University, Quetta, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="673"> <givenname locale="en_US">Imtiaz </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">PARC Adaptive Research Cum Demonstration Institute, Miranshah, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="674"> <givenname locale="en_US">Imran </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Qazi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">PARC Adaptive Research Cum Demonstration Institute, Wana, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="675"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Fahimullah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="676"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mubarik </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Animal science Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, Islamabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="677"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rasheed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Animal science Institute, National Agricultural Research Center, -Islamabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="678"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Rehan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">106</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.141.g106</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="791"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Mustoe T (2004). Understanding chronic wounds: a unifying hypothesis on their pathogenesis and implications for therapy. The American Journal of Surgery,187(5): 65-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(03)00306-4</citation> <citation>Janis JE, Kwon RK, Lalonde DH (2010). A practical guide to wound healing. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 125(6):230e-44e. 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181d9a0d1</citation> <citation>Stadelmann WK, Digenis AG, Tobin GR (1998). Physiology and healing dynamics of chronic cutaneous wounds. The American Journal of Surgery, 176(2):26S-38S. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9610(98)00183-4</citation> <citation>Robson MC, Heggers JP (1970). Delayed wound closures based on bacterial counts. Journal of surgical oncology, 2(4):379-83.</citation> <citation>Robson MC (1997). Wound infection: a failure of wound healing caused by an imbalance of bacteria. Surgical Clinics of North America, 77(3):637-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6109(05)70572-7</citation> <citation>Jull AB, Cullum N, Dumville JC, Westby MJ, Deshpande S, Walker N (2015). Honey as a topical treatment for wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005083.pub4</citation> <citation>Wasiak J, Cleland H, Campbell F, Spinks A (2013). Dressings for superficial and partial thickness burns. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (3). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002106.pub4</citation> <citation>O'Meara S, Al‐Kurdi D, Ologun Y, Ovington LG, Martyn‐St James M, Richardson R (2014). Antibiotics and antiseptics for venous leg ulcers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003557.pub5</citation> <citation>Nelson EA, Bradley MD (2007). Dressings and topical agents for arterial leg ulcers. Cochrane database of systematic Reviews, (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001836.pub2</citation> <citation>French VM, Cooper RA, Molan PC (2005). The antibacterial activity of honey against coagulase-negative staphylococci. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 56(1):228-31.https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dki193</citation> <citation>Simon A, Traynor K, Santos K, Blaser G, Bode U, Molan P (2009). Medical honey for wound care—still the ‘latest resort’?.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine, 6(2):165-73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem175</citation> <citation>Lee DS, Sinno S, Khachemoune A (2011). Honey and wound healing. American journal of clinical dermatology, 12(3):181-90. https://doi.org/10.2165/11538930-000000000-00000</citation> <citation>Allen KL, Molan PC, Reid GM (1991). A survey of the antibacterial activity of some New Zealand honeys. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 43(12):817-22. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1991.tb03186.x</citation> <citation>Lusby PE, Coombes AL, Wilkinson JM (2005). Bactericidal activity of different honeys against pathogenic bacteria. Archives of medical research, 36(5):464-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2005.03.038</citation> <citation>Cooper RA, Halas E, Molan PC (2002). The efficacy of honey in inhibiting strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from infected burns. The Journal of burn care & rehabilitation, 23(6):366-70. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004630-200211000-00002</citation> <citation>Cooper RA, Molan PC, Harding KG (2002). The sensitivity to honey of Gram‐positive cocci of clinical significance isolated from wounds. Journal of applied microbiology, 93(5):857-63.</citation> <citation>Sherlock O, Dolan A, Athman R, Power A, Gethin G, Cowman S, Humphreys H (2010). Comparison of the antimicrobial activity of Ulmo honey from Chile and Manuka honey against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 10(1):1-5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-10-47</citation> <citation>Irish J, Carter DA, Shokohi T, Blair SE (2006). Honey has an antifungal effect against Candida species. Medical Mycology, 44(3):289-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/13693780500417037</citation> <citation>Oryan A, Zaker SR (1998). Effects of topical application of honey on cutaneous wound healing in rabbits. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series, 45(1‐10):181-8.</citation> <citation>Bergman A, Yanai J, Weiss J, Bell D, David MP (1983). Acceleration of wound healing by topical application of honey: an animal model. The American journal of surgery, 145(3):374-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(83)90204-0</citation> <citation>Efem SE (1988). Clinical observations on the wound healing properties of honey. British journal of Surgery, 75(7):679-81.</citation> <citation>Molan PC. Re-introducing honey in the management of wounds and ulcers-theory and practice. https://hdl.handle.net/10289/203</citation> <citation>Subrahmanyam M (1993). Honey impregnated gauze versus polyurethane film (OpSiteR) in the treatment of burns—a prospective randomised study. British journal of plastic surgery, 46(4):322-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-1226(93)90012-Z</citation> <citation>Subrahmanyam M (1991). Topical application of honey in treatment of burns. Journal of British Surgery, 78(4):497-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800780435</citation> <citation>Subrahmanyam M (1998). A prospective randomized clinical and histological study of superficial burn wound healing with honey and silver sulfadiazine. Burns, 24(2):157-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4179(97)00113-7</citation> <citation>Saber A (2010). Effect of honey versus intergel in intraperitoneal adhesion prevention and colonic anastomotic healing: a randomized controlled study in rats. International Journal of Surgery, 8(2):121-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2009.11.010</citation> <citation>Biswal BM, Zakaria A, Ahmad NM (2003). Topical application of honey in the management of radiation mucositis. A preliminary study. Supportive Care in Cancer, 11(4):242-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-003-0443-y</citation> <citation>Motallebnejad M, Akram S, Moghadamnia A, Moulana Z, Omidi S (2008). The effect of topical application of pure honey on radiation-induced mucositis: a randomized clinical trial. J contemp dent pract, 9(3):40-7.</citation> <citation>Khanal B, Baliga M, Uppal N (2010). Effect of topical honey on limitation of radiation-induced oral mucositis: an intervention study. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery, 39(12):1181-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2010.05.014</citation> <citation>Rashad UM, Al-Gezawy SM, El-Gezawy E, Azzaz AN (2009). Honey as topical prophylaxis against radiochemotherapy-induced mucositis in head and neck cancer. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 123(2):223-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215108002478</citation> <citation>Ingle R, Levin J, Polinder K (2006). Wound healing with honey-a randomised controlled trial. South African Medical Journal, 96(9):831-5.</citation> <citation>McIntosh CD, Thomson CE (2006). Honey dressing versus paraffin tulle gras following toenail surgery. Journal of wound care, 15(3):133-6. https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2006.15.3.26877</citation> <citation>Marshall C, Queen J, Manjooran J (2005). Honey vspovidone iodine following toenail surgery. WOUNDS UK, 1(1):10.</citation> <citation>Mashhood AA, Khan TA, Sami AN (2006). Honey compared with 1% silver sulfadiazine cream in the treatment of superficial and partial thickness burns. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists, 16(1):14-9.</citation> <citation>Bangroo AK, Khatri R, Chauhan S (2005). Honey dressing in pediatric burns. Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons, 10(3):172. 10.4103/0971-9261.16970</citation> <citation>Subrahmanyam M, Sahapure A, Nagane N. Effects of topical application of honey on burn wound healing.</citation> <citation>Subrahmanyam M (1996). Honey dressing versus boiled potato peel in the treatment of burns: a prospective randomized study. Burns, 22(6):491-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(96)00007-1</citation> <citation>Subrahmanyam M (1994). Honey-impregnated gauze versus amniotic membrane in the treatment of burns. Burns, 20(4):331-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-4179(94)90061-2</citation> <citation>Wijesinghe M, Weatherall M, Perrin K, Beasley R (2009). Honey in the treatment of burns: a systematic review and meta-analysis of its efficacy. Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE): Quality-assessed Reviews [Internet]</citation> <citation>Moore OA, Smith LA, Campbell F, Seers K, McQuay HJ, Moore RA (2001). Systematic review of the use of honey as a wound dressing. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 1(1):1-6. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-1-2</citation> <citation>Subrahmanyam M (1999). Early tangential excision and skin grafting of moderate burns is superior to honey dressing: a prospective randomised trial. Burns, 25(8):729-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-4179(99)00063-7</citation> <citation>Jull A, Walker N, Parag V, Molan P, Rodgers A (2008). Randomized clinical trial of honey-impregnated dressings for venous leg ulcers. Journal of British Surgery, 95(2):175-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.6059</citation> <citation>Baruah A, Bordoloi M, Baruah HP (2016). Aloe vera: A multipurpose industrial crop. Industrial Crops and Products, 94:951-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.08.034</citation> <citation>Pothuraju R, Sharma RK, Onteru SK, Singh S, Hussain SA (2016). Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Aloe vera extract preparations: A review. Phytotherapy research, 30(2):200-7.</citation> <citation>Singab AN, El‐Hefnawy HM, Esmat A, Gad HA, Nazeam JA (2015). A systemic review on aloe arborescens pharmacological profile: biological activities and pilot clinical trials. Phytotherapy Research, 29(12):1858-67.</citation> <citation>Kumar R, Singh AK, Gupta A, Bishayee A, Pandey AK (2019). Therapeutic potential of Aloe vera-A miracle gift of nature. Phytomedicine, 60:152996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152996</citation> <citation>Kang MC, Kim SY, Kim YT, Kim EA, Lee SH, Ko SC, Wijesinghe WA, Samarakoon KW, Kim YS, Cho JH, Jang HS (2014). In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities of polysaccharide purified from aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) gel. Carbohydrate polymers, 99:365-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.07.091</citation> <citation>Sánchez M, González-Burgos E, Iglesias I, Gómez-Serranillos MP (2020). Pharmacological update properties of Aloe vera and its major active constituents. Molecules, 25(6):1324. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061324</citation> <citation>Shakib Z, Shahraki N, Razavi BM, Hosseinzadeh H (2019). Aloe vera as an herbal medicine in the treatment of metabolic syndrome: A review. Phytotherapy Research, 33(10):2649-60.</citation> <citation>Miroddi M, Navarra M, Calapai F, Mancari F, Giofrè SV, Gangemi S, Calapai G (2015). Review of clinical pharmacology of Aloe vera L. in the treatment of psoriasis. Phytotherapy Research, 29(5):648-55.</citation> <citation>Gao Y, Kuok KI, Jin Y, Wang R (2019). Biomedical applications of Aloe vera. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 59(1): 244-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1496320</citation> <citation>Akaberi M, Sobhani Z, Javadi B, Sahebkar A, Emami SA (2016). Therapeutic effects of Aloe spp. in traditional and modern medicine: A review. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 84:759-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.096</citation> <citation>Yang MS, Yu CP, Huang CY, Chao PD, Lin SP, Hou YC (2017). Aloe activated P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A: a study on the serum kinetics of aloe and its interaction with cyclosporine in rats. Food & function, 8(1):315-22. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6FO00938G</citation> <citation>Rodríguez ER, Martín JD, Romero CD (2010). Aloe vera as a functional ingredient in foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 50(4):305-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390802544454</citation> <citation>Hamman JH (2008). Composition and applications of Aloe vera leaf gel. Molecules, 13(8):1599-616. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules13081599</citation> <citation>Minjares-Fuentes R, Femenia A, Comas-Serra F, Rodríguez-González VM (2018). Compositional and structural features of the main bioactive polysaccharides present in the Aloe vera plant. Journal of AOAC International, 101(6):1711-9. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0119</citation> <citation>Añibarro-Ortega M, Pinela J, Barros L, Ćirić A, Silva SP, Coelho E, Mocan A, Calhelha RC, Soković M, Coimbra MA, Ferreira IC (2019). Compositional features and bioactive properties of aloe vera leaf (Fillet, mucilage, and rind) and flower. Antioxidants, 8(10):444. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8100444</citation> <citation>Shi XD, Nie SP, Yin JY, Que ZQ, Zhang LJ, Huang XJ (2017). Polysaccharide from leaf skin of Aloe barbadensis Miller: Part I. Extraction, fractionation, physicochemical properties and structural characterization. Food Hydrocolloids, 73:176-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.06.039</citation> <citation>Lin LX, Wang P, Wang YT, Huang Y, Jiang L, Wang XM (2016). Aloe vera and Vitisvinifera improve wound healing in an in vivo rat burn wound model. Molecular medicine reports, 13(2):1070-6. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.4681</citation> <citation>Burusapat C, Supawan M, Pruksapong C, Pitiseree A, Suwantemee C (2018). Topical Aloe vera gel for accelerated wound healing of split-thickness skin graft donor sites: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial and systematic review. Plastic and reconstructive surgery, 142(1):217-26. 10.1097/PRS.0000000000004515</citation> <citation>Das S, Mishra B, Gill K, Ashraf MS, Singh AK, Sinha M, Sharma S, Xess I, Dalal K, Singh TP, Dey S (2011). Isolation and characterization of novel protein with anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties from Aloe vera leaf gel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 48(1):38-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.09.010</citation> <citation>de Oliveira AC, Tabrez S, Shakil S, Khan MI, Asghar MN, Matias BD, da Silva Batista JM, Rosal MM, de Lima MM, Gomes SR, de Carvalho RM (2018). Mutagenic, antioxidant and wound healing properties of Aloe vera. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 227:191-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.08.034</citation> <citation>Dat AD, Poon F, Pham KB, Doust J (2012). Aloe vera for treating acute and chronic wounds. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008762.pub2</citation> <citation>Hashemi SA, Madani SA, Abediankenari S (2015). The review on properties of Aloe vera in healing of cutaneous wounds. BioMed research international. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/714216</citation> <citation>Hormozi M, Assaei R, Boroujeni MB (2017). The effect of aloe vera on the expression of wound healing factors (TGFβ1 and bFGF) in mouse embryonic fibroblast cell: In vitro study. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 88:610-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.095</citation> <citation>Budai MM, Varga A, Milesz S, Tőzsér J, Benkő S (2013). Aloe veradownregulates LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production and expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in human macrophages. Molecular immunology, 56(4):471-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2013.05.005</citation> <citation>zadehGharaboghaz MN, Farahpour MR, Saghaie S (2020). Topical co-administration of Teucriumpoliumhydroethanolic extract and Aloe vera gel triggered wound healing by accelerating cell proliferation in diabetic mouse model. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 127:110189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110189</citation> <citation>Oryan A, Mohammadalipour A, Moshiri A, Tabandeh MR (2016). Topical application of Aloe vera accelerated wound healing, modeling, and remodeling: an experimental study. Annals of plastic surgery, 77(1):37-46. 10.1097/SAP.0000000000000239</citation> <citation>Tabandeh MR, Oryan A, Mohammadalipour A (2014). Polysaccharides of Aloe vera induce MMP-3 and TIMP-2 gene expression during the skin wound repair of rat. International journal of biological macromolecules, 65:424-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.055</citation> <citation>Xing W, Guo W, Zou CH, Fu TT, Li XY, Zhu M, Qi JH, Song J, Dong CH, Li Z, Xiao Y (2015). Acemannan accelerates cell proliferation and skin wound healing through AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Journal of Dermatological Science, 79(2):101-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.03.016</citation> <citation>Chokboribal J, Tachaboonyakiat W, Sangvanich P, Ruangpornvisuti V, Jettanacheawchankit S, Thunyakitpisal P (2015). Deacetylation affects the physical properties and bioactivity of acemannan, an extracted polysaccharide from Aloe vera. Carbohydrate polymers, 133:556-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.039</citation> <citation>Liu C, Cui Y, Pi F, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Qian H (2019). Extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities and pharmacological applications of acemannan, a polysaccharide from aloe vera: A review. Molecules, 24(8):1554. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081554</citation> <citation>Priya SG, Gupta A, Jain E, Sarkar J, Damania A, Jagdale PR, Chaudhari BP, Gupta KC, Kumar A (2016). Bilayer cryogel wound dressing and skin regeneration grafts for the treatment of acute skin wounds. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 8(24):15145-59. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b04711</citation> <citation>Boudreau MD, Beland FA (2006). An evaluation of the biological and toxicological properties of Aloe barbadensis (miller), Aloe vera. Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part C, 24(1):103-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/10590500600614303</citation> <citation>Li LJ, Gao SQ, Peng LH, Wang XR, Zhang Y, Hu ZJ, Gao JQ (2017). Evaluation of efficacy of aloin in treating acute trauma in vitro and in vivo. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 88:1211-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.01.174</citation> <citation>Di Luccia B, Manzo N, Vivo M, Galano E, Amoresano A, Crescenzi E, Pollice A, Tudisco R, Infascelli F, Calabrò V (2013). A biochemical and cellular approach to explore the antiproliferative and prodifferentiative activity of Aloe arborescens leaf extract. Phytotherapy Research, 27(12):1819-28.</citation> <citation>Lee W, Jeong GS, Baek MC, Ku SK, Bae JS (2019). Renal protective effects of aloin in a mouse model of sepsis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 132:110651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.110651</citation> <citation>Silva MA, Trevisan G, Hoffmeister C, Rossato MF, Boligon AA, Walker CI, Klafke JZ, Oliveira SM, Silva CR, Athayde ML, Ferreira J (2014). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Aloe saponaria Haw in a model of UVB-induced paw sunburn in rats. Journal of Photochemistry and photobiology B: Biology, 133:47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.02.019</citation> <citation>Du, Y., Qian, B., Gao, L.,et al (2019). Aloin preconditioning attenuates hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury via in-hibiting TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB signal pathway in vivo and in vitro.Oxid Med Cell Longev 3765898.</citation> <citation>Luo X, Zhang H, Wei X, Shi M, Fan P, Xie W, Zhang Y, Xu N (2018). Aloin suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and apoptosis by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB. Molecules, 23(3):517. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23030517</citation> <citation>Park MY, Kwon HJ, Sung MK (2009). Evaluation of aloin and aloe-emodin as anti-inflammatory agents in aloe by using murine macrophages. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 73(4):828-32. https://doi.org/10.1271/bbb.80714</citation> <citation>Sun H, Luo G, Chen D, Xiang Z (2016). A comprehensive and system review for the pharmacological mechanism of action of rhein, an active anthraquinone ingredient. Frontiers in pharmacology, 7:247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2016.00247</citation> <citation>Choi SW, Son BW, Son YS, Park YI, Lee SK, Chung MH (2001). The wound‐healing effect of a glycoprotein fraction isolated from aloe vera. British Journal of Dermatology, 145(4):535-45.</citation> <citation>Choi S, Kim KW, Choi JS, Han ST, Park YI, Lee SK, Kim JS, Chung MH (2002). Angiogenic activity of β-sitosterol in the ischaemia/reperfusion-damaged brain of Mongolian gerbil. Plantamedica, 68(04):330-5. 10.1055/s-2002-26750</citation> <citation>Liao PC, Lai MH, Hsu KP, Kuo YH, Chen J, Tsai MC, Li CX, Yin XJ, Jeyashoke N, Chao LK (2018). Identification of β-sitosterol as in vitro anti-inflammatory constituent in Moringaoleifera. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 66(41):10748-59. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04555</citation> <citation>Wahedi HM, Jeong M, Chae JK, Do SG, Yoon H, Kim SY (2017). Aloesin from Aloe vera accelerates skin wound healing by modulating MAPK/Rho and Smad signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine, 28:19-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2017.02.005</citation> <citation>Hobson R (2016). Vitamin E and wound healing: an evidence‐based review. International wound journal, 13(3):331-5.</citation> <citation>Sinno S, Lee DS, Khachemoune A (2011). Vitamins and cutaneous wound healing. Journal of wound care, 20(6):287-93. https://doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2011.20.6.287</citation> <citation>Ahmad S, Ali M, Ansari SH, Ahmed F (2011). Phytoconstituents from the rhizomes of Curcuma aromaticaSalisb. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 5(3):287-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2010.10.011</citation> <citation>Pant N, Misra H, Jain DC (2013). Phytochemical investigation of ethyl acetate extract from Curcuma aromaticaSalisb. rhizomes. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 6(3):279-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.10.007</citation> <citation>Revathi S, Malathy NS (2013). Antibacterial activity of rhizome of Curcuma aromatica and partial purification of active compounds. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 75(6):732.</citation> <citation>Quality standards of Indian medicinal plants. Edn 1, Vol. 6, Indian Council of medical Research, RamalingaswamiBhawan, 2008, 102- 109.</citation> <citation>Kumar A, Chomwal R, Kumar P, Sawal R (2009). Anti inflammatory and wound healing activity of Curcuma aromaticasalisb extract and its formulation. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 1(1):304-10.</citation> <citation>Liu B, Gao YQ, Wang XM, Wang YC, Fu LQ (2014). Germacrone inhibits the proliferation of glioma cells by promoting apoptosis and inducing cell cycle arrest. Molecular medicine reports, 10(2):1046-50. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.2290</citation> <citation>Wu WY, Xu Q, Shi LC, Zhang WB (2000). Inhibitory effects of Curcuma aromatica oil on proliferation of hepatoma in mice. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 6(2):216. https://dx.doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v6.i2.216</citation> </citations> <pages>26-35</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-19" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="122" stage="externalReview"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">122</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="470" created_at="2021-12-19" date_created="" file_id="257" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-19" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="bahisht_33" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">final-Seed cycling to pakistan biomedical journal 17th dec21.docx</name> <file id="257" filesize="70162" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/122/61bf8a9cd045f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="525" created_at="2021-12-24" date_created="" file_id="257" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="470" uploader="bahisht_33" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">final-Seed cycling to pakistan biomedical journal 17th dec21.docx</name> <file id="257" filesize="70162" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/122/61bf8a9cd045f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="707" created_at="2022-01-10" date_created="" file_id="257" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-10" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="525" uploader="bahisht_33" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">final-Seed cycling to pakistan biomedical journal 17th dec21.docx</name> <file id="257" filesize="70162" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/122/61bf8a9cd045f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="708" created_at="2022-01-10" date_created="" file_id="257" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-10" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="707" uploader="bahisht_33" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">final-Seed cycling to pakistan biomedical journal 17th dec21.docx</name> <file id="257" filesize="70162" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/122/61bf8a9cd045f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1121" created_at="2022-02-24" date_created="" file_id="618" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-02-25" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="618" filesize="877234" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/122/6218f020e6280.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="614" filesize="877343" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/122/621782df710c3.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="546" url_path="" seq="3" date_published="2021-12-31" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">122</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.122</id> <title locale="en_US">Role of Seed Cycling in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Seed Cycling in PCOS</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Poly-cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is described as an endocrine disorderliness emerging from hormonal inequality and low form of inflammation. PCOS is a metabolic syndrome which includes complex medical treatments which are expensive and has many side effects. The purpose of review is to extract a literature that proves that diet has significant role in treatment of PCOS. After going through the published literature and initially 150 articles were included, which were after reducing 98 the duplicates, 22 irrelevant diseases were excluded. However, title and abstract 30-full text articles were eligiblewere relevant to topic role of seeds cycling containing omega 3 fatty acids on Pcos.Different review papers which contained data the role of different seeds i.e. flax seeds,sesame seeds,pumpkin seeds,sunflower seeds seperately then we came to conclusion that n-3 fatty acids were the main component among these seeds from plant sources which improves hormonal disturbances and insulin resistance in PCOS patients. This review literature is assessed from the precious data from Medline/PubMed, google scholar until November 2020. The present review is aimed to investigate the influence of <em>n</em>-3 fatty acid in balancing hormones, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and insulin levels.</p></abstract> <source locale="en_US">no</source> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <agencies locale="en_US"> <agency>none</agency> </agencies> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="585"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tabeen </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Irfan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of diet and nutritional science, Department of Allied health sciences, The university of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="586"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kinza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Seher</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of diet and nutritional science, Department of Allied health sciences, The university of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="546"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bahisht</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rizwan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of diet and nutritional science, Department of Allied health sciences, The university of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>bahisht.rizwan@dnsc.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="587"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sammar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fatima</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of diet and nutritional science, Department of Allied health sciences, The university of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="588"> <givenname locale="en_US">Affifa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sani</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of diet and nutritional science, Department of Allied health sciences, The university of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">170</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.122.g170</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1121"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Tosatti, J.A., Alves, M.T., Cândido, A.L., Reis, F.M., Araújo, V.E. and Gomes, K.B., (2020). Influence of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition, 125(6), 657- 668.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520003207</citation> <citation>Trikudanathan, S., (2015). Polycystic ovarian syndrome. Medical Clinics, 99(1), 221-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.09.003</citation> <citation>Maharjan, R., Nagar, P.S. and Nampoothiri, L., (2010). Effect of Aloe barbadensis Mill. formulation on Letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rat model. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 1(4), 273.</citation> <citation>https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0975-9476.74090</citation> <citation>Begum, G., Shariff, A., Ayman, G., Mohammad, B., Housam, R. and Khaled, N., (2017). Assessment of risk factors for development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research, 4(1), 164-167.</citation> <citation>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/GulamSaidunnnisa/publication/328307087_Assessment_of_Risk_Factors_for_development_of_Polycystic_Ovarian_Syndrome/links/5bc5c09992851cae21a827d9/Assessment-of-Risk-Factors-for-development-of-Polycystic-Ovarian-Syndrome.pdf</citation> <citation>Rineesha, K.P. and ST, A., 2021. Ayurvedic Management of Secondary Infertility due to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Tubal Block: A Case Study. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 9(2), 72-75.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.47070/ijapr.v9i2.1763</citation> <citation>Khan, A., Karim, N., & Ainuddin, J. A. (2019). The triad of PCOS, infertility and metformin. Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College, 9(1), 67-71. https://doi.org/10.51985/JBUMDC2018144</citation> <citation>Allahbadia, G.N. and Merchant, R., (2011). Polycystic ovary syndrome and impact on health. Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 16(1), 19-37.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2010.10.002</citation> <citation>Faghfoori, Z., Fazelian, S., Shadnoush, M. and Goodarzi, R., (2017). Nutritional management in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A review study. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 11, S429-S432.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.030</citation> <citation>Akram, M., & Roohi, N. (2015). Endocrine correlates of polycystic ovary syndrome in Pakistani women. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 25(1), 22-26.</citation> <citation>https://www.jcpsp.pk/archive/2015/Jan2015/07.pdf</citation> <citation>Patel, S., (2018). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an inflammatory, systemic, lifestyle endocrinopathy. Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 182(1), 27-36.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.008</citation> <citation>Yousuf, S.D., Rashid, F., Mattoo, T., Shekhar, C., Mudassar, S., Zargar, M.A. and Ganie, M.A., (2017). Does the oral contraceptive pill increase plasma intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A pilot study. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 30(1), 58-62.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2016.06.010</citation> <citation>Naderpoor, N., Shorakae, S., de Courten, B., Misso, M.L., Moran, L.J. and Teede, H.J., (2015). Metformin and lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 21(5), 560-574.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv025</citation> <citation>Tso, L.O., Costello, M.F., Albuquerque, L.E.T., Andriolo, R.B., Marjoribanks, J. and Macedo, C.R., (2015). Metformin treatment before and during in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: summary of a Cochrane review. Fertility and sterility, 104(3): 542-544.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.038</citation> <citation>Nasri, H. and Rafieian-Kopaei, M., (2014). Metformin: current knowledge. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 19(7), 658-664. PMID: 25364368</citation> <citation>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4214027/</citation> <citation>Szosland, K., Pawłowicz, P. and Lewiński, A., (2015). Prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Neuroendocrinology Letters, 36(1), 53–58. PMID: 25789595</citation> <citation>https://www.nel.edu/userfiles/articlesnew/NEL360115A11.pdf</citation> <citation>Rahmani, E., Samimi, M., Ebrahimi, F. A., Foroozanfard, F., Ahmadi, S., Rahimi, M., ... & Asemi, Z. (2017). The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on gene expression of lipoprotein (a) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 43(1), 247-255.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.008</citation> <citation>Geetha, V. and Chakravarthula, S.N., (2018). Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of Boswellia ovalifoliolata essential oils from leaf and bark. Journal of forestry research, 29(2), 373-381.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0457-9</citation> <citation>Ghasemifard, S., Hermon, K., Turchini, G.M. and Sinclair, A.J., (2015). Metabolic fate (absorption, β-oxidation and deposition) of long-chain n-3 fatty acids is affected by sex and by the oil source (krill oil or fish oil) in the rat. British journal of nutrition, 114(5), 684-692.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515002457</citation> <citation>Gray, B., Steyn, F., Davies, P.S.W. and Vitetta, L., (2013). Omega-3 fatty acids: a review of the effects on adiponectin and leptin and potential implications for obesity management. European journal of clinical nutrition, 67(12), 1234-1242.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.197</citation> <citation>Albracht-Schulte, K., Kalupahana, N.S., Ramalingam, L., Wang, S., Rahman, S.M., Robert-McComb, J. and Moustaid-Moussa, N., (2018). Omega-3 fatty acids in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a mechanistic update. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 58, 1-16.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.012</citation> <citation>Li, S., Wen, W., Gong, X., Huang, X. and Chen, N., (2018). Variation of lipids and fatty acids composition in the tissues of wild devil stinger (Inimicus japonicas) during sexual maturation. Aquaculture and fisheries, 3(3), 115-121.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2018.05.004</citation> <citation>Khani, B., Mardanian, F. and Fesharaki, S.J., (2017). Omega-3 supplementation effects on polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms and metabolic syndrome. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 22, 64-69.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.JRMS_644_16</citation> <citation>Zhang, X., Wang, H., Yin, P., Fan, H., Sun, L., and Liu, Y. (2017). Flaxseed oil ameliorates alcoholic liver disease via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in mice. Lipids in health and disease, 16(1), 1-10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0431-8</citation> <citation>Zhu, L., Sha, L., Li, K., Wang, Z., Wang, T., Li, Y., & Wang, H. (2020). Dietary flaxseed oil rich in omega-3 suppresses severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in rats. Lipids in health and disease, 19(1), 1-16.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-1167-4</citation> <citation>Kalupahana, N.S. and Moustaid‐Moussa, N., 2012. The renin‐angiotensin system: a link between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Obesity Reviews, 13(2), 136-149.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00942.x</citation> <citation>Martínez-Fernández, L., Laiglesia, L.M., Huerta, A.E., Martínez, J.A. and Moreno-Aliaga, M.J., 2015. Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue function in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators, 121(1), 24-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.07.003</citation> <citation>Oner, G. and Muderris, I.I., 2013. Efficacy of omega-3 in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 33(3), 289-291. https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2012.751365</citation> <citation>Salek, M., Clark, C. C., Taghizadeh, M., & Jafarnejad, S. (2019). N-3 fatty acids as preventive and therapeutic agents in attenuating PCOS complications. EXCLI journal, 18, 558. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2019-1534</citation> <citation>Nomura, S., Taniura, T., Shouzu, A., Omoto, S., Suzuki, M., Okuda, Y. and Ito, T., (2018). Effects of sarpogrelate, eicosapentaenoic acid and pitavastatin on arterioslcerosis obliterans-related biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes (SAREPITASO study). Vascular health and risk management, 14, 225-228.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S171143</citation> <citation>Lepretti, M., Martucciello, S., Burgos Aceves, M.A., Putti, R. and Lionetti, L., (2018). Omega-3 fatty acids and insulin resistance: focus on the regulation of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Nutrients, 10(3), 350-355.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030350</citation> <citation>O'Connor, A., Gibney, J. and Roche, H.M., (2010). Metabolic and hormonal aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome: the impact of diet. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 69(4), 628-635.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665110002016</citation> <citation>Günalan, E., Yaba, A. and Yılmaz, B., (2018). The effect of nutrient supplementation in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome-associated metabolic dysfunctions: A critical review. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association, 19(4), 215-220.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4274/jtgga.2018.0077</citation> <citation>Amini, M., Bahmani, F., Foroozanfard, F., Vahedpoor, Z., Ghaderi, A., Taghizadeh, M., Karbassizadeh, H. and Asemi, Z., (2020). The effects of fish oil omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on mental health parameters and metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2018.1508282</citation> <citation>Mirmasoumi, G., Fazilati, M., Foroozanfard, F., Vahedpoor, Z., Mahmoodi, S., Taghizadeh, M., Esfeh, N.K., Mohseni, M., Karbassizadeh, H. and Asemi, Z., (2018). The effects of flaxseed oil omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 126(4), 222-228.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-119751</citation> <citation>Escobar-Morreale, H.F., Luque-Ramírez, M. and González, F., (2011). Circulating inflammatory markers in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility and sterility, 95(3), 1048-1058.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.036</citation> <citation>Calder, P.C., (2017). Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochemical Society Transactions, 45(5), 1105-1115.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20160474</citation> <citation>Talari, H.R., Poladchang, S., Hamidian, Y., Samimi, M., Gilasi, H.R., Ebrahimi, F.A. and Asemi, Z., 2018. The effects of omega-3 and vitamin E co-supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness and inflammatory factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Oman medical journal, 33(6), 470-473.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2018.88</citation> <citation>Jamilian, M., Samimi, M., Mirhosseini, N., Ebrahimi, F.A., Aghadavod, E., Talaee, R., Jafarnejad, S., Dizaji, S.H. and Asemi, Z., (2018). The influences of vitamin D and omega-3 co-supplementation on clinical, metabolic and genetic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of affective disorders, 238(1), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.027</citation> <citation>Baldani, D.P., Skrgatic, L., Kasum, M., Zlopasa, G., Kralik Oguic, S. and Herman, M., (2019). Altered leptin, adiponectin, resistin and ghrelin secretion may represent an intrinsic polycystic ovary syndrome abnormality. Gynecological Endocrinology, 35(5),401-405.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2018.1534096</citation> <citation>Farimani, A.R., Hariri, M., Azimi-Nezhad, M., Borji, A., Zarei, S. and Hooshmand, E., (2018). The effect of n-3 PUFAs on circulating adiponectin and leptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta diabetologica, 55(7), 641-652.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-018-1110-6</citation> <citation>Kang, Y.E., Kim, J.M., Joung, K.H., Lee, J.H., You, B.R., Choi, M.J., Ryu, M.J., Ko, Y.B., Lee, M.A., Lee, J. and Ku, B.J., (2016). The roles of adipokines, proinflammatory cytokines, and adipose tissue macrophages in obesity-associated insulin resistance in modest obesity and early metabolic dysfunction. PloS one, 11(4), p.e0154003. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154003</citation> <citation>Hariri, M., Ghiasvand, R., Shiranian, A., Askari, G., Iraj, B. and Salehi‐Abargouei, A., (2015). Does omega‐3 fatty acids supplementation affect circulating leptin levels? A systematic review and meta‐analysis on randomized controlled clinical trials. Clinical endocrinology, 82(2), 221-228.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12508</citation> <citation>Nadjarzadeh, A., Dehghani-Firouzabadi, R., Daneshbodi, H., Lotfi, M.H., Vaziri, N. and Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., (2015). Effect of omega-3 supplementation on visfatin, adiponectin, and anthropometric indices in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Journal of reproduction & infertility, 16(4), 207-212. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4819211/</citation> <citation>Stein, J.D., Andrews, C., Musch, D.C., Green, C. and Lee, P.P., (2016). Sight-threatening ocular diseases remain underdiagnosed among children of less affluent families. Health Affairs, 8(8), 1359-1366.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1007</citation> <citation>Liepa, G.U., Sengupta, A. and Karsies, D., (2008). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Other Androgen Excess–Related Conditions: Can Changes in Dietary Intake Make a Difference? Nutrition in clinical practice, 23(1), 63-71.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/011542650802300163</citation> <citation>Miura, Y., (2013). The biological significance of ω-oxidation of fatty acids. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 89(8), 370-382.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.89.370</citation> <citation>Rabrenović, B.B., Dimić, E.B., Novaković, M.M., Tešević, V.V. and Basić, Z.N., (2014). The most important bioactive components of cold pressed oil from different pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 55(2), 521-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.10.019</citation> <citation>Lestari, B. and Meiyanto, E., (2018). A review: the emerging nutraceutical potential of pumpkin seeds. Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention, 9(2), 92-101.</citation> <citation>http:// doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev9iss2pp92-101</citation> <citation>Zeb, A. and Ahmad, S., 2017. Changes in acylglycerols composition, quality characteristics and in vivo effects of dietary pumpkin seed oil upon thermal oxidation. Frontiers in chemistry, 5(1), 50-55.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2017.00055</citation> <citation>Yari, Z., Rahimlou, M., Eslamparast, T., Ebrahimi-Daryani, N., Poustchi, H. and Hekmatdoost, A., (2016). Flaxseed supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot randomized, open labeled, controlled study. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 67(4), 461-469.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2016.1161011</citation> <citation>Haidari, F., Banaei-Jahromi, N., Zakerkish, M., & Ahmadi, K. (2020). The effects of flaxseed supplementation on metabolic status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized open-labeled controlled clinical trial. Nutrition journal, 19(1), 1-11.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-0524-5</citation> <citation>Wang, T., Sha, L., Li, Y., Zhu, L., Wang, Z., Li, K., Lu, H., Bao, T., Guo, L., Zhang, X. and Wang, H., (2020). Dietary α-Linolenic acid-rich flaxseed oil exerts beneficial effects on polycystic ovary syndrome through sex steroid hormones—microbiota—inflammation axis in rats. Frontiers in endocrinology, 11(1), 280-284.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00284</citation> <citation>Guo, S., Ge, Y. and Jom, K.N., (2017). A review of phytochemistry, metabolite changes, and medicinal uses of the common sunflower seed and sprouts (Helianthus annuus L.). Chemistry Central Journal, 11(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0328-7</citation> <citation>Aishwarya, S. and Anisha, V., (2014). Nutritional composition of sunflower seeds flour and nutritive value of products prepared by incorporating sunflower seeds flour. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences, 3(3), 45-49. https://ijpras.com/storage/models/article/gSoAOClKfyDfQsTBvwmbgRrVitVeXWG7w5pek98lwzuOpAD7jWmYNLLPcShx/nutritional-composition-of-sunflower-seeds-flour-and-nutritive-value-of-products-prepared-by-incor.pdf</citation> <citation>Aglave, H.R., (2018). Physiochemical characteristics of sesame seeds. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 6(1), 64-66.</citation> <citation>https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issue1/PartB/6-1-9-731.pdf</citation> </citations> <pages>21-25</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-17" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="124" stage="externalReview"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">124</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="463" created_at="2021-12-17" date_created="" file_id="250" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-17" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Metabolic Syndrome and Its Dietary Management.docx</name> <file id="250" filesize="105996" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/124/61bc5135a169e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="524" created_at="2021-12-24" date_created="" file_id="250" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="463" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Metabolic Syndrome and Its Dietary Management.docx</name> <file id="250" filesize="105996" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/124/61bc5135a169e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="557" created_at="2021-12-26" date_created="" file_id="250" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-26" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="524" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Metabolic Syndrome and Its Dietary Management.docx</name> <file id="250" filesize="105996" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/124/61bc5135a169e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="558" created_at="2021-12-26" date_created="" file_id="250" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-26" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="557" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Metabolic Syndrome and Its Dietary Management.docx</name> <file id="250" filesize="105996" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/124/61bc5135a169e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="809" created_at="2022-01-24" date_created="" file_id="451" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-01-24" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="451" filesize="968267" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/124/61eede01aff1e.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="556" url_path="" seq="2" date_published="2021-12-26" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">124</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.124</id> <title locale="en_US">Metabolic Syndrome & Its Dietary Management; A REVIEW</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Metabolic Syndrome & Its Dietary Management</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Metabolic Syndrome or MetS is a multifactorial disease consisting of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia. It’s common in 25% of the general population in the Northern US and Western Europe. In Pakistan, the statistics of MetS are unknown, however, it is expected to be twice that of the US. The middle age group and the geriatrics population have the highest number of MetS cases with risk factors such as obesity, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol, inadequate, inadequate sleep, and a non-vegetarian diet. The complications of MetS include obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular events. A Meditteranean diet rich in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, and olive oil as the source of fat is considered to be the only effective dietary management in MetS. Moreover, a high lean protein, low and complex carbohydrate and moderate unsaturated fats have also shown positive progress in MetS, especially with long-term weight reduction. Micronutrients requirements also increase in MetS. Fulfilling these increased requirements has been shown to regulate and improve the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates. Vitamin C and E, flavonoids, vitamin D, conjugated linoleic acid, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals such as magnesium and chromium, α-lipoic acid, phytoestrogens, and dietary fiber all have been studied to support the treatment of MetS along with aloe vera and other herbal products, yoga and aerobic exercises.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="556"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maria.aslam@ahs.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="567"> <givenname locale="en_US">Roman Ahmad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Shahroz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="568"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shoaib </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ramzan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="569"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sajid </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="570"> <givenname locale="en_US">Faisal </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shehzad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="571"> <givenname locale="en_US">Adnan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shafi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="572"> <givenname locale="en_US">Komal </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ajmal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="573"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nimra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rehman</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="574"> <givenname locale="en_US">Saher </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Iqbal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>8@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="575"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shehzil </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tanveer</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>9@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="576"> <givenname locale="en_US">Eman </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fatima</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>10@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">111</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.124.g111</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="809"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Kaur, J.J.C.r. and practice, A comprehensive review on metabolic syndrome. 2014. 2014.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/943162</citation> <citation>Eckel, R.H., et al., The metabolic syndrome. 2010. 375(9710): p. 181-183.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61794-3</citation> <citation>Weiss, R., A.A. Bremer, and R.H.J.A.o.t.N.Y.A.o.S. Lustig, What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it? 2013. 1281(1): p. 123.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12030</citation> <citation>El-Serag, H.B., T. Tran, and J.E.J.G. Everhart, Diabetes increases the risk of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. 2004. 126(2): p. 460-468.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2003.10.065</citation> <citation>Fiatarone, J., et al., Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis: impaired antipyrine metabolism and hypertriglyceridaemia may be clues to its pathogenesis. 1991. 6(6): p. 585-590.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.1991.tb00915.x</citation> <citation>Ratziu, V., et al., Liver fibrosis in overweight patients. 2000. 118(6): p. 1117-1123.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70364-7</citation> <citation>Gholam, P.M., et al., Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese subjects. 2007. 102(2): p. 399-408.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.01041.x</citation> <citation>Mottillo, S., et al., The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2010. 56(14): p. 1113-1132.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034</citation> <citation>Alberti, K.G., et al., Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the international diabetes federation task force on epidemiology and prevention; national heart, lung, and blood institute; American heart association; world heart federation; international atherosclerosis society; and international association for the study of obesity. 2009. 120(16): p. 1640-1645.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644</citation> <citation>Esposito, K., et al., Metabolic syndrome and risk of cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. 2012. 35(11): p. 2402-2411.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0336</citation> <citation>Ali, N.S., A.K. Khuwaja, and K.J.I.j.o.f.m. Nanji, Retrospective analysis of metabolic syndrome: Prevalence and distribution in executive population in urban Pakistan. 2012. 2012.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/649383</citation> <citation>Ervin, R.B., Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome Among Adults 20 years of age and over, by sex, age, race and ethnicity, and body mass index; United States, 2003-2006. 2009.</citation> <citation>Kaur, J., Assessment and Screening of the Risk Factors in Metabolic Syndrome. 2014. 2(3): p. 140-152.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci2030140</citation> <citation>Ogbera, A.O., Prevalence and gender distribution of the metabolic syndrome. Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, 2010. 2(1): p. 1.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-2-1</citation> <citation>Ogbera, A.O.J.D. and M. Syndrome, Prevalence and gender distribution of the metabolic syndrome. 2010. 2(1): p. 1-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-2-1</citation> <citation>Weiss, R., A.A. Bremer, and R.H. Lustig, What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2013. 1281(1): p. 123-140.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12030</citation> <citation>Antonini-Canterin, F., et al., Association Between Carotid Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Syndrome: Results From the ISMIR Study. 2010. 61(5): p. 443-448.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0003319709360523</citation> <citation>Momiyama, Y., et al., Inflammation, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease. 2014. 8s3: p. CMC.S39423.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4137/CMC.S39423</citation> <citation>Novo, S., et al., Preclinical atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome increase cardio- and cerebrovascular events rate: a 20-year follow up. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 2013. 12(1): p. 155.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2840-12-155</citation> <citation>Mottillo, S., et al., The Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Risk. 2010. 56(14): p. 1113-1132.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.05.034</citation> <citation>Martínez-González, M.A., et al., Benefits of the Mediterranean Diet: Insights From the PREDIMED Study. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 2015. 58(1): p. 50-60.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2015.04.003</citation> <citation>Ros, E., Olive oil and CVD: accruing evidence of a protective effect. British Journal of Nutrition, 2012. 108(11): p. 1931-1933.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114512003844</citation> <citation>Braun, S., K. Bitton-Worms, and D. LeRoith, The link between the metabolic syndrome and cancer. International journal of biological sciences, 2011. 7(7): p. 1003-1015.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.7.1003</citation> <citation>Kastorini, C.-M., et al., The Effect of Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Syndrome and its Components. 2011. 57(11): p. 1299-1313.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.073</citation> <citation>Radulian, G., et al., Metabolic effects of low glycaemic index diets. Nutrition Journal, 2009. 8(1): p. 5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-8-5</citation> <citation>Abete, I., et al., Obesity and the metabolic syndrome: role of different dietary macronutrient distribution patterns and specific nutritional components on weight loss and maintenance. 2010. 68(4): p. 214-231.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00280.x</citation> <citation>Pirozzo, S.L., et al., Advice on low‐fat diets for obesity. 2002(2).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003640</citation> <citation>Sacks, F.M., et al., Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. 2009. 360(9): p. 859-873.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0804748</citation> <citation>Petersen, M., et al., Randomized, multi-center trial of two hypo-energetic diets in obese subjects: high-versus low-fat content. 2006. 30(3): p. 552-560.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803186</citation> <citation>Due, A., et al., Comparison of the effects on insulin resistance and glucose tolerance of 6-mo high-monounsaturated-fat, low-fat, and control diets. 2008. 87(4): p. 855-862.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/87.4.855</citation> <citation>Lejeune, M.P., et al., Ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations, 24-h satiety, and energy and substrate metabolism during a high-protein diet and measured in a respiration chamber. 2006. 83(1): p. 89-94.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/83.1.89</citation> <citation>Psota, T. and D. Layman, A Moderate-Protein Diet Produces Sustained Weight Loss and Long-Term Changes in Body Composition and Blood Lipid.</citation> <citation>Krauss, R.M., et al., AHA Dietary Guidelines: revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. 2000. 102(18): p. 2284-2299.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.18.2284</citation> <citation>Layman, D.K.J.J.o.t.A.C.o.N., Protein quantity and quality at levels above the RDA improves adult weight loss. 2004. 23(sup6): p. 631S-636S.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2004.10719435</citation> <citation>Pencharz, P.B. and R.O.J.A.r.o.n. Ball, Different approaches to define individual amino acid requirements. 2003. 23(1): p. 101-116.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.23.011702.073247</citation> <citation>Wolfe, R.R.J.T.A.j.o.c.n., The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. 2006. 84(3): p. 475-482.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/84.3.475</citation> <citation>Pascual, R.W., et al., Diet Quality and Micronutrient Intake among Long-Term Weight Loss Maintainers. Nutrients, 2019. 11(12).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11123046</citation> <citation>Astrup, A. and S.J.I.j.o.o. Bügel, Overfed but undernourished: recognizing nutritional inadequacies/deficiencies in patients with overweight or obesity. 2019. 43(2): p. 219-232.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-018-0143-9</citation> <citation>Agarwal, S., et al., Comparison of prevalence of inadequate nutrient intake based on body weight status of adults in the United States: an analysis of NHANES 2001-2008. 2015. 34(2): p. 126-134.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2014.901196</citation> <citation>Via, M.J.I.S.R.N., The malnutrition of obesity: micronutrient deficiencies that promote diabetes. 2012. 2012.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/103472</citation> <citation>Steele, E.M., et al., The share of ultra-processed foods and the overall nutritional quality of diets in the US: evidence from a nationally representative cross-sectional study. 2017. 15(1): p. 1-11.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-017-0119-3</citation> <citation>Marriott, B.P., et al., Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006. 2010. 50(3): p. 228-258.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/10408391003626223</citation> <citation>Kaidar-Person, O., et al., Nutritional deficiencies in morbidly obese patients: a new form of malnutrition? 2008. 18(7): p. 870-876.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-007-9349-y</citation> <citation>García, O.P., K.Z. Long, and J.L.J.N.r. Rosado, Impact of micronutrient deficiencies on obesity. 2009. 67(10): p. 559-572.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00228.x</citation> <citation>Goncalves, A. and M.-J. Amiot, Fat-soluble micronutrients and metabolic syndrome. Current opinion in clinical nutrition and metabolic care, 2017. 20(6): p. 492-497.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000412</citation> <citation>Khosravi-Boroujeni, H., F. Ahmed, and N. Sarrafzadegan, Is the Association between Vitamin D and Metabolic Syndrome Independent of Other Micronutrients? 2015. 85(5-6): p. 245-260.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1024/0300-9831/a000277</citation> <citation>Panchal, S.K., S. Wanyonyi, and L. Brown, Selenium, Vanadium, and Chromium as Micronutrients to Improve Metabolic Syndrome. Current Hypertension Reports, 2017. 19(3): p. 10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-017-0701-x</citation> <citation>Desai, M., J. Jellyman, and M.J.I.j.o.o. Ross, Epigenomics, gestational programming and risk of metabolic syndrome. 2015. 39(4): p. 633-641.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.13</citation> <citation>Tarrade, A., et al., Placental contribution to nutritional programming of health and diseases: epigenetics and sexual dimorphism. 2015. 218(1): p. 50-58.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.110320</citation> <citation>Brenseke, B., et al., Current thoughts on maternal nutrition and fetal programming of the metabolic syndrome. 2013. 2013.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/368461</citation> <citation>Knip, M., H.K.J.E.N. Åkerblom, and i.L.C.N. Opportunities, Early nutrition and later diabetes risk. 2005: p. 142-150.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-3535-7_21</citation> <citation>DeBoer, M.D., et al., Early childhood growth failure and the developmental origins of adult disease: do enteric infections and malnutrition increase risk for the metabolic syndrome? 2012. 70(11): p. 642-653.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00543.x</citation> <citation>Alvisi, P., et al., Recommendations on complementary feeding for healthy, full-term infants. 2015. 41(1): p. 1-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13052-015-0143-5</citation> <citation>Yin, J., et al., Traditional Chinese medicine in treatment of metabolic syndrome. 2008. 8(2): p. 99-111.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2174/187153008784534330</citation> <citation>Hollander, J.M. and J.I.J.J.o.t.A.D.A. Mechanick, Complementary and alternative medicine and the management of the metabolic syndrome. 2008. 108(3): p. 495-509.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2007.12.007</citation> <citation>Sui, Y., et al., A systematic review on use of Chinese medicine and acupuncture for treatment of obesity. 2012. 13(5): p. 409-430.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00979.x</citation> <citation>Jang, S., et al., Herbal medicines for treating metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. 2016. 2016.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5936402</citation> <citation>Yeh, G.Y., et al., Systematic review of herbs and dietary supplements for glycemic control in diabetes. 2003. 26(4): p. 1277-1294.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.26.4.1277</citation> <citation>Sahebkar, A., et al., Nigella sativa (black seed) effects on plasma lipid concentrations in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. 2016. 106: p. 37-50.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.008</citation> <citation>Tiwari, P., B. Mishra, and N.S.J.B.r.i. Sangwan, Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Gymnema sylvestre: an important medicinal plant. 2014. 2014.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/830285</citation> <citation>Davì, G., F. Santilli, and C. Patrono, Nutraceuticals in Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome. 2010. 28(4): p. 216-226.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-5922.2010.00179.x</citation> <citation>Franzini, L., et al., Dietary antioxidants and glucose metabolism. 2008. 11(4): p. 471-476.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e328303be79</citation> <citation>Riccioni, G., et al., Antioxidant vitamin supplementation in cardiovascular diseases. 2007. 37(1): p. 89-95.</citation> <citation>Chen, H., et al., High-dose oral vitamin C partially replenishes vitamin C levels in patients with Type 2 diabetes and low vitamin C levels but does not improve endothelial dysfunction or insulin resistance. 2006. 290(1): p. H137-H145.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00768.2005</citation> <citation>Davì, G., et al., Lipid peroxidation in diabetes mellitus. 2005. 7(1-2): p. 256-268.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2005.7.256</citation> <citation>Sesso, H.D., et al., Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. 2008. 300(18): p. 2123-2133.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.600</citation> <citation>Patrignani, P., et al., Effects of vitamin E supplementation on F2-isoprostane and thromboxane biosynthesis in healthy cigarette smokers. 2000. 102(5): p. 539-545.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.102.5.539</citation> <citation>Kris-Etherton, P.M., et al., Antioxidant vitamin supplements and cardiovascular disease. 2004. 110(5): p. 637-641.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000137822.39831.F1</citation> <citation>Vivekananthan, D.P., et al., Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials. 2003. 361(9374): p. 2017-2023.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13637-9</citation> <citation>Eidelman, R.S., et al., Randomized trials of vitamin E in the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease. 2004. 164(14): p. 1552-1556.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.14.1552</citation> <citation>Miller III, E.R., et al., Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. 2005. 142(1): p. 37-46.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110</citation> <citation>Bjelakovic, G., et al., Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. 2007. 297(8): p. 842-857.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.8.842</citation> <citation>House, A.A., et al., Effect of B-vitamin therapy on progression of diabetic nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. 2010. 303(16): p. 1603-1609.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.490</citation> <citation>Sanyal, A.J., et al., Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. 2010. 362(18): p. 1675-1685.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0907929</citation> <citation>Palomer, X., et al., Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2008. 10(3): p. 185-197.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2007.00710.x</citation> <citation>Danescu, L.G., S. Levy, and J.J.E. Levy, Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus. 2009. 35(1): p. 11-17.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-008-9115-5</citation> <citation>Diabetologia, E.S.S.G.J., Vitamin D supplement in early childhood and risk for Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. 1999. 42: p. 51-54.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s001250051112</citation> <citation>McCarty, M.F.J.M.h., Nutraceutical resources for diabetes prevention-an update. 2005. 64(1): p. 151-158.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2004.03.036</citation> <citation>Hartweg, J., et al., Meta-analysis of the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipoproteins and other emerging lipid cardiovascular risk markers in patients with type 2 diabetes. 2007. 50(8): p. 1593-1602.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-007-0695-z</citation> <citation>Fedor, D., D.S.J.C.O.i.C.N. Kelley, and M. Care, Prevention of insulin resistance by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. 2009. 12(2): p. 138-146.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283218299</citation> <citation>Beecher, G.R.J.T.J.o.n., Overview of dietary flavonoids: nomenclature, occurrence and intake. 2003. 133(10): p. 3248S-3254S.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/133.10.3248S</citation> <citation>Jiang, F. and G.J.J.C.v.p. Dusting, Natural phenolic compounds as cardiovascular therapeutics: potential role of their antiinflammatory effects. 2003. 1(2): p. 135-156.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2174/1570161033476736</citation> <citation>Di Castelnuovo, A., et al., Meta-analysis of wine and beer consumption in relation to vascular risk. 2002. 105(24): p. 2836-2844.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000018653.19696.01</citation> <citation>Di Castelnuovo, A., et al., Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. 2006. 166(22): p. 2437-2445.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.22.2437</citation> <citation>Hertog, M.G., et al., Flavonoid intake and long-term risk of coronary heart disease and cancer in the seven countries study. 1995. 155(4): p. 381-386.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.155.4.381</citation> <citation>Knekt, P., et al., Flavonoid intake and risk of chronic diseases. 2002. 76(3): p. 560-568.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.3.560</citation> <citation>Mukamal, K.J., et al., Tea consumption and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. 2002. 105(21): p. 2476-2481.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000017201.88994.F7</citation> <citation>Lau, F.C., et al., Nutrigenomic basis of beneficial effects of chromium (III) on obesity and diabetes. 2008. 317(1): p. 1-10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-008-9744-2</citation> <citation>Singh, U. and I.J.N.r. Jialal, Retracted: alpha-lipoic acid supplementation and diabetes. 2008. 66(11): p. 646-657.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00118.x</citation> <citation>Bartlett, H.E., F.J.O. Eperjesi, and p. optics, Nutritional supplementation for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. 2008. 28(6): p. 503-523.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00595.x</citation> <citation>Ziegler, D., et al., α-Lipoic acid in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy in Germany: current evidence from clinical trials. 1999. 107(07): p. 421-430.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1212132</citation> <citation>Cederroth, C.R., S.J.M. Nef, and c. endocrinology, Soy, phytoestrogens and metabolism: A review. 2009. 304(1-2): p. 30-42.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2009.02.027</citation> <citation>Papathanasopoulos, A. and M.J.G. Camilleri, Dietary fiber supplements: effects in obesity and metabolic syndrome and relationship to gastrointestinal functions. 2010. 138(1): p. 65-72. e2.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.045</citation> <citation>McMurray, R.G. and L. Bo Andersen, The Influence of Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome in Youth: A Review. 2010. 4(2): p. 176-186.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827609351234</citation> <citation>Dieli-Conwright, C.M., et al., Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Circulating Biomarkers in Overweight or Obese Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2018. 36(9): p. 875-883.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2017.75.7526</citation> <citation>Touati, S., et al., Exercise reverses metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 2011. 43(3): p. 398-407.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181eeb12d</citation> <citation>Cramer, H., et al., Yoga for metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 2020. 23(18): p. 1982-1993.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487316665729</citation> </citations> <pages>14-20</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-15" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="120" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">120</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="451" created_at="2021-12-15" date_created="" file_id="243" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-15" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Standard of Living of HIV Positive Individuals Visiting HIV Clinic Services Hospital, Lahore.docx</name> <file id="243" filesize="44715" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/120/61b9bcc4c5463.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="458" created_at="2021-12-15" date_created="" file_id="243" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-22" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="451" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Standard of Living of HIV Positive Individuals Visiting HIV Clinic Services Hospital, Lahore.docx</name> <file id="243" filesize="44715" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/120/61b9bcc4c5463.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="518" created_at="2021-12-24" date_created="" file_id="243" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="458" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Standard of Living of HIV Positive Individuals Visiting HIV Clinic Services Hospital, Lahore.docx</name> <file id="243" filesize="44715" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/120/61b9bcc4c5463.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="519" created_at="2021-12-24" date_created="" file_id="243" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="518" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Standard of Living of HIV Positive Individuals Visiting HIV Clinic Services Hospital, Lahore.docx</name> <file id="243" filesize="44715" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/120/61b9bcc4c5463.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1014" created_at="2022-02-13" date_created="" file_id="686" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="686" filesize="912141" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/120/62285fac764d0.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="553" filesize="911869" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/120/6208f7d49c75b.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="533" url_path="" seq="27" date_published="2021-12-24" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">120</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.120</id> <title locale="en_US">Standard of Living of HIV Positive Individuals Visiting HIV Clinic Services Hospital, Lahore</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>HIV is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and leads to immunosuppression, thus making an individual easily susceptible to infections.This research was conducted in the HIV Clinic at Services Hospital Lahore to assess the living standards of HIV-positive patients visiting HIV Clinic. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the standard of life in HIV-positive patients visiting the HIV Clinic of Services Hospital Lahore.<strong>Methods</strong>: It was a case-series study, conducted in the HIV clinic at Services Hospital Lahore. Data was collected from patients suffering from HIV-AIDS with the help of structured questionnaires. SPSS 23 software was used to enter, compile, and analyze the data.<strong>Results</strong>: Result of this study showed that 50% of patients visiting HIV clinic Services Hospital Lahore are in the age group of 31-45 years. Male and married patients are predominant. The questionnaire had 35 questions which are transformed into 11 dimensions. Cronbach's α co-efficient were calculated for all multi-item scales and four out of eight scale.Cronbach's α for perceived health is 0.72, physical functioning is 0.79, health distress is 0.78, and cognitive function is 0.70. The total mean summary scores were also calculated. The dimensions affecting physical and mental health were added together under the summary score of physical and mental health. The added mean summary score ± SD for mental health is 55.4±11.8 and for physical health is 41.5±11.3.<strong>Conclusions</strong>: The data indicates that patients with HIV/AIDS have an overall high standard of living. The stigma is that the patients consider themselves a bit exclusive, as AIDS is considered taboo in the Pakistani Muslim community. The research shows that patients with AIDS have excellent mental health, but their physical health is a bit worse depending on the burden of disease (virus). Thus, a conclusion can be made that HIV affects a person's physical health more than their mental health.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="530"> <givenname locale="en_US">Abdul</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Rehman</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Medicine, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="531"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maham </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">R. Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute of microbiology and biotechnology, University of Lahore Pakistan • Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="532"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zeeshan</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Sarwar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Medicine, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="533"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sana </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Noreen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore Pakistan • Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sananoreen.rizwan@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="534"> <givenname locale="en_US">Talha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aftab</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Medicine, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="535"> <givenname locale="en_US">Gauhar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">M. Azeem</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Neurology, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="536"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Hamza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Bin Abdul Malik</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Medicine, Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="537"> <givenname locale="en_US">Rabia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Kanwal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore Pakistan • Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="538"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ayesha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sadiqa</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pathology, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">150</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.120.g150</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1014"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Patel, P., Rose, C. E., Collins, P. Y., Nuche-Berenguer, B., Sahasrabuddhe, V. V., Peprah, E., Levitt, N. S. (2018). Noncommunicable diseases among HIV-infected persons in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS (London, England), 32(Suppl 1), S5. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001888</citation> <citation>Group, D. C. o. A. E. o. A.-H. d. S. (2010). Factors associated with specific causes of death amongst HIV-positive individuals in the D: A: D Study. Aids, 24(10), 1537-1548. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32833a0918</citation> <citation>Palios, J., Kadoglou, N. P., & Lampropoulos, S. (2011). The pathophysiology of HIV-/HAART-related metabolic syndrome leading to cardiovascular disorders: the emerging role of adipokines. Experimental Diabetes Research, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/103063</citation> <citation>Neufeldt, C. J., Cortese, M., Acosta, E. G., & Bartenschlager, R. (2018). Rewiring cellular networks by members of the Flaviviridae family. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 16(3), 125-142. doi:10.1038/nrmicro.2017.170</citation> <citation>Emerson, B., Plough, K., Pangloli, A., Haq, S., Serinaldi, D., & Bannister, E. (2013). Detection of acute HIV-1 infections utilizing NAAT technology in Dallas, Texas. Journal of Clinical Virology, 58, e48-e53. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.08.005</citation> <citation>Andersson, G. Z., Reinius, M., Eriksson, L. E., Svedhem, V., Esfahani, F. M., Deuba, K., Ekström, A. M. (2020). Stigma reduction interventions in people living with HIV to improve health-related quality of life. The Lancet HIV, 7(2), e129-e140. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30343-1.</citation> <citation>Dutra, B. S., Lédo, A. P., Lins-Kusterer, L., Luz, E., Prieto, I. R., & Brites, C. (2019). Changes health-related quality of life in HIV-infected patients following initiation of antiretroviral therapy: a longitudinal study. Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases, 23, 211-217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2019.06.005</citation> <citation>Moro, A. L. D. (2018). Fatores de risco para falha virológica primária em pacientes com HIV e genotipagem pré-TARV: um estudo de corte retrospectivo.http://hdl.handle.net/10183/188749</citation> <citation>Strathdee, S. A., Martin, N. K., Pitpitan, E. V., Stockman, J. K., & Smith, D. M. (2021). What the HIV pandemic experience can teach the United States about the COVID-19 response. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 86(1), 1. DOI10.1097/qai.0000000000002520.</citation> <citation>Oster, A. M., Switzer, W. M., Hernandez, A. L., Saduvala, N., Wertheim, J. O., Nwangwu-Ike, N.,. Hall, H. I. (2017). Increasing HIV-1 subtype diversity in seven states, United States, 2006–2013. Annals of epidemiology, 27(4), 244-251. e241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.02.002</citation> <citation>Becasen, J. S., Denard, C. L., Mullins, M. M., Higa, D. H., & Sipe, T. A. (2019). Estimating the prevalence of HIV and sexual behaviors among the US transgender population: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 2006–2017. American journal of public health, 109(1), e1-e8. doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304727</citation> <citation>Ramachandran, S., Thai, H., Forbi, J. C., Galang, R. R., Dimitrova, Z., Xia, G.-l., Gentry, J. (2018). A large HCV transmission network enabled a fast-growing HIV outbreak in rural Indiana, 2015. EBioMedicine, 37, 374-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.10.007</citation> <citation>Bala, R., & Yadav, C. (2019). Targeted Intervention with Female Sex Workers: Role of Punjab State AIDS Control Society and National AIDS Control Organization. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 9(1), 2.</citation> <citation>Ali, A., Ali, N. S., Nasir, U., Aadil, M., Waqas, N., Zil-E-Ali, A., Anjum, I. (2018). Comparison of knowledge and attitudes of medical and dental students towards HIV/AIDS in Pakistan. Cureus, 10(4). DOI: 10.7759/cureus.2426</citation> <citation>Khan, R., & Bilal, A. (2019). Knowledge about HIV and Discriminatory Attitudes toward People Living with HIV in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Public Health, 9(1), 37-41. DOI:https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v9i1.237</citation> <citation>Hipolito, R. L., Oliveira, D. C. d., Costa, T. L. d., Marques, S. C., Pereira, E. R., & Gomes, A. M. T. (2017). Quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS: temporal, socio-demographic and perceived health relationship1. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 25. DOI:10.1590/1518-8345.1258.2874</citation> <citation>Ghiasvand, H., Waye, K. M., Noroozi, M., Harouni, G. G., Armoon, B., & Bayani, A. (2019). Clinical determinants associated with quality of life for people who live with HIV/AIDS: A Meta-analysis. BMC health services research, 19(1),https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-019-4659-z</citation> <citation>Cotto, B., Natarajanseenivasan, K., & Langford, D. (2019). HIV-1 infection alters energy metabolism in the brain: contributions to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Progress in neurobiology, 181, 101616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101616</citation> <citation>Cho, H., Iribarren, S., & Schnall, R. (2017). Technology-mediated interventions and quality of life for persons living with HIV/AIDS. Applied clinical informatics, 8(02), 348-368. DOI: 10.4338/ACI-2016-10-R-0175</citation> <citation>Kreuzer, K.-A., & Rockstroh, J. (1997). Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of anemia in HIV infection. Annals of hematology, 75(5), 179-187.https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002770050340</citation> <citation>Pelchen-Matthews, A., Ryom, L., Borges, Á. H., Edwards, S., Duvivier, C., Stephan, C., Weber, J. (2018). Aging and the evolution of comorbidities among HIV-positive individuals in a European cohort. Aids, 32(16), 2405-2416. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001967</citation> </citations> <pages>193-198</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-15" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="119" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">119</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="450" created_at="2021-12-15" date_created="" file_id="242" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-15" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Prevalence of Neck Pain related to working hours among Bankers, A cross-sectional Study.docx</name> <file id="242" filesize="78949" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/119/61b9bbaeb6cd0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="459" created_at="2021-12-15" date_created="" file_id="242" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-15" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="450" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Prevalence of Neck Pain related to working hours among Bankers, A cross-sectional Study.docx</name> <file id="242" filesize="78949" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/119/61b9bbaeb6cd0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="579" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="242" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="459" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Prevalence of Neck Pain related to working hours among Bankers, A cross-sectional Study.docx</name> <file id="242" filesize="78949" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/119/61b9bbaeb6cd0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="580" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="242" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="579" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Prevalence of Neck Pain related to working hours among Bankers, A cross-sectional Study.docx</name> <file id="242" filesize="78949" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/119/61b9bbaeb6cd0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1155" created_at="2022-02-26" date_created="" file_id="789" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="789" filesize="397979" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/119/6231f1387fb80.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="694" filesize="1078139" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/119/6228a17a3c731.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="682" filesize="808572" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/119/62285d88443c8.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="622" filesize="809183" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/119/621a46c19f069.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="524" url_path="" seq="33" date_published="2021-12-27" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">119</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.119</id> <title locale="en_US">Prevalence of Neck Pain related to working hours among Bankers: A cross-sectional Study</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Neck Pain among Bankers</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Work-related neck pain is demonstrated as neck pain that is produced or provoked by labor or the working atmosphere. It is one of the most common complaints especially among workers who use computer extensively at their workplace. Office work demands long time in front of computer screens and if there is lack of ergonomic use, lack of awareness of proper body positioning and the positioning of the desk, keyboard, and screen all lead to pain neck. <strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to find the frequency of neck pain due to necktie among bankers. <strong>Methods: </strong>It was a cross sectional study. Data was taken from 277 participants through Neck disability index questionnaire through convenient sampling technique from all the male workers of banks who were wearing tie on regular basis. Data was presented as bar charts and pie charts by using Statistical Package for social sciences version 25. <strong>Results: </strong>About 184 (66.4%) were having pain in neck in past 6 months. About half of those who were suffering from pain have moderate pain 145 (86.8%), 14 (8.3) have mild pain and 8 (4.7%) were having severe pain in neck. <strong>Conclusion:</strong>It is concluded that about 66.4% bankers were having pain and majority of bankers have moderate level neck pain due to prolong working hours.</p></abstract> <source locale="en_US">no</source> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Bankers,Musculoskeletal disorder, Neck pain, Prevalence, Work related factors</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="33" id="525"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Umer </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arshad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Senior Clinical Physiotherapist, AVICENA Medical Collage, Lahore </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>omerkhushi0101@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="33" id="524"> <givenname locale="en_US">wajeeha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zia</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Riphah international university</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>wajeeha_z@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="33" id="526"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ghazal </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Jamshaid </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University of South Asia, Cantt campus Lahore. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>ghazaljamshaid141@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="33" id="529"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bakhtawar</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">House officer, Johar Institute of professional studies, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>Khan.Bakhtawar@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="33" id="528"> <givenname locale="en_US">Jawad ul </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hassan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University of Health Sciences, Lahore </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>jawad.hassan@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="33" id="527"> <givenname locale="en_US">Azhar</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Akram</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">House officer, Hamid Latif hospital, Lahore </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>azhar.akram@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">173</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.119.g173</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1155"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Islam S. Prevalence of neck pain among the bank workers: Bangladesh Health Professions Institute, Faculty of Medicine, the University …; 2012.</citation> <citation>Jensen C. Development of neck and hand-wrist symptoms in relation to duration of computer use at work. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health. 2003:197-205.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.722</citation> <citation>Chakraborty S, Sinha D, Chatterjee S, Basu M, Misra R. A Study on Work Related Neck Pain among Bank Employees in Kolkata, India. 2020.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.21276/ijcmr.2020.7.6.22</citation> <citation>Sachdev S, Talreja S, Nasir S, Ali AA. Prevalence of neck pain among the undergraduate physical therapy students of university of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan. Journal of Novel Physiotherapy and Physical Rehabilitation. 2021;8(1):020-3.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.17352/2455-5487.000088</citation> <citation>Côté JN, Feldman AG, Mathieu PA, Levin MF. Effects of fatigue on intermuscular coordination during repetitive hammering. Motor control. 2008;12(2):79-92.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1123/mcj.12.2.79</citation> <citation>Daniels JM, Kary J. The cervical spine. Common Musculoskeletal Problems: Springer; 2011. p. 5-13.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5523-4_2</citation> <citation>Picavet H, Schouten J. Musculoskeletal pain in the Netherlands: prevalences, consequences and risk groups, the DMC3-study. Pain. 2003;102(1-2):167-78.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00372-x</citation> <citation>Binder A. The diagnosis and treatment of nonspecific neck pain and whiplash. Europa medicophysica. 2007;43(1):79-89.</citation> <citation>Gulraiz, Quratulain, Afzal F, Manzoor S. Chronic Neck Pain and how to Prevent Chronic Neck Pain in Bankers by Using Ergonomics. Journal of Novel Physiotherapies. 2017;10:13.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7025.1000364</citation> <citation>Chiu T, Ku W, Lee M, Sum W, Wan M, Wong C, et al. A study on the prevalence of and risk factors for neck pain among university academic staff in Hong Kong. Journal of occupational rehabilitation. 2002;12(2):77-91.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015008513575</citation> <citation>Cagnie B, Danneels L, Van Tiggelen D, De Loose V, Cambier D. Individual and work related risk factors for neck pain among office workers: a cross sectional study. European Spine Journal. 2007;16(5):679-86.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-006-0269-7</citation> <citation>Szeto GP, Straker L, Raine S. A field comparison of neck and shoulder postures in symptomatic and asymptomatic office workers. Applied ergonomics. 2002;33(1):75-84.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-6870(01)00043-6</citation> <citation>Jensen C, Finsen L, Hansen K, Christensen H. Upper trapezius muscle activity patterns during repetitive manual material handling and work with a computer mouse. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology. 1999;9(5):317-25.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-6411(99)00007-3</citation> <citation>Boota M, Shaban S, Munawar A, Ahmed A. PREVALENCE OF NECK PAIN IN BANKERS OF LAHORE. Malaysian Journal of Medical Research (MJMR). 2018;2(1):30-6.</citation> <citation>Jensen C, Borg V, Finsen L, Hansen K, Juul-Kristensen B, Christensen H. Job demands, muscle activity and musculoskeletal symptoms in relation to work with the computer mouse. Scandinavian journal of work, environment & health. 1998:418-24.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.364</citation> <citation>Sandsjö L, Melin B, Rissén D, Dohns I, Lundberg U. Trapezius muscle activity, neck and shoulder pain, and subjective experiences during monotonous work in women. European journal of applied physiology. 2000;83(2):235-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210000284</citation> <citation>La Vecchia C, Bosetti C, Lucchini F, Bertuccio P, Negri E, Boyle P, et al. Cancer mortality in Europe, 2000-2004, and an overview of trends since 1975. Annals of Oncology. 2010;21(6):1323-60.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdp530</citation> <citation>Weismann K, Grønhøj Larsen F. Pernio of the hips in young girls wearing tight-fitting jeans with a low waistband. Acta dermato-venereologica. 2006;86(6):557-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-0151</citation> <citation>Teng C, Gurses-Ozden R, Liebmann J, Tello C, Ritch R. Effect of a tight necktie on intraocular pressure. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2003;87(8):946-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bjo.87.8.946</citation> <citation>Abeysundara PK, Nishad N, Balendran K, Pabasara M, Bandara PK, Perera NM, et al. Should male doctors in Sri Lanka wear a necktie to be recognized and respected? The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2019;13(05):445-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.11211</citation> <citation>Yoo I-g, Kim M-h, Yoo W-g. Effects of wearing a tight necktie on cervical range of motion and upper trapezius muscle activity during computer work. Work. 2011;39(3):261-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2011-1174</citation> <citation>Young Ia Pt D, Dunning J Pt DPT, Butts R Pt P, Mourad F Pt DPT, Cleland Ja Pt P. Reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness of the neck disability index and numeric pain rating scale in patients with mechanical neck pain without upper extremity symptoms. Physiotherapy theory and practice. 2019;35(12):1328-35.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2018.1471763</citation> <citation>Shabbir M, Rashid S, Umar B, Ahmad A, Ehsan S. Frequency of neck and shoulder pain and use of adjustable computer workstation among bankers. Pakistan journal of medical sciences. 2016;32(2):423.</citation> </citations> <pages>229-232</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-14" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="117" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">117</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="445" created_at="2021-12-14" date_created="" file_id="238" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-14" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="syedabisma22" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article.docx</name> <file id="238" filesize="48464" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/117/61b8829a3d7a3.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="457" created_at="2021-12-15" date_created="" file_id="238" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-15" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="445" uploader="syedabisma22" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article.docx</name> <file id="238" filesize="48464" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/117/61b8829a3d7a3.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="541" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="238" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="457" uploader="syedabisma22" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article.docx</name> <file id="238" filesize="48464" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/117/61b8829a3d7a3.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="542" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="238" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="541" uploader="syedabisma22" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article.docx</name> <file id="238" filesize="48464" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/117/61b8829a3d7a3.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1154" created_at="2022-02-26" date_created="" file_id="675" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="675" filesize="931935" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/117/62285683e1b8d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="621" filesize="931365" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/117/621a45ee8d34d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1421" created_at="2022-03-26" date_created="" file_id="238" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-26" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="541" uploader="syedabisma22" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article.docx</name> <file id="238" filesize="48464" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/117/61b8829a3d7a3.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="512" url_path="" seq="34" date_published="2021-12-25" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">117</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.117</id> <title locale="en_US">Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Knee Injuries in Footballers</title> <prefix locale="en_US">The</prefix> <subtitle locale="en_US">MRI Evaluation of Knee Injuries in Footballers</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>MRI findings are essential to diagnose the severity of ligament tears in knee injuries in footballers. By using Magnetic Imaging Resonance we can accurately make diagnose and can determine the extent of damage to tissues and ligaments by grading them according to injuries. <strong>Objective: </strong>The main objective of this study is to determine the MRI findings in patients of knee injuries in football players. <strong>MethodS: </strong>A multicenter descriptive study conducted at University of Lahore Teaching hospital and National hospital during 4 months period. All symptomatic football players of both genders and age ranging from 16-40 year are included in this study. Our calculated sample size is 80. 1.5T MRI machine used for scans. All images were Proton density and T2 weighted images. <strong>Results: </strong>This study includes 80 footballers complaining knee pain. Mean age of all subjects was 31.4 +, - 5.7 year. Among 80 patients who had knee injuries, 56 patients (70%) had ACL injuries, 14 patients (17.5%) had PCL injuries, 14 patients (17.5%) had LCL injuries, 8 patients (10%) had MCL injuries, 24 patients (30%) had LM injuries, and 31 patients (38.8%) had MM injuries. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>MRI is useful imaging modality for the detection of soft tissue injuries most commonly sports injuries. It gives more accurate and detailed information of ligaments and muscle tears than any other modalities. In our study most common injuries that are detected by MRI are ACL tear, bucket handle tear of medial meniscus and MCL injuries. PCL injuries are less common than ACL injuries.</p> <p> </p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Knee injuries, sports injuries, ligamentoust ears, football injuries and MRI</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="34" id="512"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Bisma Haq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences the University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>syedabisma847@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="34" id="513"> <givenname locale="en_US">Noraiz</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences the University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>noraiz.ali@rsmi.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="34" id="514"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zakir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences the University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>Muhammad.zakir@rsmi.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="34" id="515"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syed Muhammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Yousaf Farooq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences the University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>Muhammad.yousaf5@rsmi.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="34" id="516"> <givenname locale="en_US">Arooj</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fatima</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences the University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>Aroojfatima5454@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="34" id="517"> <givenname locale="en_US">Afifa</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Niaz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences the University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>afifa.niaz786@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="34" id="518"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zunaira</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Murtaza</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences the University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>mzunaira700@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="34" id="519"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zoya Ghaffar</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Chughtai</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences the University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>zoyaghaffar9692@gmail.con</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="34" id="520"> <givenname locale="en_US">Rahma</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Asif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences the University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>Rahmaasif11111@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="34" id="521"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shuja Haider</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences the University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>Shujahaide1997@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="34" id="522"> <givenname locale="en_US">Faisal</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khaliq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences the University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>faisalmughal862@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">172</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.117.g172</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1154"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Tumilty D. Physiological characteristics of elite soccer players. Sports Med 1993 16: 80-96</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199316020-00002</citation> <citation>Inklaar H Soccer injuries. I: Incidence and severity. Sports Med 1994 18: 55-73</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199418010-00006</citation> <citation>de Loes M. Epidemiology of sports injuries in the Swiss organization "Youth and Sports" 1987-1989. Injuries, exposure and risks of main diagnoses. Int J Sports Med 1995 16: 134-138</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-972980</citation> <citation>Hoy K, Lindblad BE, Terkelsen CJ, Helleland HE, and Terkelsen CJ. European soccer injuries. A prospective epidemiologic and socioeconomic study. Am J Sports Med 1992 20: 318-322</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/036354659202000314</citation> <citation>P. Brinckmann, W. Frobin, G. Leivseth. Musculoskeletal biomechanics Thieme, New York, NY (2002)</citation> <citation>B.P. Yawn, P. Amadio, W.S. Harmsen, J. Hill, D. Ilstrup, S. Gabriel. Isolated acute knee injuries in the general population. J Trauma, 48 (2000), pp. 716-723</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-200004000-00021</citation> <citation>Warren P, Gabbe BJ, Schneider-Kolsky M, et al. Clinical predictors of time to return to competition and of recurrence following hamstring strain in elite Australian footballers. Br J Sports Med 2010;44:415-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.048181</citation> <citation>Gupta K, Sandhu P, Galhotra R, Guleria M. Correlation of clinical, MRI and arthroscopic findings in diagnosing meniscus and ligament injuries at knee joint: A prospective study. J Orthop Allied Sci [Internet]. 2013;1(1):2.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/2319-2585.117379</citation> <citation>4. Prickett WD, Ward SI, Matava MJ. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. Sports Med 2001;31(14):997-1019.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200131140-00004</citation> <citation>Deacon A, Bennell K, Kiss ZS, et al. Osteoarthritis of the knee in retired, elite Australian rules footballers. Med J Aust 1997;166:187-90.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1997.tb140072.x</citation> <citation>Soder RB, Simões JD, Soder JB, et al. MRI of the knee joint in asymptomatic adolescent soccer players: a controlled study. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;196:W61-5</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.10.4928</citation> <citation>Standaert CJ, Herring SA. Expert opinion and controversies in musculoskeletal and sports medicine: stingers. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2009;90:402-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2008.09.569</citation> <citation>Livstone BJ, Parker L, Levin DC. Trends in the utilization of MR angiography and body MR imaging in the US Medicare population: 1993-1998. Radiology 2002;222:615-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2223010460</citation> <citation>Turner DA, Prodromos CC, Petasnick JP, et al. Acute injury of the ligaments of the knee: magnetic resonance evaluation. Radiology 1985; 154(3):717-22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.154.3.3969476</citation> <citation>D.A. Rubin, J.M. Kettering, J.D. Towers, et al. MR imaging of knees having isolated and combined ligament injuries. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 170 (1998), pp. 1207-1213</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.170.5.9574586</citation> <citation>Waleed Hetta, Gamal Niazi. MRI in assessment of sports related knee injuries,The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine,45,4,2014, 1153-1161,</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrnm.2014.06.009</citation> <citation>Beer D. Power through the algorithm? Participatory web cultures and the technological unconscious. New Media & Society. 2009;11(6):985-1002.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809336551</citation> <citation>Carey, JL, Huffman, GR, Parekh, SG, Sennett, BJ. Outcomes of anterior cruciate ligament injuries to running backs and wide receivers in the National Football League. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1911-1917.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506290186</citation> <citation>Z.F. Zairul-Nizam, M.Y. Hyzan, S. Gobinder, M.A. Razak The role of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in internal derangement of the knee. Med J Malaysia, 5 (2000), pp. 433-438</citation> <citation>V.S. Nikolaou, E. Chronopoulos, C. Savvidou, S. Plessas, P. Giannoudis, N. Efstathopoulos, et al. MRI efficacy in diagnosing internal lesions of the knee: a retrospective analysis J Trauma Manag Outcomes, 2 (2008), p. 4</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-2897-2-4</citation> <citation>T. Madhusudhan, T. Kumar, S. Bastawrous, A. Sinha. Clinical examination, MRI and arthroscopy in meniscus and ligamentous knee injuries - a prospective study. J Orthop Surg Res, 3 (2008), p. 19</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-799X-3-19</citation> <citation>S. Thomas, M. Pullagura, E. Robinson, A. Cohen, P. Banaszkiewicz. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in our current management of ACL and meniscus injuries. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 15 (2007), pp. 533-536</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-006-0259-7</citation> <citation>B. Peleg, S. Ely, A. Hagai, A. Nachman, R. Arbel. Accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging of the knee and unjustified surgery. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 447 (2006), pp. 100-104</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000203471.50808.b7</citation> <citation>Nicholas E. Rose, Stuart M. Gold, A comparison of accuracy between clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of meniscal and anterior cruciate ligament tears, Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery, 12,4,1996,398-405,</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-8063(96)90032-8</citation> <citation>R. Mackenzie, C.R. Palmer, D.J. Lomas, A.K. Dixon. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: diagnostic performance studies. Clin Radiol, 51 (4) (1996), pp. 251-257</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-9260(96)80341-2</citation> </citations> <pages>233-237</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-14" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="115" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">115</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="442" created_at="2021-12-14" date_created="" file_id="235" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-14" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Frequency of Grade (III) Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) Among Women in Lahore Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="235" filesize="37913" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/115/61b8517497197.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="446" created_at="2021-12-14" date_created="" file_id="235" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-14" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="442" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Frequency of Grade (III) Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) Among Women in Lahore Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="235" filesize="37913" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/115/61b8517497197.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="577" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="235" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="446" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Frequency of Grade (III) Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) Among Women in Lahore Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="235" filesize="37913" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/115/61b8517497197.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="578" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="235" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="577" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Frequency of Grade (III) Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) Among Women in Lahore Pakistan.docx</name> <file id="235" filesize="37913" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/115/61b8517497197.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1223" created_at="2022-03-09" date_created="" file_id="693" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="693" filesize="482937" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/115/62287c6e3f7fa.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="689" filesize="481522" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/115/622875b4e6d72.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="505" url_path="" seq="38" date_published="2021-12-27" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">115</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.115</id> <title locale="en_US">Frequency of Grade (III) Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) Among Women in Lahore Pakistan</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Grade (III) Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) Among Women</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>To determine Grade (III) Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) among Women in Lahore Pakistan. <strong>Study Design:</strong> Cross sectional study. <strong>Place and Duration of Study:</strong> Kannan physiotherapy and spine clinic.6 months(November 2020-April 2021).<strong>Methods:</strong>Sample size of this study was100. Inclusion Criteria is Females with Grade (III) knee osteoarthritis age from 55-70 years were included. And Exclusion criteria is females with the history of malignancy and the females who did not give us the consent were excluded. Convenient Sampling technique was used.The data was collected by using The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 21. <strong>Results: </strong>According to the results of this study the mean age of participants were 53.8+ 6.024. Out of 100 participants (11)11%marked that they feel no pain while walking. (13)13%marked slight pain(25)25%marked moderate pain(24)24%marked very pain(27)27%marked extreme pain while walking. Out of 100 participants (12)12%marked that they feel no pain while stair climbing.(13)13%marked slight pain(24)24%marked moderate pain(25)25%marked very pain(26)26%marked extreme pain while stair climbing. <strong>Conclusion:</strong>This research concluded that the frequency of knee pain among women was very high. Due to this knee pain many daily life activities including rising from the bed, lying in the bed, using toilet or bending on the floor. Many light and heavy domestic duties of women were also affected due to knee pain.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Osteoarthritis, Body Mass Index, Posture</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="38" id="505"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sana </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tauqeer </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">The University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sanakhan2333444@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="38" id="506"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shakeel </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Muhammadi Medical Trust Hospital</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="38" id="507"> <givenname locale="en_US">Adnan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ikram </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">The University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="38" id="508"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fahad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Kafeel </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Hospital Gujrat Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="38" id="509"> <givenname locale="en_US">Noor</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> ul Ain </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="38" id="510"> <givenname locale="en_US">Namra</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Farooq </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>namrafarooq43@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">183</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.115.g183</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1223"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Hong JW, Noh JH, Kim D-JJPo. The prevalence of and demographic factors associated with radiographic knee osteoarthritis in Korean adults aged≥ 50 years: the 2010-2013 Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. 2020;15(3):e0230613.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230613</citation> <citation>Felson DT, Neogi T. Osteoarthritis: is it a disease of cartilage or of bone? : Wiley Online Library; 2004.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/art.20051</citation> <citation>Lazzarini N, Runhaar J, Bay-Jensen A, Thudium C, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Henrotin Y, et al. A machine learning approach for the identification of new biomarkers for knee osteoarthritis development in overweight and obese women. 2017;25(12):2014-21.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.09.001</citation> <citation>Jones AC, Pattrick M, Doherty S, Doherty MJO, Cartilage. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid compared to intra-articular triamcinolone hexacetonide in inflammatory knee osteoarthritis. 1995;3(4):269-73.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S1063-4584(05)80018-4</citation> <citation>Helmick CG, Felson DT, Lawrence RC, Gabriel S, Hirsch R, Kwoh CK, et al. Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States: Part I. 2008;58(1):15-25.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23177</citation> <citation>Deshpande BR, Katz JN, Solomon DH, Yelin EH, Hunter DJ, Messier SP, et al. Number of persons with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in the US: impact of race and ethnicity, age, sex, and obesity. 2016;68(12):1743-50.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22897</citation> <citation>Coleman DLJD. Obese and diabetes: two mutant genes causing diabetes-obesity syndromes in mice. 1978;14(3):141-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00429772</citation> <citation>Van der Voet J, Runhaar J, van der Plas P, Vroegindeweij D, Oei E, Bierma-Zeinstra SJO, et al. Baseline meniscal extrusion associated with incident knee osteoarthritis after 30 months in overweight and obese women. 2017;25(8):1299-303.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2017.03.014</citation> <citation>Wieland HA, Michaelis M, Kirschbaum BJ, Rudolphi KAJNrDd. Osteoarthritis-an untreatable disease? 2005;4(4):331-44.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1693</citation> <citation>Sasaki E, Ota S, Chiba D, Kimura Y, Sasaki S, Yamamoto Y, et al. Early knee osteoarthritis prevalence is highest among middle-aged adult females with obesity based on new set of diagnostic criteria from a large sample cohort study in the Japanese general population. 2020;28(3):984-94.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-019-05614-z</citation> <citation>Heinegård D, Saxne TJNRR. The role of the cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis. 2011;7(1):50.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2010.198</citation> <citation>Huskisson EC, Hart FD. Joint disease: all the arthropathies: Elsevier; 2013.</citation> <citation>Gürer G, Bozbas GT, Tuncer T, Unubol AI, Ucar UG, Memetoglu OIJIjord. Frequency of joint hypermobility in Turkish patients with knee osteoarthritis: a cross sectional multicenter study. 2018;21(10):1787-92.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.12883</citation> <citation>Lee S, Kim SJJIJoRD. Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis, risk factors, and quality of life: the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. 2017;20(7):809-17.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.12795</citation> <citation>Postler A, Ramos AL, Goronzy J, Günther K-P, Lange T, Schmitt J, et al. Prevalence and treatment of hip and knee osteoarthritis in people aged 60 years or older in Germany: an analysis based on health insurance claims data. 2018;13:2339.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S174741</citation> <citation>Tang X, Wang S, Zhan S, Niu J, Tao K, Zhang Y, et al. The prevalence of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in China: results from the China health and retirement longitudinal study. 2016;68(3):648-53.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/art.39465</citation> <citation>Araujo ILA, Castro MC, Daltro C, Matos MAJKs, research r. Quality of life and functional independence in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. 2016;28(3):219.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5792/ksrr.2016.28.3.219</citation> <citation>Prashansanie Hettihewa A, Gunawardena NS, Atukorala I, Hassan F, Lekamge IN, Hunter DJJIjord. Prevalence of knee osteoarthritis in a suburban, Srilankan, adult female population: a population‐based study. 2018;21(2):394-401.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.13225</citation> <citation>Fukutani N, Iijima H, Aoyama T, Yamamoto Y, Hiraoka M, Miyanobu K, et al. Knee pain during activities of daily living and its relationship with physical activity in patients with early and severe knee osteoarthritis. 2016;35(9):2307-16.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-016-3251-8</citation> <citation>Sliepen M, Mauricio E, Lipperts M, Grimm B, Rosenbaum DJBmd. Objective assessment of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in knee osteoarthritis patients-beyond daily steps and total sedentary time. 2018;19(1):1-10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-1980-3</citation> </citations> <pages>258-262</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-13" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="114" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">114</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="435" created_at="2021-12-13" date_created="" file_id="234" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Oral_hygiene_MANUSCRIPT-1[2].docx</name> <file id="234" filesize="83395" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/114/61b7918990696.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="437" created_at="2021-12-13" date_created="" file_id="234" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-13" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="435" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Oral_hygiene_MANUSCRIPT-1[2].docx</name> <file id="234" filesize="83395" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/114/61b7918990696.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="575" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="234" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="437" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Oral_hygiene_MANUSCRIPT-1[2].docx</name> <file id="234" filesize="83395" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/114/61b7918990696.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="576" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="234" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="575" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Oral_hygiene_MANUSCRIPT-1[2].docx</name> <file id="234" filesize="83395" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/114/61b7918990696.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1006" created_at="2022-02-11" date_created="" file_id="671" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="671" filesize="853025" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/114/6228533bca3cf.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="564" filesize="856040" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/114/620a63c7c5e85.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="545" filesize="856053" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/114/6206899fc39fb.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="501" url_path="" seq="28" date_published="2021-12-27" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">114</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.114</id> <title locale="en_US">Frequency of dental caries in 1-5 years aged children and its impact on their quality of life</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Oral diseases can vastly depreciate the individual’s quality of life. It has also been considered as the most important oral health burden worldwide. It can also have significant implications on the functional, mental, and social well-being of the individual. This has been found as a preventable dental and oral health issue which have also been amongst the most prevalent chronic disease. <strong>Objectives: </strong>To estimate the frequency of dental caries and its impact on the quality of children’s life in Hafiz- Abad, Pakistan. <strong>Methods: </strong>It was a cross sectional analytics based study spanning around nine months. Three hundred and seventy children (aged between 1-5 years) were included as subjects, who visited the District Headquarter (DHQ) hospital, Hafiz Abad, Lahore, Pakistan. Dental caries were measured by using decayed missing filled (DMF) index. Data was collected and analyzed by using SPSS version 23.0. <strong>Results: </strong>A high prevalence frequency of 243 (65.7%) were found suffering from dental caries. High prevalence of dental caries (70%) in children of low literate parents has been found statistically significant (p=0.035). As far as brushing frequency is concerned 93.8% children were not found brushing their teeth prior to breakfast. Theassociation between brushing frequency prior to breakfast and formation of dental caries was found statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). <strong>Conclusion:</strong>High prevalence of dental caries coupled with high severity level was found associated with the worse dental and oral hygiene awareness levels amongst the preschool children and their parents</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="28" id="500"> <givenname locale="en_US">Aqsa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Batool</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">District Head Quarter hospital (DHQ), Hafiz Abad, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="28" id="501"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tallat Anwar</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Faridi </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute of Public Health, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore,Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tallat.anwar@pht.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="28" id="502"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Saleem</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Rana</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute of Public Health, Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore,Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="28" id="503"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ishrat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Perveen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Faculty of Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="28" id="504"> <givenname locale="en_US">Waqas Arshad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mughal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">District Head Quarter hospital (DHQ), Gujranwala, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">147</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.114.g147</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1006"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Nasser GA., Junaid M.(2019). Prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis among corporation school-going children in Chennai city – A population-based cross-sectional study.SRM Journal of Research in Dental Sciences10:7-11.DOI: 10.4103/srmjrds.srmjrds_59_18.</citation> <citation>Zhou, X. (2016). Dental caries: principles and management. Springer. 2016. 1046-1053 p. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-662-47450-1</citation> <citation>NHS. Tooth Decay. [Online]. Cited on: 30-08-2016. Accessed on: 25-06-2019. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Dental-decay/ Pages/Introduction.aspx</citation> <citation>Çolak H., DülgergilÇT.,Dalli M., Hamidi MM. (2013). Early childhood caries update: A review of causes, diagnoses, and treatments. Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine, 4(1): 29. DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.107257.</citation> <citation>Plaka K., Ravindra K., Mor S., Gauba K. (2017). Risk factors and prevalence of dental fluorosis and dental caries in school children of North India. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 189(1):1-9. Doi: 10.1007/s10661-016-5684-6.</citation> <citation>Zafar U., Ahsan J., Mustafa A., Malik AA., Zafar N., Inamullah M., Ahsan N. (2018). Prevalence of caries in school children of Peshawar.Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry, 8(2):32-36.</citation> <citation>NIH. Oral Health in America: A Report of the Surgeon General (Executive Summary). [Online]. Cited on: 15-10-2010. Accessed on: 25-06-2019. Available from: https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/datastatistics/surgeongeneral/report/executivesummary.htm#execSumm</citation> <citation>Selwitz RH, Ismail AI, Pitts NB. (2007). Dental caries. Lancet.369:51-59.Doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2.</citation> <citation>Opondo IA., Kemoli AM., Ngesa JL. (2017). Impact of dental caries on the oral health related quality of life of urban slum children in Nairobi, Kenya. Edorium Journal of dentistry, 4:12-18.DOI:10.5348/D01-2017-22-OA-2.</citation> <citation>Ali S, Bhatti MUD, Syed A, Chaudhry AUH. (2012). Prevalence of dental caries among 5-14 Years old poor locality school children of Lahore. Pakistan Oral Dentistry Journal. 32(2):279-82.</citation> <citation>Bratthall D. (2014). Estimation of global DMFT for 12-year old children. International Dentistry Journal, 55: 370-372. Doi: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2005.tb00048.x.</citation> <citation>Reddy KS, Reddy S, Ravindhar P, Balaji K, Reddy H, Reddy A. (2017). Prevalence of dental caries among 6–12 years school children of Mahbubnagar District, Telangana State, India: A cross-sectional study. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences,9:1-7. DOI: 10.4103/0976-4003.201641</citation> <citation>Petersen PE, Moynihan P. (2014). Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases. Public Health Nutrition,9: 101-6. Doi: 10.1079/phn2003589.</citation> <citation>Abbas HF. (2018). Prevalence and Comparison of Dental Caries Status of Primary and Permanent Dentition in School Children of Iraq. International Journal of Medicine Research Health Sciences, 7(12): 110-3.</citation> <citation>Peterson PK, Bourgeois D, Ogawa H, Day S E, Nydia C. The global burden of oral diseases and risks to oral health. Bulletin of WHO 2015; 83(9): 661-9.</citation> <citation>Abdullah S, Qazi HS, Maxood A. (2018). Dental caries status in 6–9years old students. Pakistan Oral Dent Journal,32: 110-14.</citation> <citation>Currie C, Hurrelmann K. (2000). Health and health behaviors among young people. Copenhagen; WHO regional office for Europe; 2000 WHO policy series. Health policy for students and adolescents. International report. [Online]. Accessed on: 28-06-2019. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__ data/assets/ pdf_file/0006/119571/E67880.pdf.</citation> <citation>Reddy KS, Rapala H, Kethineni B, Reddy H, Reddy A, Ravindhar P. (2017). Prevalence of dental caries in school going children of both urban and rural areas in Mahbubnagar district, Telangana state, (India): An epidemiological study. International Journal of Pedodontic Rehabilitation, 2:7-13.DOI: 10.4103/2468-8932.205468.</citation> <citation>Arora B, Khinda VIS, Kallar S, Bajaj N, Brar GS. (2015). Prevalence and comparison of dental caries in 12 year old school going children in rural and urban areas of Ferozepur city.Dental Oral Craniofacial Research, 1(2): 38-41. Doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_781_19.</citation> <citation>Alhebshi NN, Skaug N. (2016). Oral Microbiology: Current concepts on dental plaque and the microbiology of periodontitis and dental caries a concise review. Pakistan Oral Dental Journal,26(1):137-144. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4807849.</citation> <citation>Mirza BA, Chohan AN, Sajid M, Kahlown RA. (2015). Dental Caries prevalence in 3-8year old students of Army schools in Lahore. Pakistan Oral and Dent Journal, 33:364-66.</citation> <citation>Lee JS, Somerman MJ. (2018). The importance of oral health in comprehensive health care. Jama. 320(4):339-340. Doi: 10.1001/jama.2017.19777.</citation> <citation>Nunn ME, Braunstein NS, Kaye EK, Dietrich T, Garcia RI, Henshaw MM. (2009). Healthy eating index is a predictor of early childhood caries. Journal of dental research. 88(4):361-366.Doi: 10.1177/0022034509334043.</citation> <citation>Thorpe S. (2006). Oral health issues in the African region: current situation and future perspectives. Journal of Dental Education. 70(11):8-15.DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2006.70.11_suppl.tb04209.x .</citation> <citation>Naito M, Yuasa H, Nomura Y, Nakayama T, Hamajima N, Hanada N. (2006). Oral health status and health-related quality of life: a systematic review. Journal of oral science.48(1):1-7.</citation> <citation>Omitola OG, Arigbede AO. (2012). Prevalence of dental caries among adult patients attending a tertiary dental institution in South-South region of Nigeria. Port Harcourt Medical Journal. 6(1):52-58.</citation> <citation>World Health Organization. (1997). Oral health surveys: basic methods. 4 ed. Geneva: World Health organization.Available at: http://apps.who.intr/iris/handle/10665/41905.</citation> <citation>Slabšinskienė E, Milčiuvienė S, Narbutaitė J, Vasiliauskienė I, Andruškevičienė V, Bendoraitienė EA. (2010). Severe early childhood caries and behavioral risk factors among 3-year-old children in Lithuania. Medicina,46(2):135-142. PMID: 20440088.</citation> <citation>Bach K, Manton D. (2014). Early childhood caries: a New Zealand perspective. Journal of primary health care. 6(2):169-174. PMID: 24892138</citation> <citation>Umer MF, Farooq U, Shabbir A, Zofeen S, Mujtaba H, Tahir M. (2016). Prevalence and associated factors of dental caries, gingivitis, and calculus deposits in school children of sargodha district, pakistan. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad. 28(1):152-156. PMID: 27323582</citation> <citation>Ali DA. (2016). Evaluation of Dental Status of Adolescents at Kuwait University Dental Clinic. Oral Health and Preventive Dentistry,14(2): 183-188. Doi: 10.3290/j.ohpd.a35300.</citation> <citation>Caries. Merck Manual Professional Version. [Online]. Cited on: 15-06-2018. Accessed on: 25-06-2019. Available from: http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dental-disorders/ common-dental-disorders/caries.</citation> <citation>About dental amalgam fillings. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. [Online]. Cited on: 04-03- 2017. Accessed on: 02-07-2019. Available from:https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/DentalProducts/DentalAmalgam/ucm171094.htm.</citation> <citation>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dental sealants prevent cavities. [Online]. Cited on: 05-08- 2018. Accessed on: 01-07-2019. Available from:https://www.cdc.gov/vitalsigns/dental-sealants/.</citation> <citation>National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. The tooth decay process: How to reverse it and avoid a cavity. [Online]. Cited on: 25-08-2017. Accessed on: 25-06-2019. Available from: https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/OralHealth/OralHealthInformation/ Children Oral Health/ToothDecayProcess.htm#.</citation> <citation>Root canals. American Dental Association. [Online]. Cited on: 20-06-2016. Accessed on: 25-06-2019. Available from: http://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/r/root-canals.</citation> <citation>Cavities. American Dental Association. [Online]. Cited on: 25-08-2017. Accessed on: 25-06-2019. Available from: http://www.mouthhealthy.org/en/az-topics/c/cavities.</citation> <citation>Anorexia nervosa. American Dental Association. [Online]. Cited on: 25-08-2017. Accessed on: 25-06-2019. Available from: http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/anorexia-nervosa.</citation> <citation>Dry mouth. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. [Online]. Cited on: 15-08- 2018. Accessed on: 01-07-2019. Available from: https://www.nidcr.nih.gov/OralHealth/Topics/DryMouth/DryMouth.htm#. Accessed March 4, 2017.</citation> <citation>Wright JT.,Crall, JJ., Fontana M., Gillette EJ., Nový BB., Dhar, V. (2016). Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the use of pit-and-fissure sealants. Journal of the American Dental Association. 147(8):672-682. Doi: 10.1016/j.adaj.2016.06.001.</citation> <citation>Bennadi D, Reddy CV. (2013). Oral health related quality of life. Journal of International Society of Preventive & Community Dentistry.3(1):1-8. Doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.115700.</citation> <citation>Gomes MC, Neves ÉT, Perazzo MF, Paiva SM, Ferreira FM, Granville-Garcia AF. (2018). Contextual and individual determinants of oral health-related quality of life among five-year-old children: a multilevel analysis. PeerJournal. 5451-5457.Doi: https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5451</citation> <citation>Mirza BA, Shakoor A, Anwaar A, Zahra FT. (2017). Prevalence of dental caries in garrison schools of lahore. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal. 37(1):133-136. Doi: 10.1186/s12903-021-01802-x</citation> <citation>Sajadi FS, Pishbin L, Azhari SH, Moosazadeh M. (2015). Impact of oral and dental health on children’s and parents’ quality of life based on Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) Index. International Journal of Dental Sciences and Research.3(2):28-31. Doi: 10.19082/3296.</citation> <citation>Lee Y. (2013). Diagnosis and prevention strategies for dental caries. Journal of lifestyle medicine. 3(2):107-112.</citation> <citation>Clementino MA, Gomes MC, Pinto-Sarmento TC, Martins CC, Granville-Garcia AF, Paiva SM. (2015). Perceived impact of dental pain on the quality of life of preschool children and their families. PLoS One. 10(6):e0130602. Doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130602</citation> <citation>Clementino MA, Pinto-Sarmento TC, Costa EM, Martins CC, Granville-Garcia AF, Paiva SM. (2015). Association between oral conditions and functional limitations in childhood. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation. 42(6):420-429.Doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12273.</citation> <citation>Guedes RS, PiovesanC, Antunes JL, Mendes FM, Ardenghi TM. (2014). Assessing individual and neighborhood social factors in child oral health related quality of life: a multilevel analysis. Quality Life Research.23(9):2521-2530. Doi: 10.1007/s11136-014-0690-z</citation> </citations> <pages>199-203</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-09" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="109" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">109</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="424" created_at="2021-12-09" date_created="" file_id="229" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Role of Ultrasound in Assessment of Female Infertility.docx</name> <file id="229" filesize="279771" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/109/61b242dcb9fb9.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="426" created_at="2021-12-09" date_created="" file_id="229" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-09" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="424" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Role of Ultrasound in Assessment of Female Infertility.docx</name> <file id="229" filesize="279771" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/109/61b242dcb9fb9.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="482" created_at="2021-12-20" date_created="" file_id="229" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-20" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="426" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Role of Ultrasound in Assessment of Female Infertility.docx</name> <file id="229" filesize="279771" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/109/61b242dcb9fb9.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="483" created_at="2021-12-20" date_created="" file_id="229" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-20" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="482" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Role of Ultrasound in Assessment of Female Infertility.docx</name> <file id="229" filesize="279771" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/109/61b242dcb9fb9.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1162" created_at="2022-03-01" date_created="" file_id="685" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="685" filesize="1141768" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/109/62285f3ad3a90.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="628" filesize="1140630" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/109/621e23158ba9b.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="470" url_path="" seq="36" date_published="2021-12-20" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">109</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.109</id> <title locale="en_US">Role Of Ultrasound In Assessment Of Endometrial Thickness In Secretory Phase Of Infertile Females</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Role of Ultrasound in Assessment of Endometrial Thickness in Infertile Females</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Infertility in women is caused by a variety of hereditary and acquired uterine problems. Ultrasound has been found to be a good, quick, safe, and cost-effective way to assess the size, quantity, and location of abnormalities and to measure endometrial thickness in different phases of menstrual cycle.<strong>Objective: </strong>The main objective of this study wasto evaluate roleof ultrasound in assessment of endometrial thickness in infertile females of secretory phase. <strong>Methods: </strong>This is a descriptive study, including eighty two females age 24 to 46 years from University ultrasound clinic, Lahore after the approval of ethical committee of Allied health sciences, University of Lahore. Informed consent was taken before including the subjects in the study. Data was collected according to data collection sheets. <strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that primary infertility (54.9%) is more in females than secondary infertility (45.1%). There were 10(47.6%) females in primary infertility with 9-12mm endometrial thickness and 11(52.4%) in secondary infertility. 24(57.1%) females in primary infertility with 13-16mm endometrial thickness and 18(42.9%) in secondary infertility. 11(68.8%) females in primary infertility with 17-20mm endometrial thickness and 5(31.3%) in secondary infertility. 3(100%) females in secondary infertility with 21-24mm endometrial thickness.<strong>Conclusion: </strong>Female patients who initially taking infertility treatment had less endometrial thickness in proliferative phase; their endometrial thickness maybe increased in early secretory phase or at 21<sup>st</sup> day of their menstrual cycle but they had lost their chance to conceive the pregnancy in proliferative phase due to less endometrial thickness. The females should know the normal endometrial thickness in different phases of their menstrual cycle to conceive the pregnancy.  This study shows ultrasound plays a vital role in detecting endometrial thickness in infertility treatment.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="36" id="470"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hurmat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zahra</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>hurmatz1010@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="36" id="471"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syed Muhammad Yousaf </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Farooq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Radiology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="36" id="622"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda Khadija </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">tul Sughra</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Radiology, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="36" id="472"> <givenname locale="en_US">Naveed </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Asad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Ultrasound Clinic, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="36" id="474"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nimra</givenname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="36" id="475"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hassam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ul Din</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="36" id="476"> <givenname locale="en_US">Aneeqa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zainab</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="36" id="477"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kiran </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Latif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="36" id="478"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kashaf </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Un Noor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences & Medical Imaging Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>8@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">175</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.109.g175</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1162"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Dreyer K, Van Rijswijk J, Mijatovic V, Goddijn M, Verhoeve HR, Van Rooij IA, et al. Oil-based or water-based contrast for hysterosalpingography in infertile women. 2017;376(21):2043-52.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1612337</citation> <citation>Johnson NPJA, Obstetrics NZJo, Gynaecology. Review of lipiodol treatment for infertility-an innovative treatment for endometriosis‐related infertility? 2014;54(1):9-12.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/ajo.12141</citation> <citation>Zhang B, Cui Y, Wang M, Li J, Jin L, Wu DJIA. In vitro fertilization (IVF) cumulative pregnancy rate prediction from basic patient characteristics. 2019;7:130460-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2940588</citation> <citation>Nalaboff KM, Pellerito JS, Ben-Levi EJR. Imaging the endometrium: disease and normal variants. 2001;21(6):1409-24.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.21.6.g01nv211409</citation> <citation>Sit AS, Modugno F, Hill LM, Martin J, Weissfeld JLJCE, Biomarkers P. Transvaginal ultrasound measurement of endometrial thickness as a biomarker for estrogen exposure. 2004;13(9):1459-65.</citation> <citation>Qiong Z, Jie H, Yonggang W, Bin X, Jing Z, Yanping LJF, et al. Clinical validation of pinopode as a marker of endometrial receptivity: a randomized controlled trial. 2017;108(3):513-7. e2.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.07.006</citation> <citation>Barker MA, Boehnlein LM, Kovacs P, Lindheim SRJJoar, genetics. Follicular and luteal phase endometrial thickness and echogenic pattern and pregnancy outcome in oocyte donation cycles. 2009;26(5):243-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10815-009-9312-z</citation> <citation>McWilliams GD, Frattarelli JLJF, sterility. Changes in measured endometrial thickness predict in vitro fertilization success. 2007;88(1):74-81.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.089</citation> <citation>Gonen Y, Casper RF, Jacobson W, Blankier JJF, sterility. Endometrial thickness and growth during ovarian stimulation: a possible predictor of implantation in in vitro fertilization. 1989;52(3):446-50.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(16)60916-0</citation> <citation>Sharara FI, Lim J, McClamrock HDJJoar, genetics. Endometrial pattern on the day of oocyte retrieval is more predictive of implantation success than the pattern or thickness on the day of hCG administration. 1999;16(10):523-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020545120256</citation> <citation>Dietterich C, Check JH, Choe JK, Nazari A, Lurie DJF, Sterility. Increased endometrial thickness on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin injection does not adversely affect pregnancy or implantation rates following in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer. 2002;77(4):781-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(01)03276-9</citation> <citation>Rinaldi L, Lisi F, Floccari A, Lisi R, Pepe G, Fishel SJHr. Endometrial thickness as a predictor of pregnancy after in-vitro fertilization but not after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. 1996;11(7):1538-41.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019434</citation> <citation>Kovacs P, Matyas S, Boda K, Kaali SJHR. The effect of endometrial thickness on IVF/ICSI outcome. 2003;18(11):2337-41.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deg461</citation> <citation>Wang L, Lv S, Mao W, Bai E, Yang XJBWsH. Fecundity disorders in older women: declines in follicular development and endometrial receptivity. 2020;20:1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-020-00979-7</citation> <citation>Dickey RP, Olar T, Curole D, Taylor S, Rye PJHR. Endometrial pattern and thickness associated with pregnancy outcome after assisted reproduction technologies. 1992;7(3):418-21.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a137661</citation> <citation>Zeng F, Liang X, Chen ZJBI. New Roles for Clinicians in the Age of Artificial Intelligence. 2020;1(3):113-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.15212/bioi-2020-0014</citation> <citation>Goodfellow I, Bengio Y, Courville A. Deep learning: MIT press; 2016.</citation> <citation>Grande M, Borobio V, Jimenez JM, Bennasar M, Stergiotou I, Peñarrubia J, et al. Antral follicle count as a marker of ovarian biological age to reflect the background risk of fetal aneuploidy. Human Reproduction. 2014;29(6):1337-43.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deu055</citation> <citation>Potočnik B, Zazula D, Korže D. Automated computer-assisted detection of follicles in ultrasound images of ovary. Journal of medical systems. 1997;21(6):445-57.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022832515369</citation> <citation>Bromer JG, Aldad TS, Taylor HSJF, sterility. Defining the proliferative phase endometrial defect. 2009;91(3):698-704.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.12.066</citation> <citation>Larsen UJIjoe. Primary and secondary infertility in sub-Saharan Africa. 2000;29(2):285-91.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/29.2.285</citation> <citation>Beral V, Rolfs R, Joesoef MR, Aral S, Cramer DJJoE, Health C. Primary infertility: characteristics of women in North America according to pathological findings. 1994;48(6):576-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.48.6.576</citation> </citations> <pages>245-250</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-08" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="108" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">108</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="418" created_at="2021-12-08" date_created="" file_id="226" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-08" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Correlation of internet addiction with academic performance and general health in undergraduate physiotherapy students.docx</name> <file id="226" filesize="46879" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/108/61b0a18658cb4.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="420" created_at="2021-12-08" date_created="" file_id="226" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-08" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="418" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Correlation of internet addiction with academic performance and general health in undergraduate physiotherapy students.docx</name> <file id="226" filesize="46879" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/108/61b0a18658cb4.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="513" created_at="2021-12-23" date_created="" file_id="288" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-23" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">zeest-corrected.docx</name> <file id="288" filesize="46837" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/108/61c48d89a27a6.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="514" created_at="2021-12-23" date_created="" file_id="288" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-23" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="513" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">zeest-corrected.docx</name> <file id="288" filesize="46837" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/108/61c48d89a27a6.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1107" created_at="2022-02-23" date_created="" file_id="674" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="674" filesize="838825" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/108/622856055dcc2.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="608" filesize="839337" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/108/62160c28586a9.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="464" url_path="" seq="32" date_published="2021-12-23" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">108</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.108</id> <title locale="en_US">Correlation of internet addiction with academic performance and general health in undergraduate physiotherapy students</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Internet Addiction with Academic Performance and General Health</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>There are billions of internet users now a days and this number is keep on increasing due to global digitalization. Mostly students are using internet for their study purpose but they are getting addicted to over use of internet other than study purpose. In long term  this affects their academic performance as well as their health.<strong>Objective: </strong>To determine the correlation of internet addiction with academic performance and general health in undergraduate physical therapy students. <a name="_Toc47628480"></a><a name="_Toc40018196"></a><strong>Methods:</strong> This cross-sectional study was conducted on 345 physical therapy students of Lahore (Pakistan), who were selected via non- probability convenient sampling technique. Data was collected using Young's internet addiction and general health questionnaire and CGPA for academic performance. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 21. <a name="_Toc47628481"></a><strong>Results: </strong>Correlation of internet addiction with general health and academic performance showed a significant association between internet addiction and general health. The p value was less than 0.05 which showed correlation between internet addiction and academic performance <strong>Conclusions: </strong>There seen a positive Correlation of internet addiction with academic performance and general health in undergraduate physical therapy students</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="32" id="465"> <givenname locale="en_US">Aqsa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Naseem</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Almarah Foundation Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>aqsanaseemdpt@gmail.com</email> <biography locale="en_US"><p>Physiotherapist</p></biography> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="32" id="464"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zeest </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hashmi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Riphah International University Lahore </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>zeest.hashmi@riphah.edu.pk</email> <biography locale="en_US"><p>Assistant professor</p></biography> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="32" id="466"> <givenname locale="en_US">Seemab </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ghurki trust teaching hospital Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>seemabarif13@gmail.com</email> <biography locale="en_US"><p>Physiotherapist</p></biography> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="32" id="467"> <givenname locale="en_US">Taiba </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Razzaq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Riphah International UniversityLahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>taibarazzaq786@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="32" id="468"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nafisa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shahzadi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Riphah International UniversityLahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>nafisashahzadi786@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">167</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.108.g167</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1107"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Abdel-Salam, D.M., et al., Prevalence of Internet addiction and its associated factors among female students at Jouf University, Saudi Arabia. Journal of the Egyptian Public Health Association, 2019. 94(1): p. 12.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s42506-019-0009-6</citation> <citation>Ayatollahi, J., F. Ayatollahi, and R. Bahrololoomi, Using the internet among dental students in Yazd. Dental Research Journal, 2010. 7(1): p. 7.</citation> <citation>Talwar, P., et al., Internet Addiction Among University Students: Psychometric Properties of Three Factor Model Internet Addiction Test. Online J Health Allied Scs, 2019. 18(1): p. 3.</citation> <citation>Rosliza, A., et al., Internet Addiction among Undergraduate Students: Evidence from a Malaysian Public University. IIUM Medical Journal Malaysia, 2018. 17(2).</citation> <citation>Taha, M.H., et al., Internet Use and Addiction Among Medical Students in Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal, 2019. 19(2): p. e142.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2019.19.02.010</citation> <citation>Ghaderi Rammazi, M., et al., The role of psychiatric symptoms, social support and meaning in life in predicting internet addiction among university students: A causal model. Practice in Clinical Psychology, 2018. 6(2): p. 101-110.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.29252/nirp.jpcp.6.2.101</citation> <citation>Pratama, G. and A. Widyanti. Internet Addiction among Indonesia University Students: Musculoskeletal Symptoms, Physical and Psychosocial Behavior Problems. in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 2019. IOP Publishing.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/528/1/012015</citation> <citation>Chou, C., L. Condron, and J.C. Belland, A review of the research on Internet addiction. Educational psychology review, 2005. 17(4): p. 363-388.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-005-8138-1</citation> <citation>Cao, F. and L. Su, Internet addiction among Chinese adolescents: prevalence and psychological features. Child: care, health and development, 2007. 33(3): p. 275-281.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2006.00715.x</citation> <citation>Sung, J., et al., Associations between the risk of internet addiction and problem behaviors among Korean adolescents. Korean journal of family medicine, 2013. 34(2): p. 115.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2013.34.2.115</citation> <citation>Cardak, M., Psychological well-being and Internet addiction among university students. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology-TOJET, 2013. 12(3): p. 134-141.</citation> <citation>Azher, M., et al., The relationship between internet addiction and anxiety among students of University of Sargodha. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2014. 4(1): p. 288-293.</citation> <citation>Singh, N. and K. Barmola, Internet addiction, mental health and academic performance of school students/adolescent. Int J Indian Psychol, 2015. 2: p. 98-108.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.25215/0203.053</citation> <citation>Fatehi, F., et al., Quality of life in medical students with internet addiction. Acta Medica Iranica, 2016: p. 662-666.</citation> <citation>Leung, L. and P.S. Lee, Impact of internet literacy, internet addiction symptoms, and internet activities on academic performance. Social Science Computer Review, 2012. 30(4): p. 403-418.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439311435217</citation> <citation>Usman, N., M. Alavi, and S.M. Shafeq, Relationship between internet addiction and academic performance among foreign undergraduate students. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014. 114: p. 845-851.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.795</citation> <citation>Bidi, F., et al., The mediating role of metacognition in the relationship between Internet addiction and general health. Addiction & health, 2012. 4(1-2): p. 49.</citation> <citation>Kawabe, K., et al., Internet addiction: Prevalence and relation with mental states in adolescents. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 2016. 70(9): p. 405-412.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12402</citation> <citation>Shoghli, A.R., F. Karamitanha, and A. Soleimani, The Relationship between Internet Addiction and General Health and Its Socio-Economic Factors in Internship Students of Zanjan University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Journal of Human, Environment and Health Promotion, 2018. 4(4): p. 180-185.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.29252/jhehp.4.4.7</citation> <citation>Nodoushan, J., et al., The survey of correlation between internet addiction and general health status among the students of Qom University of Medical Sciences in 2010-2011, Qom, Iran. Qom University of Medical Sciences Journal, 2012. 6(3): p. 86-90.</citation> </citations> <pages>224-228</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-08" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="107" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">107</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="417" created_at="2021-12-08" date_created="" file_id="225" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-08" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="hinaawais91" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article Carica papaya.docx</name> <file id="225" filesize="48442" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/107/61b068837013b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="419" created_at="2021-12-08" date_created="" file_id="225" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-08" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="417" uploader="hinaawais91" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article Carica papaya.docx</name> <file id="225" filesize="48442" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/107/61b068837013b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="932" created_at="2022-02-02" date_created="" file_id="486" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-02-02" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="486" filesize="1496812" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/107/61fa8bef990a8.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="457" url_path="" seq="16" date_published="2021-12-16" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">107</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.107</id> <title locale="en_US">In Vitro study of Thrombolytic activity from the different parts of Carica papaya plant on COVID-19 patients.</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Thrombolytic activity of Carica papaya in COVID-19 patients</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p><em>Carica papaya</em> plant has been used for medicinal purpose throughout the world because it have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, antiviral, anti-cancer and wound healing like properties. <strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the thrombolytic activity of <em>Carica papaya</em> plant in normal healthy individuals and COVID-19 patients to determine either parts of the plant (roots, seeds and leaves) exhibit more activity in normal persons or in COVID-19 patients. <strong>Methods:</strong> For this study, total 20 blood samples were taken, 10 for normal individuals and 10 for positive COVID-19 patients. We used two different solvents i.e. autoclaved distilled water and concentrated methanol to prepare the 10% root, seed and leaf extracts of <em>Carica papaya</em> plant. For the thrombolytic activity of these plant extracts, samples were arranged as a triplicate for the accuracy of results percentage. <strong>Results:</strong> Our results evaluated that in normal individuals, distilled water root extract and methanolic seed extract exhibits maximum thrombolytic activity. The mean value with distilled water (root extract) and methanol (seed extract) is 36.9% and 32.9% respectively. While in covid-19 patients, distilled water leaf extract and methanolic leaf extract reveal maximum thrombolytic activity. In patients, the mean value with distilled water and methanol (leaf extract) is 21.8% and 23% respectively. <strong>Conclusions:</strong> In our study, we have observed that normal persons showed highly significant results as compared to COVID-19 patients. Because in COVID-19 disease, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) factors elevate which results in hypo-fibrinolysis.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="458"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ayesha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Afzal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> <url>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5986-1380</url> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="459"> <givenname locale="en_US">Aasia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zahid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> <url>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4652-9295</url> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="460"> <givenname locale="en_US">Asma </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Akbar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> <url>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4132-2105</url> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="461"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zunaira </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Jamal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> <url>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2169-174X</url> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="462"> <givenname locale="en_US">Huma </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Habib</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> <url>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7947-6479</url> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="457"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hina</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Awais</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>hina.awais@mlt.uol.edu.pk</email> <url>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6068-2678</url> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="463"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shehla</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Javaid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> <url>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5672-5148</url> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">121</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.107.g121</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="932"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Wemambu, II, Ajose DJ, Eni CC. Antibacterial effect of Carica papaya root extract on some selected pathogens from clinical isolates. Acta Sci Microbiol. 2018;1(7):6-10.</citation> <citation>Singh SP, Kumar S, Mathan SV, Tomar MS, Singh RK, Verma PK, Kumar A, Kumar S, Singh RP, Acharya A.Therapeutic application of Carica papaya leaf extract in the management of human diseases. DARU J Pharma Sci. 2020;28(2):735-744.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-020-00348-7</citation> <citation>Srivastava AK, Singh VK. Carica papaya-a herbal medicine. Inter J Res Stud Biosci (IJRSB). 2016;4(11):19-25.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.20431/2349-0365.0411004</citation> <citation>Vij T, Prashar Y. A review on medicinal properties of Carica papaya Linn. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 2015;5(1):1-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(14)60617-4</citation> <citation>L K, sultana DM. Invitro Study of Thrombolytic Activity by Using Aqueous Preparation of Different Parts of Carica papaya Plant Extract. IOSR J Pharm Biol Sci. 2014;9 (3):34-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.9790/3008-09323439</citation> <citation>Tabassum F, Chandi SH, Mou KN, Hasif KI, Ahamed T, Akter M. Invitro thrombolytic activity and phytochemical evaluation of leaf extracts of four medicinal plants of Asteraceae family. J Pharmacogn Phytochem. 2017;6(4):1166-9.</citation> <citation>Subenthiran S, Choon TC, Cheong KC, Thayan R, Teck MB, Muniandy PK, Afzan A, Abdullah NR, Ismail Z. Carica papaya leaves juice significantly accelerates the rate of increase in platelet count among patients with dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever. Evid Based Complement and Alternat Med. 2013;10 (7):61-67.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/616737</citation> <citation>Liu H, Hu M, Wang Q, Cheng L, Zhang Z. Role of Papain-like Cysteine Proteases in plant development. Front plant sci. 2018;9 (17):1-10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01717</citation> <citation>Baig MU, Bodle J. Thrombolytic Therapy. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2021;PMID: 32491343.</citation> <citation>Ciotti M, Ciccozzi M, Terrinoni A, Jiang WC, Wang CB, Bernardini S. The COVID-19 pandemic. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020;57(6):365-88.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2020.1783198</citation> <citation>Morens DM, Breman JG, Calisher CH, Doherty PC, Hahn BH, Keusch GT, Kramer LD, LeDuc JW, Monath TP. The origin of COVID-19 and why it matters. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103(3):955-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.20-0849</citation> <citation>Alanagreh La, Alzoughool F, Atoum M. The human coronavirus disease COVID-19: its origin, characteristics, and insights into potential drugs and its mechanisms. Pathogens. 2020;9(5):331.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050331</citation> <citation>Lemke G, Silverman GJ. Blood clots and TAM receptor signalling in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20(7):395-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0354-x</citation> <citation>Biswas S, Thakur V, Kaur P, Khan A, Kulshrestha S, Kumar P. Blood clots in COVID-19 patients: Simplifying the curious mystery. Med Hypotheses. 2021;146(110371): 1-4.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110371</citation> <citation>Ullah N. Medicinal plants of Pakistan: challenges and opportunities. Inter J Complement & Altern Medi. 2017;6(4): 1-3.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.15406/ijcam.2017.06.00193</citation> <citation>Rasool HB. Medicinal plants (importance and uses). Pharmaceut Anal Acta. 2012;3(10):2153-435.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4172/2153-2435.1000e139</citation> <citation>Boddupally SR, Sushma K. Evaluation Of Thrombolytic Activity In Various Parts Of Papaya Plant. World J Pharm Res. 2018;7(15):663-667.</citation> <citation>Rahman A. Health benefits, chemistry and mechanism of Carica papaya a crowning glory. Adv Nat Sci. 2013;6(3):26-37.</citation> <citation>Jain S, Dangi CBS, Kaur M, Singh H, Peter J, Kosta S. Plant as anticogulant/antithrombotic agent. World J Pharm Res. 2014;3(3):4573-83.</citation> <citation>Sarker MMR, Khan F, Mohamed IN. Dengue Fever: Therapeutic Potential of Carica papaya L. Leaves. Front Pharma. 2021;12(33):1-18.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.610912</citation> <citation>Singh V, Goyal I, Saini A, Chandra R. Studying the Effect of Carica papaya Leaf Extract on the Shelf Life of Platelets. Inter J Sci Res. 2017;6(5):2138-2146.</citation> <citation>Yusha'u M, Onuorah FC, Murtala Y. In vitro sensitivity pattern of some urinary tract isolates to Carica papaya extracts. Bayero J Pure Appl Sci. 2009;2(2):75-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v2i2.63786</citation> <citation>Nougier C, Benoit R, Simon M, Desmurs‐Clavel H, Marcotte G, Argaud L, David JS, Bonnet A, Negrier C, Dargaud Y. Hypofibrinolytic state and high thrombin generation may play a major role in SARS‐COV2 associated thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(9):2215-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.15016</citation> </citations> <pages>134-138</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-05" status="4" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="106" stage="externalReview"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">106</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="388" created_at="2021-12-05" date_created="" file_id="217" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-05" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Microemulsions; A Comprehensive Review.pdf</name> <file id="217" filesize="268002" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/106/61acbd8b84cae.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="390" created_at="2021-12-05" date_created="" file_id="217" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="388" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Microemulsions; A Comprehensive Review.pdf</name> <file id="217" filesize="268002" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/106/61acbd8b84cae.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="1" primary_contact_id="454" url_path="" seq="0" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">106</id> <title locale="en_US">Requested for withdrawl</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Requested for withdrawl</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>.</p></abstract> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="454"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maria Fareed</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Siddiqui</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maria.pharmacist@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="455"> <givenname locale="en_US">Aysha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <citations> <citation>.</citation> </citations> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-01" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="103" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">103</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="378" created_at="2021-12-01" date_created="" file_id="209" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-01" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Impact Of Population Screening Programs On The Knowledge, Attitudes And Practices Regarding Prevention Of Thalassema.docx</name> <file id="209" filesize="90637" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/103/61a7cab91e003.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="397" created_at="2021-12-05" date_created="" file_id="209" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="378" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Impact Of Population Screening Programs On The Knowledge, Attitudes And Practices Regarding Prevention Of Thalassema.docx</name> <file id="209" filesize="90637" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/103/61a7cab91e003.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1062" created_at="2022-02-16" date_created="" file_id="672" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="672" filesize="951294" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/103/622853dac495e.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="573" filesize="948912" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/103/620cec7817e4b.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="440" url_path="" seq="30" date_published="2021-12-15" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">103</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.103</id> <title locale="en_US">Impact Of Population Screening Programs On The Knowledge, Attitudes And Practices Regarding Prevention Of Thalassemia</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Beta Thalassemia is the most common genetic disorder in Pakistan. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of parents of children suffering from Thalassemia with regards to disease prevention. It also determined the degree of social and religious opposition faced by these parents during implementation of preventive practices <strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in the 36 districts of Punjab via nine regional centers of Punjab Thalassemia Prevention Project. 248 parents of Beta Thalassemia Major and Intermedia were interviewed using a pre-designed pre-tested structured questionnaire. All statistical analyses were conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS 23.0) <strong>Results: </strong>83.5% of the respondents had adequate knowledge and 98.4% had positive attitudes. Knowledge and attitude were positively correlated (p=0.00). 93% opted for prenatal diagnosis and 91% opted for termination of affected fetus. Among these individuals 12% faced opposition from their family members when they went for diagnostic testing and this opposition rose to 20% when they had to opt for termination. The local religious clerics opposed prenatal diagnosis in 3% of the cases and termination in 7% of the cases <strong>Conclusion: </strong>When compared to previous studies the knowledge, attitudes and practices of our study population was better. Thus, population screening programs have a positive impact on knowledge, attitudes and practices of caregivers of Thalassemia patients. However, social and religious opposition needs to be countered for further implementation of effective preventive practices.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="30" id="440"> <givenname locale="en_US">Rija </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tariq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Punjab Thalassemia Prevention Project, Specialized Health Care & Medical Education Department, Government of Punjab.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>dr.rijatariq@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="30" id="441"> <givenname locale="en_US">Talha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Mahmud</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Independent Health Researcher</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="30" id="442"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shabnam</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Bashir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Pathology Department, Fatima Jinnah Medical University.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="30" id="443"> <givenname locale="en_US">Samia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Akhtar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Laboratory Technician, Punjab Thalassemia Prevention Project.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="30" id="444"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Israr</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Forensic Sciences, University Of Sawat.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">157</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.103.g157</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1062"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Fibach E, Rachmilewitz EA. Pathophysiology and treatment of patients with beta-thalassemia – an update. F1000Res. 2017;6(1):2156. doi:10.12688/f1000research.12688.1.</citation> <citation>Zaheer HA, Waheed U, Abdella YE, Konings F. Thalassemia in Pakistan: A forward-looking solution to a serious health issue. Glob. J. Transfus. Med. 2020;5(1):108-110. doi: 10.4103/GJTM.GJTM_72_19</citation> <citation>Kiani RA, Anwar M, Waheed U, Asad M, Abbasi S, Zaheer HA. Epidemiology of Transfusion Transmitted Infection among Patients with β-Thalassemia Major in Pakistan. J. Blood Transfus. 2016; 2016:1-5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8135649</citation> <citation>Ansari S, Shamsi T, Bohray M, Khan M, Farzana T, Perveen K et al. Molecular Epidemiology of β-Thalassemia in Pakistan: Far Reaching Implications. Blood. 2011;118(21):5309-5309. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V118.21.5309.5309</citation> <citation>Ansari SH, Parveen S, Siddiqui S, Perveen K, Ahmed G, Kaleem B et al. Managing thalassemia in the developing world: an evidence-based approach for prevention, transfusion independency, and curative treatment with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood Adv. 2018 Nov 30; 2(Suppl 1):42-45. doi: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018GS112057.</citation> <citation>Zaheer HA, Waheed U, Tahir S, Nasir K. National Blood Banks Data Collection Report; 2018. ISBN: 9789699881435. https://www.sbtp.gov.pk/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/National-DataCollection-Report-2018.pdf.</citation> <citation>Ahmed S. (ed.) Thalassemia in Pakistan. J. Islam. Int. Med. Coll. (Online). 2018; 13(2):50-51. https://jiimc.riphah.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Editorial.pdf</citation> <citation>Ahmed S, Saleem M, Modell B, Petrou M. Screening Extended Families for Genetic Hemoglobin Disorders in Pakistan. N. Engl. J. Med. 2002;347(15):1162-1168. doi: 10.1056/NEJMsa013234.</citation> <citation>Maheen H, Malik F, Siddique B, Qidwai A. Assessing Parental Knowledge About Thalassemia in a Thalassemia Center of Karachi, Pakistan. J. Genet. Couns. 2015;24(6):945-951. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9830-z</citation> <citation>Ahmed M, Sharif M, Yaqoob R, Nadeem M, Haroon Z, Iqbal T. Impact of Thalassemia Centre on awareness of parents of Thalassemic patients about the disease: Comparative study in Muzaffarabad and Kotli districts of Azad Kashmir. Pak. J. Physiol. 2019;15(2):11-5.Available from: http://pjp.pps.org.pk/index.php/PJP/article/view/1057.</citation> <citation>Kalra R, Kaur D, Sodhi M, Kaur J. Knowledge, attitude and practice in parents of chronically transfused Thalassemic patients regarding Thalassemia in Thalassemia day care unit in government medical college, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Int. J. Contemp. Pediatrics (Online). 2019;6(6):2469-2475. https://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20194718</citation> <citation>Ishfaq K, Naeem S, Ali J, Ahmad T, Zainab S. Assessing Parental Knowledge About Thalassemia. Pak. Pediatr. J. 2016;40(4):232-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10897-015-9830-z</citation> <citation>Ghafoor M, Sabar M, Sabir F. Prevention programs and prenatal diagnosis for beta Thalassemia in Pakistan: a narrative review. JPMA. 2021;71(1):1-17. https://doi.org/10.47391/JPMA.665.</citation> <citation>Ahmed S. Genetic Haemoglobin Disorders in Pakistan. NJHS. 2017;2(3):95-99. https://doi.org/10.21089/njhs.23.0095.</citation> <citation>Manzoor I, Zakar R. Socio demographic determinants associated with parental knowledge of screening services for Thalassemia major in Lahore. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 2019;35(2):483-488. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.35.2.613.</citation> <citation>Bashir S (ed.). Annual report. Punjab Thalassemia Prevention Programme. Government of Punjab. 2021.</citation> <citation>Goonasekera H, Paththinige C, Dissanayake V. Population Screening for Hemoglobinopathies. Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet. 2018;19(1):355-380. doi: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091416-035451.</citation> <citation>Petrou M, Modell B. 2013. Surveillance. In Prevention of Thalassemia and Other Haemoglobin Disorders, Vol. 1: Principles, ed. J Old, chap. 9. Nicosia, Cyprus: Thalass. Int. Fed. 2nd ed. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK190472.</citation> <citation>Shahzad A, Rafiq N, Ullah I, Asad MJ, Ahmad MS, Waheed U. Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of the families of β-Thalassemia children in Thalassemia centers of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2017;67(9):1434-1437. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28924289/.</citation> <citation>Zaheer Z, Zaman Q, Iqbal M, Hameed B, Wazir S. Knowledge, Attitude And Practices With Relevance To Thalassemia. J. Med. Sci. 2015;23(2):109-112. https://www.jmedsci.com/index.php/Jmedsci/article/view/24.</citation> <citation>Ahmed N, Khan BA, Bukhari SW, Khan KS, Sabir T, Bin M et al. Knowledge, Attitude And Practices (Kap) of The Families of B- Thalassemia Patients in a Thalassemia Center of Karachi. IJCMPR. 2020;6(2):4972-4976. doi:10.24327/23956429.ijcmpr202002844</citation> <citation>Ghafoor MB. Level of Awareness about Thalassemia among Parents of Thalassaemic Children. JRMC.2016;20(3):209-11. http://journalrmc.com/index.php/JRMC/article/view/177.</citation> <citation>Karimzaei T, Masoudi Q, Shahrakipour M, Navidiyan A, Jamalzae A, ZoraqiBamri A. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Carrier Thalassemia Marriage Volunteer in Prevention of Major Thalassemia. Glob. J. Health Sci. 2015;7(5):364-370. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v7n5p364.</citation> <citation>Basu M. A study on knowledge, attitude and practice about Thalassemia among general population in outpatient department at a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata. J. Prev. Med. Holist. Health. 2015;1(1):6-13. https://www.jpmhh.org/article-details/661.</citation> <citation>Jeesh YAA, Yousif ME- hadi A, Al-Haboub MA-B. The Effects of Patients’ and Care-Givers’ Knowledge, Attitude, & Practice (KAP) on Quality of Life Among Thalassemia Major Patients’ in Damascus-Syrian Arab Republic. ESJ. 2018;14(12):308. https://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/10792</citation> <citation>Ishaq F, Abid H, Kokab F, Akhtar A, Mahmood S. Awareness among parents of β-thalassemia major patients, regarding prenatal diagnosis and premarital screening. J. Coll. Physicians Surg. Pak. 2012 Apr;22(4):218-21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22482376/.</citation> <citation>Naseem S, Ahmed S, Vahidy F. Impediments to prenatal diagnosis for beta Thalassemia: experiences from Pakistan. Prenat. Diagn. 2008 Dec;28(12):1116-8. doi: 10.1002/pd.2133.</citation> <citation>Boardman FK, Clark C, Jungkurth E, Young PJ. Social and cultural influences on genetic screening programme acceptability: A mixed-methods study of the views of adults, carriers, and family members living with Thalassemia in the UK. J. Genet. Couns. 2020 Dec;29(6):1026-1040. doi: 10.1002/jgc4.1231.</citation> </citations> <pages>209-214</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-01" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="102" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">102</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="376" created_at="2021-12-01" date_created="" file_id="207" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-01" viewable="false" uploader="shaistajabeen" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Research artical final-converted (1).docx</name> <file id="207" filesize="61758" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/102/61a711623fce7.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="396" created_at="2021-12-05" date_created="" file_id="207" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-05" viewable="true" source_submission_file_id="376" uploader="shaistajabeen" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Research artical final-converted (1).docx</name> <file id="207" filesize="61758" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/102/61a711623fce7.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="966" created_at="2022-02-07" date_created="" file_id="687" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="687" filesize="994177" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/102/6228601b6456d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="629" filesize="993006" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/102/621e23b6c7528.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="624" filesize="992994" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/102/621d0e23e2df8.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="520" filesize="984823" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/102/62016452080a8.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="432" url_path="" seq="18" date_published="2021-12-15" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">102</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.102</id> <title locale="en_US">Effect of Zinc Supplement on Severity of Acute Diarrhea Among Children Under Five Years of Age</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Zinc Supplement on Severity of Acute Diarrhea among Children</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>According to World Health Organization (WHO) approximately four million children less than 5 years of age in Asia, Africa, and Latin America die annually from diarrhea; and 80% of these deaths occur in the first year of life. Objective: To see how a zinc supplement influences the severity of acute diarrhea in children under the age of five. <strong>Methods: </strong>In current study, we analyze the effect of zinc on diarrheal patients. Zinc was randomly assigned to diarrheal patients in different concentration 5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg and 20 mg. There were two groups in our study, treatment and control group. <strong>Results: </strong>The results are presented in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics. In T1 (Treatment Group) number of Diarrhea patients &lt; 1 Year of age were 16, 2-4 years of age were 45, 4-5 years of age and maximum no of patients in T1 &lt; 2 year of age were 57. Number of male patients were 84 while female patients were 67 in T1.In T2 (Control Group) number of male patients were 92 while female patients were <span style="font-size: 0.875rem;">In T1 number of patients residing in urban area were 51 while rural were 100. In T2 number of urban were 69 while rural were 82.Number of patients stay in the hospital for one day were 67 ,15 for Four days and only 1 for seven days in T1. In T2 number of patients stay in the hospital for one day were 29, 17 for four days and only 6 for seven days. In T1 number of Patients with watery diarrhea were 87, Mucoid consistency of stool were 31,soft consistency of stool were 23 and formed consistency of stool were 9.In T2 watery diarrhea were 92,Mucoid consistency of stool were 25,soft consistency of stool were 31 and formed consistency of stool were 4. Frequency of stool significantly reduced (P&lt;0.005) at 7</span><sup>th</sup><span style="font-size: 0.875rem;"> day of zinc treatment while consistency of stool was significantly improved (P&lt;0.005) at day 3 and day 5 of zinc treatment. Children who received zinc supplements showed a marked improvement in all outcome measures, suggesting that this deficiency is amenable to correction by replacement.</span></p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Diarrhea, Zinc, Children, Dehydration, Pakistan.</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="432"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shaista</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Jabeen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>shaista.jabeen@ahs.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="433"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tanzeel </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shafique</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="434"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shahnai </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Basharat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="435"> <givenname locale="en_US">Anees Ahmed</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Khalil</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences,The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="436"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Newfold University, Canada</affiliation> <country>CA</country> <email>muhammadali@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="437"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mudasir </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Saeed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">International Education College ,Chinese and Western Medicine Clinic, Dalian Medical University, China,Dalian, Liaoning116044</affiliation> <country>CN</country> <email>mudasirsaeed048@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="438"> <givenname locale="en_US">Numan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">choohan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biochemistry,University of Agriculture, Faisalabad</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>numanchoohan@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">132</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.102.g132</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="966"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Santosham M, Chandran A, Fitzwater S, Fischer-Walker C, Baqui AH, Black R. Progress and barriers for the control of diarrheal disease. The Lancet. 2010;376(9734):63-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60356-X</citation> <citation>Motamed F, Kazemi N, Nabavizadeh R. Assessment of chronic diarrhea in early infancy in Tehran Tertiary Care Center; Tehran-Iran. Int. J. Pediat. 2015;3(2.1):45-50. http://libmast.utm.my/Record/doaj-art-ac10f966edeb497996a4c6723814eea7</citation> <citation>Mushtaq I, Cheema HA, Malik HS, Waheed N, Hashmi MA. Causes of chronic non-infectious diarrhea in infants less than 6 months of age: rarely recognized entities. J. Ayub Med. Coll., Abbottabad: JAMC.2017;29(1):78-82. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28712180/</citation> <citation>Abubakar I, Tillmann T, Banerjee A. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385(9963):117-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2</citation> <citation>Fine KD, Schiller LR. AGA technical review on the evaluation and management of chronic diarrhea. Gastro enterology. 1999; 116(6):1464-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70513-5</citation> <citation>Hasan MM, Richardson A. How sustainable household environment and knowledge of healthy practices relate to childhood morbidity in South Asia: analysis of survey data from Bangladesh, Nepal and Pakistan. BMJ open. 2017; 7(6):e015019. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015019</citation> <citation>Schertzer KA, Garmel GM. Acute Infectious Diarrhea. Emergency Management of Infectious Diseases. 2018:169. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316597095.027</citation> <citation>Prasad AS. Discovery of human zinc deficiency: its impact on human health and disease. Advances innutrition. 2013;4(2):176-90. https://doi.org/10.3945/an.112.003210</citation> <citation>RichardsL,Claeson M, Pierce NF. Management of acute diarrhea in children: lessons learned. The Pediatric infectious disease J. 1993;12(1):5-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006454-199301000-00003</citation> <citation>Harris S, Black RE. How useful are pharmaceuticals in managing diarrheal diseases in developing countries? Health policy and planning. 1991;6(2):141-7. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/6.2.141</citation> <citation>Walker CLF, Fontaine O, Young MW, Black RE. Zinc and low osmolarity oral rehydration salts for diarrhea: are newedcallto action. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2009;87:780-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.08.058990</citation> <citation>Nout M, Motarjemi Y. Assessment of fermentation as a household technology for improving food safety: a joint FAO/WHO workshop. Food Control. 1997;8(5-6):221-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-7135(97)00021-2</citation> <citation>Barrell R, Rowland M. Infant foods as a potential source of diarrheal illness in rural West Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 1979;73(1):85-90.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(79)90136-6</citation> <citation>Bui QT-T, Lee H-Y, Le AT-K, Van Dung D, Vu LT-H. Trends and determinants for early initiation of and exclusive breast feeding under six months in Vietnam: results from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, 2000-2011.Global health action. 2016;9(1):29433. https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.29433</citation> <citation>Yamamoto D, Ghosh S, Kuzuya M,Wang Y-H, Zhou X, Chawla-Sarkar M, etal. Whole-genome characterization of human group C rota viruses: identification of two line ages in the VP3 gene. J. General. Virology.2011;92(2):361-9. https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.027375-0</citation> <citation>Alam M, Alam M, Nahar A, Kobayashi N. Molecular epidemiological studies on rota virus infection causing severe diarrhea in human, animals and poultry. Bangla. J. Veter. Med. 2011;9(2):167-75.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v9i2.13473</citation> <citation>Lanz Uhde F, Kaufmann T, Sager H, Albini S, Zanoni R, Schelling E, etal. Prevalence off our enteropathogens in the faeces of young diarrhoeic dairy calves in Switzerland.Veterinary Record. 2008;163(12):362-6. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.163.12.362</citation> <citation>Bhandari N, Bahl R, Taneja S, Strand T, Molbak K, Ulvik RJ, et al. Effect of routine zinc supplementation on pneumonia in children aged 6 months to 3 years: randomized controlled trial in a nurbanslum. Bmj. 2002;324(7350):1358. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7350.1358</citation> <citation>Therapeutic effects of oral zinc in acute and persistent diarrhea in children in developing countries: pooled analysis of randomized controlled trials. The Ame. J. of clinical nutrition.2000;72(6):1516-22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/72.6.1516</citation> <citation>Organization WH, Research SPf, Diseases TiT, Diseases WHO DoCoNT, Epidemic WHO, Alert P. Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control: World Health Organization; 2009.</citation> <citation>Oberleas D, Harland B. Nutritional agents which affect metabolic zinc status. Progress in clinical and biological research.1977;14:11-27. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/203946/</citation> <citation>Markowitz ME, Rosen JF, Mizruchi M. Circadian variations in serum zinc (Zn) concentrations: correlation with blood ionized calcium, serum total calcium and phosphate in humans. Ame. J. Clin. Nutr. 1985;41(4):689-96. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/41.4.689</citation> <citation>Soncin F, Guitton J-D, Cartwright T, Badet J. Interaction of human angiogenin with copper modulates angiogenin binding to endothelial cells. Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 1997;236(3):604-10. https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1997.7018</citation> <citation>OuyangY, MaH, JinM, WangX, WangJ, XuL, etal. Etiology and epidemiology of viral diarrhea in children under the age of five hospitalized in Tianjin, China. Archives of virology. 2012;157(5):881-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-012-1235-9</citation> </citations> <pages>143-149</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-30" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="101" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">101</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="379" created_at="2021-12-02" date_created="" file_id="210" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-02" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EFFECTS OF REMOTE MYOFASCIAL RELEASE OF SUB-OCCIPITAL REGION IN ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS WITH HAMSTRINGS TIGHTNESS.docx</name> <file id="210" filesize="53787" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/101/61a9326aeba88.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="380" created_at="2021-12-02" date_created="" file_id="210" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-02" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="379" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EFFECTS OF REMOTE MYOFASCIAL RELEASE OF SUB-OCCIPITAL REGION IN ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS WITH HAMSTRINGS TIGHTNESS.docx</name> <file id="210" filesize="53787" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/101/61a9326aeba88.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="399" created_at="2021-12-06" date_created="" file_id="219" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EFFECTS OF REMOTE MYOFASCIAL RELEASE OF SUB-OCCIPITAL REGION IN ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS WITH HAMSTRINGS TIGHTNESS.docx</name> <file id="219" filesize="52356" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/101/61ae419901b0f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="427" created_at="2021-12-10" date_created="" file_id="219" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-10" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="399" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EFFECTS OF REMOTE MYOFASCIAL RELEASE OF SUB-OCCIPITAL REGION IN ASYMPTOMATIC INDIVIDUALS WITH HAMSTRINGS TIGHTNESS.docx</name> <file id="219" filesize="52356" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/101/61ae419901b0f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="784" created_at="2022-01-21" date_created="" file_id="690" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="690" filesize="490081" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/101/622879433839d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="670" filesize="883074" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/101/62284ffeac761.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="432" filesize="887906" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/101/61eb0e210d551.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="428" url_path="" seq="12" date_published="2021-12-10" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">101</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.101</id> <title locale="en_US">Effects Of Remote Myofascial Release Of Sub-Occipital Region In Asymptomatic Individuals With Hamstrings Tightness</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Remote Myofascial Release Of Sub-Occipital Region</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The purpose of this study was to research the effect of performing Remote myofascial release of sub occipital region in asymptomatic individual with hamstring tightness. Keeping these muscles loose is important. If muscles have tightened up then muscles are working at less than 100 % of capacity and performance will be down as a result.</p> <p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to find out the effect of performing Remote myofascial release of sub occipital region in asymptomatic individual with hamstring tightness.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study was a Quasi experimental trial and was conducted in Physiotherapy center for arthritis. 64participant in this research &amp; divided into 2 Groups. (Group A was   treated with static Stretching exercises of hamstrings and Group B was treated with remote Myofascial release of sub occipital region and static Stretching exercises). For analysis we were used Knee Extension angle and Sit to reach test at baseline and after 2 weeks of treatment in both groups. Data analysis was done by SPSS.</p> <p><strong>Result</strong>s: p value of within the group comparison for  knee extension angle and Sit to reach test score was significant i.e. &lt;0.001.Mayofascial Release of sub occipital region and static stretch give us best result.IN group A Pre-treatment knee extension angle was 14.68 &amp; post treatment 10.87 with mean difference 3.81 P &lt;0.01.In Group B pre-treatment knee extension angle 14.78.&amp; post-treatment   knee extension angle 13.75 with mean difference 11.03 &amp; p&lt;0.001 which concludes that remote myofascial release of sub-occipital region improve the flexibility of hamstring tightness.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The current study concludes that myofascial release of sub occipital region along with static stretching and static stretching alone, both are effective in improving flexibility in patients with hamstring tightness. However, myofascial release of sub occipital region along with static stretching is more effective than static stretching alone.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="12" id="428"> <givenname locale="en_US">Irfan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Central Park Medical College, Lahore, Pakisan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>faani.khan04@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="12" id="445"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tabassum </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Manzoor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Muzaffar Abad General Hospital, Muzaffar Abad, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="12" id="446"> <givenname locale="en_US">Saima </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Riaz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ripha College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ripha International University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="12" id="447"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Zeeshan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">THQ Hospital Jampur, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="12" id="448"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mehboob </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Central Park Medical College, Lahore, Pakisan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="12" id="449"> <givenname locale="en_US">Uzma </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Faiz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Zoology Department, Ghazi University, D.G.Khan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">102</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.101.g102</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="784"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Starring DT, Gossman MR, Nicholson GG, Lemons J. Comparison of cyclic and sustained passive stretching using a mechanical device to increase resting length of hamstring muscles. Phy. Ther.; (1988) 68(3): 314-20. doi: 10.1093/ptj/68.3.314</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/68.3.314</citation> <citation>Wendell L. Unresolved controversies in back management. J. Orthop. Spo. Phy. Ther. (1988) 9(7):1213-6. doi/10.2519/jospt.1988.9.7.239</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1988.9.7.239</citation> <citation>Davis DS, Ashby PE, McCale KL, McQuain JA, Wine JM. The effectiveness of 3stretching techniques on hamstring flexibility using consistent stretching parameters. J. stren. cond. res. (2005) 19(1):27-32.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200502000-00006</citation> <citation>Aparicio ÉQ, Quirante LB, Blanco CR, Sendín FA. Immediate effects of the suboccipital muscle inhibition technique in subjects with short hamstring syndrome. J. Manip. Phy. Therap. (2009) 32(4):262-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2009.03.006</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2009.03.006</citation> <citation>Ball TM. Structural integration-based fascial release efficacy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): two case studies. J. Bodywork Movement Therapies. (2011) 15(2):217-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.10.006</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.10.006</citation> <citation>Beardsley C, Škarabot J. Effects of self-myofascial release: a systematic review. J. Bodyw. Movement Therap. (2015) 19(4):747-58. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.08.007</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.08.007</citation> <citation>Kiesel K, Plisky PJ, Voight ML. Can serious injury in professional football be predicted by a preseason functional movement screen? N. Amer. J. Spo. Phy. Thera.: NAJSPT. (2007) 2(3):147. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2953296/</citation> <citation>Gnat R, Kuszewski M, Koczar R, Dziewońska A. Reliability of the passive knee flexion and extension tests in healthy subjects. J. Manip. Physio. Therap. (2010) 33(9):659-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.09.001</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2010.09.001</citation> <citation>Staubesand J, Li Y. Zum Feinbau der Fascia cruris mit besonderer Berücksichtigung epi-und intrafaszialer Nerven. Manuelle Medizin. (1996) 34(34):196-200.</citation> <citation>Sheffield K and Cooper N. The immediate effects of self-myofascial release on female footballers. SportEX Dynamics. (2013) (38). https://www.co-kinetic.com/content/the-immediate-effects-of-self-myofascial-release-smr-on-female-footballers</citation> <citation>Yahia LH, Rhalmi S, Newman N, Isler M. Sensory innervation of human thoracolumbar fascia: an immunohistochemical study. Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica. (1992) 63(2):195-7. doi: 10.3109/17453679209154822</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/17453679209154822</citation> <citation>Smith CA. The warm-up procedure: to stretch or not to stretch. A brief review. J. Ortho. & Spo. Phy. Therapy. (1994) 19(1):12-7. doi: 10.2519/jospt.1994.19.1.12</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1994.19.1.12</citation> <citation>Hack GD, Koritzer RT, Robinson WL, Hallgren RC, Greenman PE. Anatomic relation between the rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and the dura mater. Spine. (1995) 20(23):2484-6. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199512000-00003</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199512000-00003</citation> <citation>Krause F, Wilke J, Vogt L, Banzer W. Intermuscular force transmission along myofascial chains: a systematic review. J. Anat. (2016) 228(6):910-8. doi: 10.1111/joa.12464</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12464</citation> <citation>Hodgson D. Additional roller massage applied at ten-minute intervals can prolong hip and knee flexion range of motion improvements up to 30-minutes post warmup without impairing neuromuscular performance: Mem. Uni. Newfoundland; (2017) https://research.library.mun.ca/12669/1/thesis.pdf</citation> <citation>Bandy WD, Irion JM. The effect of time on static stretch on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Physical therapy. (1994) 74(9):845-50. doi: 10.1093/ptj/74.9.845</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/74.9.845</citation> <citation>Goldspink G, Tabary C, Tabary J, Tardieu C, Tardieu G. Effect of denervation on the adaptation of sarcomere number and muscle extensibility to the functional length of the muscle. J. Physio. (1974) 236(3):733-42. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010463</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010463</citation> <citation>Anderson B, Burke ER. Scientific, medical, and practical aspects of stretching. Clinics in Sports Medicine. (1991) 10(1):63-86. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2015647/</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-5919(20)30658-X</citation> <citation>Murphy D. Dynamic range of motion training: An alternative to static stretching. Chiropractic sports medicine. (1994) 8:59.</citation> <citation>Ricard F. Tratado de osteopatía craneal, análisis ortodóntico, diagnóstico y tratamiento manual de los síndromes craneomandibulares: pincipios y tratamientos en osteopatía, fisioterapia y reeducación de los trastornos oclusales, posturales y traumáticos. (2002) https://www.worldcat.org/title/tratado-de-osteopatia-craneal-analisis-ortodontico-diagnostico-y-tratamiento-manual-de-los-sindromes-craneomandibulares-principios-y-tratamientos-en-osteopatia-fisioterapia-y-reeducacion-de-los-trastornos-oclusales-posturales-y-traumaticos/oclc/807525559</citation> <citation>Lew P, Morrow C, Lew A. The effect of neck and leg flexion and their sequence on the lumbar spinal cord: implications in low back pain and sciatica. Spine. (1994) 19(21):2421-4. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199411000-00009</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199411000-00009</citation> <citation>Sullivan KM, Silvey DB, Button DC, Behm DG. Roller‐massager application to the hamstrings increases sit‐and‐reach range of motion within five to ten seconds without performance impairments. Int. J. Spo. Phy. Ther. (2013) 8(3):228. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23772339</citation> <citation>Ajimsha M, Al-Mudahka NR, Al-Madzhar J. Effectiveness of myofascial release: systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J. bodywork mov. ther. (2015) 19(1):102-12. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.06.001</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2014.06.001</citation> <citation>Joshi DG, Balthillaya G, Prabhu A. Effect of remote myofascial release on hamstring flexibility in asymptomatic individuals-A randomized clinical trial. J. bodywork mov. ther. (2018) 22(3):832-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.01.008</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.01.008</citation> <citation>Kuan CS, Haslan Y. Immediate effect of suboccipital muscle stretching on hamstring flexibility among young adults. Healthscope: The Official Research Book of Faculty of Health Sciences, UiTM. (2019). http://healthscopefsk.com/index.php/research/article/view/68</citation> <citation>Kalichman L, David CB. Effect of self-myofascial release on myofascial pain, muscle flexibility, and strength: a narrative review. J. Bodywork Mov. Ther. (2017) 21(2):446-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.11.006</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2016.11.006</citation> <citation>Curran PF, Fiore RD, Crisco JJ. A comparison of the pressure exerted on soft tissue by 2 myofascial rollers. J. spo. rehab. (2008) 17(4):432-42. doi: 10.1123/jsr.17.4.432</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.17.4.432</citation> <citation>Page P. Current concepts in muscle stretching for exercise and rehabilitation. Int. J. Spo. Phy. Ther. (2012) 7(1):109. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22319684/</citation> </citations> <pages>113-118</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-30" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="100" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">100</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="371" created_at="2021-11-30" date_created="" file_id="203" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Role of Flaxseed.docx</name> <file id="203" filesize="328144" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/100/61a5c7a3854e0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="395" created_at="2021-12-05" date_created="" file_id="203" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="371" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Role of Flaxseed.docx</name> <file id="203" filesize="328144" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/100/61a5c7a3854e0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="477" created_at="2021-12-19" date_created="" file_id="203" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="395" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Role of Flaxseed.docx</name> <file id="203" filesize="328144" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/100/61a5c7a3854e0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="478" created_at="2021-12-19" date_created="" file_id="203" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="477" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Role of Flaxseed.docx</name> <file id="203" filesize="328144" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/100/61a5c7a3854e0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1190" created_at="2022-03-03" date_created="" file_id="641" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-03" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="641" filesize="966901" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/100/6220cb47711ad.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="424" url_path="" seq="3" date_published="2021-12-19" section_ref="Sys.Rvw" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">100</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.100</id> <title locale="en_US">Nutraceutical Intervention of Seeds in the Treatment of Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome; A Systematic Review</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Nutraceutical Intervention; Seed Cycling</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>In poly cystic ovary syndrome multiple cysts formation occurs in female ovaries. It is highly prevalent in developing countries like Pakistan and India. Its symptoms include irregular menstrual cycle, abnormal hair growth pattern, acne and mood swings. This disease is also associated with imbalance in androgen levels (which include testosterone and estrogen) and high insulin levels also called hyperinsulinemia. It also contributes in the development of type 2 diabetes, heart disease and cancers. Seed cycling is a modern method used in alternate medicine of treating PCOS by using different seeds in the different stages of menstrual cycle. In this review article we will find out how seed cycling is effective in the treatment of PCOS. Flax, sesame, pumpkin and sunflower seed combinations are being used at different stages of female menstrual cycle. Flaxseeds contain lignans, omega 3 fatty acids and fibre which help in relieving the symptoms of polycystic ovaries. Sesame and sunflower seeds contain high number of fatty acids and lignans which helps in balancing hormonal disturbances in female. Losing weight by having diet rich in fibre improve the level of cholesterol and it is also beneficial decreasing the level of insulin resistance, which if not treated can progressed into type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Herbal medicine in Ayurveda has shown promising effects in relieving pre- menstrual symptoms, hormonal fluctuations and the co-morbidities.&nbsp;</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Poly cystic ovary syndrome, seed therapy, holistic medicine, flaxseed, sesame seed, pumpkin seed and sunflower seed</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="424"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maria.aslam@ahs.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="425"> <givenname locale="en_US">Rameesha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shauket</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="426"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zoha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Yousaf</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="427"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kinza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tehzeeb</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">179</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.100.g179</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1190"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Nasiadek M, Stragierowicz J, Klimczak M, Kilanowicz A. The Role of Zinc in Selected Female Reproductive System Disorders. Nutrients 2020; 12(8): 2464.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082464</citation> <citation>Akram M RN. Endocrine correlates of polycystic ovary syndrome in Pakistani women. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 6, 2015. (accessed 2015, Jan).</citation> <citation>Rodriguez Paris V, Bertoldo MJ. The Mechanism of Androgen Actions in PCOS Etiology. Medical Sciences 2019; 7(9): 89.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci7090089</citation> <citation>Jhala AJ, Hall LM. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.): current uses and future applications. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 2010; 4(9): 4304-12.</citation> <citation>Nitrayová S, Brestenský M, Heger J, Patráš P, Rafay J, Sirotkin A. Amino acids and fatty acids profile of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed. Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 2014; 8(1): 72-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5219/332</citation> <citation>De L. Edible seeds and nuts in human diet for immunity development. Int J Recent Sci Res 2020; 6(11): 38877-81.</citation> <citation>Khanage SG, Subhash TY, Bhaiyyasaheb IR. Herbal drugs for the treatment of Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and its complications. Pharmaceutical Research 2019; 2(1): 5-13.</citation> <citation>Neuzil A. Seed cycling for hormone balance helps your body to nourish healthy hormone production and is safe for anyone to use (even men!). To Health With That. 2017.</citation> <citation>Mandl E. Can Seed Cycling Balance Hormones and Ease Menopause Symptoms? 2019.</citation> <citation>Kim SS, Soules MR, Battaglia DE. Follicular development, ovulation, and corpus luteum formation in cryopreserved human ovarian tissue after xenotransplantation. Fertility and sterility 2002; 78(1): 77-82.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03144-8</citation> <citation>Kajla P, Sharma A, Sood DR. Flaxseed-a potential functional food source. Journal of food science and technology 2015; 52(4): 1857-71.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-014-1293-y</citation> <citation>Goswami PK, Khale A, Ogale S. Natural remedies for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): a review. International journal of pharmaceutical and phytopharmacological research 2012; 1(6): 396-402.</citation> <citation>Jelodar G, Masoomi S, Rahmanifar F. Hydroalcoholic extract of flaxseed improves polycystic ovary syndrome in a rat model. Iranian journal of basic medical sciences 2018; 21(6): 645.</citation> <citation>Ahmad N, Akhtar N, Ali S. Effects of Aqueous Methanolic Extract of Flax Seeds (Linum usitatissimum) on Serum Estradiol, Progesterone, Kidney and Liver Functions and Some Serum Biochemical Metabolites in Immature Female Rats. Pakistan Veterinary Journal 2012; 32(2).</citation> <citation>Jungeström MB, Thompson LU, Dabrosin C. Flaxseed and its lignans inhibit estradiol-induced growth, angiogenesis, and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human breast cancer xenografts in vivo. Clinical Cancer Research 2007; 13(3): 1061-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-1651</citation> <citation>McCann SE, Edge SB, Hicks DG, et al. A pilot study comparing the effect of flaxseed, aromatase inhibitor, and the combination on breast tumor biomarkers. Nutrition and cancer 2014; 66(4): 566-75.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2014.894097</citation> <citation>Morgante G, Massaro M, Di Sabatino A, Cappelli V, De Leo V. Therapeutic approach for metabolic disorders and infertility in women with PCOS. Gynecological Endocrinology 2018; 34(1): 4-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2017.1370644</citation> <citation>Mazloomi S, Sharifi F, Hajihosseini R, Kalantari S, Mazloomzadeh S. Association between hypoadiponectinemia and low serum concentrations of calcium and vitamin D in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. ISRN endocrinology 2012; 2012.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/949427</citation> <citation>Jedel E, Labrie F, Odén A, et al. Impact of electro-acupuncture and physical exercise on hyperandrogenism and oligo/amenorrhea in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011; 300(1): E37-E45.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00495.2010</citation> <citation>Ibáñez L, Oberfield SE, Witchel S, et al. An international consortium update: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescence. Hormone research in paediatrics 2017; 88: 371-95.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1159/000479371</citation> <citation>Heidari Z, Ghasemi-Tehrani H, Fallahzadeh H, Nadjarzadeh A. The Effects of Flaxseed on Weight Loss in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Iranian journal of diabetes and obesity 2020.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.18502/ijdo.v11i2.2652</citation> <citation>Mooradian AD, Morley JE, Korenman SG. Biological Actions of Androgens. Endocrine Reviews 1987; 8(1): 1-28.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv-8-1-1</citation> <citation>Barrett ES, Hoeger KM, Sathyanarayana S, et al. Anogenital distance in newborn daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome indicates fetal testosterone exposure. Journal of developmental origins of health and disease 2018; 9(3): 307.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S2040174417001118</citation> <citation>Teede HJ, Misso ML, Boyle JA, et al. Translation and implementation of the Australian‐led PCOS guideline: clinical summary and translation resources from the International Evidence‐based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Medical Journal of Australia 2018; 209: S3-S8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5694/mja18.00656</citation> <citation>Després J-P, Lamarche B, Mauriège P, et al. Hyperinsulinemia as an Independent Risk Factor for Ischemic Heart Disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1996; 334(15): 952-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199604113341504</citation> <citation>Mehraban M, Jelodar G, Rahmanifar F. A combination of spearmint and flaxseed extract improved endocrine and histomorphology of ovary in experimental PCOS. Journal of ovarian research 2020; 13(1): 1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-020-00633-8</citation> <citation>Yavari M, Rouholamin S, Tansaz M, Bioos S, Esmaeili S. Sesame a treatment of menstrual bleeding cessation in iranian traditional medicine: Results from a pilot study. Shiraz e med J 2014; 15(3): e21893.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.17795/semj21893</citation> <citation>Alan M, Gurlek B, Yilmaz A, et al. Asprosin: a novel peptide hormone related to insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Gynecological Endocrinology 2019; 35(3): 220-3.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2018.1512967</citation> <citation>Arslanoglu SF, Aytac S. The Important of Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) In Terms of Health. 2020.</citation> <citation>Baskind NE, Balen AH. Hypothalamic-pituitary, ovarian and adrenal contributions to polycystic ovary syndrome. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 2016; 37: 80-97.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2016.03.005</citation> <citation>Rosenfield RL, Ehrmann DA. The Pathogenesis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): The Hypothesis of PCOS as Functional Ovarian Hyperandrogenism Revisited. Endocrine reviews 2016; 37(5): 467-520.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2015-1104</citation> <citation>Prasad K. Importance of Flaxseed and its Components in the Management of Hypertension. The International journal of angiology : official publication of the International College of Angiology, Inc 2019; 28(3): 153-60.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678691</citation> <citation>Li P-J, Jin T, Luo D-H, et al. Effect of prolonged radiotherapy treatment time on survival outcomes after intensity-modulated radiation therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. PloS one 2015; 10(10): e0141332.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141332</citation> <citation>Lowcock EC, Cotterchio M, Boucher BA. Consumption of flaxseed, a rich source of lignans, is associated with reduced breast cancer risk. Cancer causes & control : CCC 2013; 24(4): 813-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-013-0155-7</citation> <citation>Haidari F, Banaei-Jahromi N, Zakerkish M, Ahmadi K. The effects of flaxseed supplementation on metabolic status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized open-labeled controlled clinical trial. Nutrition Journal 2020; 19(1): 8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-0524-5</citation> <citation>Maghsoudi Z. The role of flax seed in prevention and management of diabetes mellitus type I and type II. Diab Obes Metab Disor OA 2016; 2: 7-11.</citation> <citation>Cassani RS, Fassini PG, Silvah JH, Lima CM, Marchini JS. Impact of weight loss diet associated with flaxseed on inflammatory markers in men with cardiovascular risk factors: a clinical study. Nutr J 2015; 14: 5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-14-5</citation> <citation>De Silva SF, Alcorn J. Flaxseed lignans as important dietary polyphenols for cancer prevention and treatment: Chemistry, pharmacokinetics, and molecular targets. Pharmaceuticals 2019; 12(2): 68.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12020068</citation> <citation>Lee YK, Chung WI, Ezura H. Efficient plant regeneration via organogenesis in winter squash (Cucurbita maxima Duch.). Plant science 2003; 164(3): 413-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00429-6</citation> <citation>Yadav M, Jain S, Tomar R, Prasad G, Yadav H. Medicinal and biological potential of pumpkin: an updated review. Nutrition research reviews 2010; 23(2): 184-90.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422410000107</citation> <citation>Rabrenović BB, Dimić EB, Novaković MM, Tešević VV, Basić ZN. The most important bioactive components of cold pressed oil from different pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds. LWT-Food Science and Technology 2014; 55(2): 521-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.10.019</citation> <citation>Patel D, Vaghasiya J, Pancholi S, Paul A. Therapeutic potential of secoisolariciresinol diglucoside: a plant lignan. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 2012; 4(1): 15-8.</citation> <citation>Reddy PS, Begum N, Mutha S, Bakshi V. Beneficial effect of Curcumin in Letrozole induced polycystic ovary syndrome. Asian Pacific Journal of Reproduction 2016; 5(2): 116-22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjr.2016.01.006</citation> <citation>Phipps WR, Martini MC, Lampe JW, Slavin JL, Kurzer MS. Effect of flax seed ingestion on the menstrual cycle. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1993; 77(5): 1215-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.77.5.8077314</citation> <citation>El-Ghany A, Dalia AH, Soha M. Biological study on the effect of pumpkin seeds and zinc on reproductive potential of male rats. 2010.</citation> <citation>Work HDSC. Seed Cycling for Hormonal Balance We may not realize it, but our bodies, minds, and emotional states are incredibly sensitive to the elements around us, and our hormone levels tend to fluctuate and change in response. Using seed cycling to balance hormones is a natural and inexpensive alternative to using drugs, supplements, or herbal remedies, which can result in more balanced hormone levels and boost fertility in women. What is seed cycling?</citation> <citation>Aslam F, Iqbal S, Nasir M, Anjum AA, Swan P, Sweazea K. Evaluation of white sesame seed oil on glucose control and biomarkers of hepatic, cardiac, and renal functions in male Sprague-Dawley rats with chemically induced diabetes. Journal of medicinal food 2017; 20(5): 448-57.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2016.0065</citation> <citation>Khadem Haghighian M, Alipoor B, Eftekhar Sadat B, Malek Mahdavi A, Moghaddam A, Vatankhah AM. Effects of sesame seed supplementation on lipid profile and oxidative stress biomarkers in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Health promotion perspectives 2014; 4(1): 90-7.</citation> <citation>Wang D, Zhang L, Huang X, et al. Identification of nutritional components in black sesame determined by widely targeted metabolomics and traditional Chinese medicines. Molecules 2018; 23(5): 1180.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23051180</citation> <citation>Calderon-Garcia JF, Moran JM, Roncero-Martin R, Rey-Sanchez P, Rodriguez-Velasco FJ, Pedrera-Zamorano JD. Dietary habits, nutrients and bone mass in Spanish premenopausal women: the contribution of fish to better bone health. Nutrients 2013; 5(1): 10-22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5010010</citation> <citation>Bhat AV. A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of PTP on Selected Menstrual Irregularities And the Remedial Measures Practiced Among Early Adolescent Girls in Selected High Schools at Belagavi, Karnataka, India.</citation> <citation>El-Aziz A, Fathey Khalil A, Willson Nageb E, El-Sayed Mohamed S. Effect of medium-fat diets containing flaxseed, sesame seeds and their oils on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. المجلة المصریة للدراسات المتخصصة 2020; 8(27): 29-66.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.21608/ejos.2020.118275</citation> <citation>Szczuko M, Zapalowska-Chwyć M, Drozd R. A Low Glycemic Index Decreases Inflammation by Increasing the Concentration of Uric Acid and the Activity of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx3) in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Molecules 2019; 24(8).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081508</citation> <citation>Work HDSC. Seed Cycling for Hormone Balance.</citation> <citation>Mina M, Farhad R. A combination of Spearmint and flaxseed extract improved endocrine and histomorphology of ovary in experimental PCOS. 2020.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.19187/v2</citation> <citation>Hall A. Seed Cycling For Hormonal Balance-Herbal Academy. Herbal Academy. 2017.</citation> <citation>Reed BG CB. The Normal Menstrual Cycle and the Control of Ovulation.</citation> <citation>Ray L. The menstrual cycle: more than just your period. 2018.</citation> <citation>Bakr S, Almutairi AA, Dawalibi A, Owaidah M, Almughiyri AA, Owaidah T. Screening hemostatic defects in Saudi University students with unexplained menorrhagia: a diagnosis, which could be missed. Blood coagulation & fibrinolysis : an international journal in haemostasis and thrombosis 2021.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/MBC.0000000000001033</citation> <citation>Maxwell C, Volpe SL. Effect of zinc supplementation on thyroid hormone function. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2007; 51(2): 188-94.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1159/000103324</citation> <citation>Stanikova D, Zsido RG, Luck T, et al. Testosterone imbalance may link depression and increased body weight in premenopausal women. Translational psychiatry 2019; 9(1): 1-12.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0487-5</citation> <citation>Sturgeon SR, Heersink JL, Volpe SL, et al. Effect of dietary flaxseed on serum levels of estrogens and androgens in postmenopausal women. Nutrition and cancer 2008; 60(5): 612-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580801971864</citation> <citation>Treat P. Seed Cycling: A Simple Practice for Balancing Hormones.</citation> <citation>Song C, Lin A, Bonaccorso S, et al. The inflammatory response system and the availability of plasma tryptophan in patients with primary sleep disorders and major depression. Journal of affective disorders 1998; 49(3): 211-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(98)00025-1</citation> <citation>Haghjoo E, Haghighi KS, Dabaghian FH, Shojaii A, Mohammadi H. Efficacy of pumpkin oil (a Persian medicine product) in the treatment of chronic insomnia: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res 2019; 7(6): 471-81.</citation> <citation>Kim TW, Jeong J-H, Hong S-C. The impact of sleep and circadian disturbance on hormones and metabolism. International journal of endocrinology 2015; 2015.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/591729</citation> <citation>Gossell-Williams M, Hyde C, Hunter T, et al. Improvement in HDL cholesterol in postmenopausal women supplemented with pumpkin seed oil: pilot study. Climacteric 2011; 14(5): 558-64.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2011.563882</citation> <citation>Zaineddin AK, Buck K, Vrieling A, et al. The association between dietary lignans, phytoestrogen-rich foods, and fiber intake and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: a German case-control study. Nutrition and Cancer 2012; 64(5): 652-65.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2012.683227</citation> <citation>Makni M, Fetoui H, Gargouri NK, et al. Hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of flax and pumpkin seed mixture rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in hypercholesterolemic rats. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association 2008; 46(12): 3714-20.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.09.057</citation> <citation>Adams GG, Imran S, Wang S, et al. The hypoglycemic effect of pumpkin seeds, Trigonelline (TRG), Nicotinic acid (NA), and D-Chiro-inositol (DCI) in controlling glycemic levels in diabetes mellitus. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54(10): 1322-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.635816</citation> <citation>Yasir M, Sultana B, Nigam PS, Owusu-Apenten R. Antioxidant and genoprotective activity of selected cucurbitaceae seed extracts and LC-ESIMS/MS identification of phenolic components. Food chemistry 2016; 199: 307-13.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.138</citation> <citation>Zhang J, Fan P, Liu H, Bai H, Wang Y, Zhang F. Apolipoprotein AI and B levels, dyslipidemia and metabolic syndrome in south-west Chinese women with PCOS. Human reproduction 2012; 27(8): 2484-93.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/des191</citation> <citation>dehghani Firouzabadi R, Aflatoonian A, Modarresi S, Sekhavat L, MohammadTaheri S. Therapeutic effects of calcium & vitamin D supplementation in women with PCOS. Complementary therapies in clinical practice 2012; 18(2): 85-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2012.01.005</citation> <citation>Kaur A, Jindal S, Kaur I, Chopra K. Effect of sesamol on the pathophysiological changes induced by surgical menopause in rodents. Climacteric 2013; 16(4): 426-37.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/13697137.2012.696292</citation> <citation>Cooney RV, Custer LJ, Okinaka L, Franke AA. Effects of dietary sesame seeds on plasma tocopherol levels. Nutrition and cancer 2001; 39(1): 66-71.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327914nc391_9</citation> <citation>Chen PR, Chien KL, Su TC, et al. Dietary sesame reduces serum cholesterol and enhances antioxidant capacity in hypercholesterolemia. Nutrition research 2005; 25(6): 559-67.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2005.05.007</citation> <citation>Phelps T, Snyder E, Rodriguez E, Child H, Harvey P. The influence of biological sex and sex hormones on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. Biology of sex differences 2019; 10(1): 1-12.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-019-0265-3</citation> <citation>Mohammadian F, Ghoreishi A, Sheikh Fathollali M, et al. The Effect of Consuming Sesame (sesamum indicum) on Primary Dysmenorrhea in Students at Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences (RUMS). Community Health Journal 2017; 8(4): 1-9.</citation> <citation>Haidari F, Mohammad Shahi M, Shirbeigi E. The Effect of Sesame Butter-Supplemented Breakfast in Comparison to Common Breakfast on the Severity of Primary Dysmenorrhea in the Students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal 2012; 11(2): 193-200.</citation> <citation>Moini Jazani A, Hamdi K, Tansaz M, et al. Herbal medicine for oligomenorrhea and amenorrhea: A systematic review of ancient and conventional medicine. BioMed research international 2018; 2018.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3052768</citation> <citation>Raeisi-Dehkordi H, Mohammadi M, Moghtaderi F, Salehi-Abargouei A. Do sesame seed and its products affect body weight and composition? A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Journal of functional foods 2018; 49: 324-32.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2018.08.036</citation> <citation>Laganà AS, Vitale SG, Noventa M, Vitagliano A. Current Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: From Bench to Bedside. International Journal of Endocrinology 2018; 2018: 7234543.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7234543</citation> <citation>Szczuko M, Drozd A, Maciejewska D, Zapałowska-Chwyć M, Stachowska E. Decrease in the level of nervonic acid and increased gamma linolenic acid in the plasma of women with polycystic ovary syndrome after a three-month low-glycaemic index and caloric reduction diet. Open Life Sciences 2018; 14(1): 224-36.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1515/biol-2019-0026</citation> <citation>Szczuko M, Zapałowska-Chwyć M, Maciejewska D, Drozd A, Starczewski A, Stachowska E. Significant Improvement Selected Mediators of Inflammation in Phenotypes of Women with PCOS after Reduction and Low GI Diet. Mediators of Inflammation 2017; 2017: 5489523.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5489523</citation> <citation>Bester D, Esterhuyse AJ, Truter EJ, van Rooyen J. Cardiovascular effects of edible oils: a comparison between four popular edible oils. Nutrition Research Reviews 2010; 23(2): 334-48.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422410000223</citation> <citation>Pal D. Chapter 130 - Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Seeds in Health and Nutrition. In: Preedy VR, Watson RR, Patel VB, eds. Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention. San Diego: Academic Press; 2011: 1097-105.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-375688-6.10130-6</citation> <citation>Leverrier A, Daguet D, Calame W, Dhoye P, Kodimule SP. Helianthus annuus Seed Extract Affects Weight and Body Composition of Healthy Obese Adults during 12 Weeks of Consumption: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study. Nutrients 2019; 11(5): 1080.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051080</citation> <citation>Cetisli NE, Saruhan A, Kivcak B. The effects of flaxseed on menopausal symptoms and quality of life. Holistic nursing practice 2015; 29(3): 151-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000085</citation> <citation>Chang VC, Cotterchio M, Boucher BA, et al. Effect of Dietary Flaxseed Intake on Circulating Sex Hormone Levels among Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Intervention Trial. Nutrition and cancer 2019; 71(3): 385-98.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2018.1516789</citation> <citation>Dikshit A, Hales K, Hales DB. Whole flaxseed diet alters estrogen metabolism to promote 2-methoxtestradiol-induced apoptosis in hen ovarian cancer. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry 2017; 42: 117-25.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.01.002</citation> <citation>Tanideh R, Delavari S, Farshad O, et al. Effect of flaxseed oil on biochemical parameters, hormonal indexes and stereological changes in ovariectomized rats. Veterinary Medicine and Science 2020: 10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.372</citation> <citation>Hu T, Linghu K, Huang S, et al. Flaxseed extract induces apoptosis in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Food and Chemical Toxicology 2019; 127: 188-96.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.029</citation> <citation>Rubashkina AN, Lapochkina NP, Torshin IY, Gromova OA. The role of 7-hydroxymatairezinol in modulation of estrogen metabolism and therapy for mastopathy. Gynecology 2020; 22(4): 43-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.26442/20795696.2020.4.200183</citation> <citation>Jobira B, Frank DN, Pyle L, et al. Obese Adolescents With PCOS Have Altered Biodiversity and Relative Abundance in Gastrointestinal Microbiota. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism 2020; 105(6): e2134-44.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz263</citation> <citation>Ataabadi MS, Alaee S, Bagheri MJ, Bahmanpoor S. Role of essential oil of Mentha Spicata (spearmint) in addressing reverse hormonal and Folliculogenesis disturbances in a polycystic ovarian syndrome in a rat model. Advanced pharmaceutical bulletin 2017; 7(4): 651.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.15171/apb.2017.078</citation> <citation>Wang T, Sha L, Li Y, et al. Dietary α-Linolenic Acid-Rich Flaxseed Oil Exerts Beneficial Effects on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Through Sex Steroid Hormones-Microbiota-Inflammation Axis in Rats. Frontiers in endocrinology 2020; 11: 284.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00284</citation> <citation>Parikh M, Raj P, Austria JA, et al. Dietary flaxseed protects against ventricular arrhythmias and left ventricular dilation after a myocardial infarction. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 71: 63-71.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.06.004</citation> <citation>Zhu L, Sha L, Li K, et al. Dietary flaxseed oil rich in omega-3 suppresses severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in rats. Lipids in Health and Disease 2020; 19(1): 20.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-1167-4</citation> <citation>Tanideh R, Delavari S, Farshad O, et al. Effect of flaxseed oil on biochemical parameters, hormonal indexes and stereological changes in ovariectomized rats. Veterinary Medicine and Science 2020.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.372</citation> <citation>Cammalleri M, Dal Monte M, Amato R, Bagnoli P, Rusciano D. A Dietary Combination of Forskolin with Homotaurine, Spearmint and B Vitamins Protects Injured Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Rodent Model of Hypertensive Glaucoma. Nutrients 2020; 12(4).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041189</citation> <citation>Espinoza JA, Alvarado W, Venegas B, Domínguez R, Morales-Ledesma L. Pharmacological sympathetic denervation prevents the development of polycystic ovarian syndrome in rats injected with estradiol valerate. Reproductive biology and endocrinology : RB&E 2018; 16(1): 86.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12958-018-0400-8</citation> <citation>Geberemeskel GA, Debebe YG, Nguse NA. Antidiabetic Effect of Fenugreek Seed Powder Solution (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) on Hyperlipidemia in Diabetic Patients. Journal of diabetes research 2019; 2019: 8507453.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8507453</citation> <citation>Ibrahim DHMO. A Novel Treatment for Constipation by Sesame</citation> <citation>Seeds International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) 2019; 7(1).</citation> <citation>Amoura M, Lotfy ZH, Neveen E, Khloud A. Potential effects of Mentha piperita (peppermint) on Letrozole-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome in female albino rat. International Journal 2015; 3(10): 211-26.</citation> <citation>Osman NN, Alsahfi SA, Alshubaily F. Effectiveness of Aqueous Extract of Fenugreek Seeds and Flaxseed on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Female Rats. Int J Pharm Res Allied Sci 2019; 8(4): 42-54.</citation> <citation>Yari Z, Rahimlou M, Eslamparast T, Ebrahimi-Daryani N, Poustchi H, Hekmatdoost A. Flaxseed supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot randomized, open labeled, controlled study. International journal of food sciences and nutrition 2016; 67(4): 461-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2016.1161011</citation> <citation>Farzana F, Sulaiman A, Ruckmani A, Vijayalakshmi K, Karunya Lakshmi G, Shri Ranjini S. Effects of flax seeds supplementation in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2015; 31(1): 113-9.</citation> <citation>rights are reserved by PRADNYA A, JAGTAP N. A Comprehensive Review on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS).</citation> <citation>Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Camilli E, et al. Dietary Lignans: Definition, Description and Research Trends in Databases Development. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 2018; 23(12): 3251.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123251</citation> <citation>AL-Sallami A. Effect of sesame oil on male rats treated with acrylamide in some physiological and hormonal blood criteria. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2017: 134-40.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.25258/ijcprr.v8i02.9197</citation> <citation>Syed QA, Akram M, Shukat R. Nutritional and therapeutic importance of the pumpkin seeds. Seed 2019; 21(2): 15798-803.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2019.21.003586</citation> <citation>Lestari B, Meiyanto E. A review: the emerging nutraceutical potential of pumpkin seeds. Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention 2018; 9(2): 92-101.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev9iss2pp92-101</citation> </citations> <pages>281-286</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-29" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="99" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">99</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="454" created_at="2021-12-15" date_created="" file_id="246" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-15" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Effects OF Mulligan’s Mobilization With Movement On First Rib To Reduce Pain And Improve Cervical Rotation In Mechanical Neck Dysfunction.docx</name> <file id="246" filesize="51880" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/99/61b9f2f3f0751.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="455" created_at="2021-12-15" date_created="" file_id="246" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-15" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="454" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Effects OF Mulligan’s Mobilization With Movement On First Rib To Reduce Pain And Improve Cervical Rotation In Mechanical Neck Dysfunction.docx</name> <file id="246" filesize="51880" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/99/61b9f2f3f0751.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="488" created_at="2021-12-21" date_created="" file_id="246" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-21" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="455" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Effects OF Mulligan’s Mobilization With Movement On First Rib To Reduce Pain And Improve Cervical Rotation In Mechanical Neck Dysfunction.docx</name> <file id="246" filesize="51880" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/99/61b9f2f3f0751.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="489" created_at="2021-12-21" date_created="" file_id="246" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-21" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="488" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Effects OF Mulligan’s Mobilization With Movement On First Rib To Reduce Pain And Improve Cervical Rotation In Mechanical Neck Dysfunction.docx</name> <file id="246" filesize="51880" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/99/61b9f2f3f0751.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="967" created_at="2022-02-07" date_created="" file_id="676" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="676" filesize="951023" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/99/6228573b397e3.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="619" filesize="950832" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/99/6218f2cf95b9a.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="521" filesize="927218" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/99/620164ceae768.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="418" url_path="" seq="19" date_published="2021-12-21" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">99</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.99</id> <title locale="en_US">Effects OF Mulligan’s Mobilization With Movement On First Rib To Reduce Pain And Improve Cervical Rotation In Mechanical Neck Dysfunction</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Mulligan’s Mobilization In Mechanical Neck Dysfunction</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Mechanical Neck Pain(MNP)  is  a  term  used  to  describe  pain  that results from stress or strain on  the structures of the vertebral  column. Factors such       as alteration in the anatomical structures, sprain or strain of the muscles or ligaments, and adaptation to a faulty posture can result in First rib dysfunction has been identified as a potential cause for faulty dynamic,  static,  traumatic  or  congenital  factors, may contribute to the development of elevated first rib dysfunction. <strong>Objective:</strong> Was to determine the effects of Mulligan’s mobilization with movement on first rib to reduce pain and improve cervical rotation in mechanical neck dysfunction. <strong>Material and methods:</strong> This study Quasi-experimental trial was done at PT CARE MM Alam road Lahore. The study was completed within the time duration of six months (July-Dec 2019) after the approval of synopsis. A total of 26 cases (13 in each group) were divided into 2 groups. Group A and Group B were treated with conventional exercise program and with Mulligan’s mobilization with movement on first rib and conventional exercise program only respectively. Bubble inclinometer and NPRS tools were used to measure cervical rotation and Pain respectively. Data analysis was done by SPSS 21.<strong>Results:</strong> The mean change in NPRS was statistically higher in group-B (5.46 ± 0.78) as compared to group-A (2.62 ± 0.87), p-value &lt; 0.001. The mean change in cervical rotation (ROM) was statistically higher in group-B (17.46 ± 5.19) as compared to group-A (31.23 ± 4), p-value &lt; 0.001. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> It is concluded that Mulligan’s mobilization with movement on first rib and conventional exercise program had statistically significant change in reduction of pain and had higher improvement in cervical rotation (ROM) right and left. Hence, by combining conventional treatment and Mulligan’s mobilization , maximum clinical benefits to reduce pain and improve cervical rotation can be attained in mechanical neck dysfunction</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Neck pain, range of motion, mechanical, cervical rotation</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="418"> <givenname locale="en_US">Irfan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmad </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Central Park Medical College, Lahore </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>faani.khan04@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="420"> <givenname locale="en_US">Saima </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Riaz </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ripha College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ripha International University, Lahore </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>saima.riaz.rz@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="419"> <givenname locale="en_US">Uzma </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Faiz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">GHAZI UNIVERSITY, DERA GHAZI KHAN</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>hadigurmani8@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="421"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sulaman</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Govt High School, Makoraywala, Dera Ghazi Khan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>gurmanidgk786@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="422"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Zeeshan </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">THQ HOSPITAL, JAMPUR</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>muhammadzeeshan404@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="423"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tabassum </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Manzoor </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Muzaffar Abad General Hospital, Muzaffar Abad, AJK</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tabasam_khokhar@yahoo.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">133</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.99.g133</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="967"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Merskey HE. Classification of chronic pain: Descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. Pain. 1986. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3461421/</citation> <citation>Vicenzino B, Paungmali A, Teys P. Mulligan's mobilization-with-movement, positional faults and pain relief: current concepts from a critical review of literature. Manual therapy. 2007; 12(2):98-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2006.07.012</citation> <citation>Stathopoulos N, Dimitriadis Z, Koumantakis GA. Effectiveness of Mulligan's mobilization with movement techniques on pain and disability of peripheral joints: a systematic review with meta-analysis between 2008-2017. Physiotherapy. 2019;105(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2018.10.001</citation> <citation>Aker PD, Gross AR, Goldsmith CH, Peloso P. Conservative management of mechanical neck pain: systematic overview and meta-analysis. Bmj. 1996; 313(7068):1291-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.313.7068.1291</citation> <citation>Bogduk N, McGuirk B. Management of acute and chronic neck pain: an evidence-based approach: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006. https://www.elsevier.com/books/management-of-acute-and-chronic-neck-pain/bogduk/978-0-444-50846-1</citation> <citation>Heintz MM, Hegedus EJ. Multimodal management of mechanical neck pain using a treatment based classification system. J. Manu. Manipu. Ther. 2008;16(4):217-24.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1179/106698108790818260</citation> <citation>Stump JL, Redwood D. The use and role of sport chiropractors in the national football league: a short report. J. manipulative and physiological therapeutics. 2002;25(3):A2-A5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1067/mmt.2002.122326</citation> <citation>Brønfort G, Nilsson N, Haas M, Evans RL, Goldsmith CH, Assendelft WJ, et al. Non‐invasive physical treatments for chronic/recurrent headache. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2004(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001878.pub2</citation> <citation>Delgado-Gil JA, Prado-Robles E, Rodrigues-de-Souza DP, Cleland JA, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Alburquerque-Sendín F. Effects of mobilization with movement on pain and range of motion in patients with unilateral shoulder impingement syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. J. Manipu. Physio. Therap. 2015; 38(4):245-52.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2014.12.008</citation> <citation>Di Fabio RP, Boissonnault W. Physical therapy and health-related outcomes for patients with common orthopaedic diagnoses. J. Ortho. Spo. Phy. Ther. 1998;27(3):219-30.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1998.27.3.219</citation> <citation>González-Iglesias J, Fernandez-De-Las-Penas C, Cleland JA, del Rosario Gutiérrez-Vega M. Thoracic spine manipulation for the management of patients with neck pain: a randomized clinical trial. J. Ortho. Spo. Phy. Ther. 2009;39(1):20-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2914</citation> <citation>Elliott J, Jull G, Noteboom JT, Darnell R, Galloway G, Gibbon WW. Fatty infiltration in the cervical extensor muscles in persistent whiplash-associated disorders: a magnetic resonance imaging analysis. Spine. 2006;31(22):E847-E55.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000240841.07050.34</citation> <citation>Reid SA, Rivett DA, Katekar MG, Callister R. Sustained natural apophyseal glides (SNAGs) are an effective treatment for cervicogenic dizziness. Manual therapy. 2008;13(4):357-66.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2007.03.006</citation> <citation>Yao M, Sun Y-l, Dun R-l, Lan T-y, Li J-l, Lee HJ, et al. Is manipulative therapy clinically necessary for relief of neck pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Chinese J. Integrative Med. 2017;23(7):543-54.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-016-2506-1</citation> <citation>McLean SM, May S, Klaber-Moffett J, Sharp DM, Gardiner E. Risk factors for the onset of non-specific neck pain: a systematic review. J. Epidem. Comm. Hlth. 2010;64(7):565-72.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.090720</citation> <citation>Young JL, Walker D, Snyder S, Daly K. Thoracic manipulation versus mobilization in patients with mechanical neck pain: a systematic review. J. Man. Manipu. Thera. 2014;22(3):141-53. https://doi.org/10.1179/2042618613Y.0000000043</citation> <citation>Guzman J, Hurwitz EL, Carroll LJ, Haldeman S, Côté P, Carragee EJ, et al. A new conceptual model of neck pain: linking onset, course, and care: the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. J. Man. Manipu. Thera. 2009;32(2):S17-S28. doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181643efb</citation> <citation>Spitzer WO. Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining" whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20:1S-73S.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199504151-00004</citation> <citation>Ali A, Shakil-ur-Rehman S, Sibtain F. The efficacy of sustained natural apophyseal glides with and without isometric exercise training in non-specific neck pain. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 2014;30(4):872. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.304.5148</citation> <citation>Treede R-D. The International Association for the Study of Pain definition of pain: as valid in 2018 as in 1979, but in need of regularly updated footnotes. Pain reports. 2018;3(2).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/PR9.0000000000000643</citation> <citation>Fishbain DA, Cole B, Lewis JE, Gao J. What is the evidence that neuropathic pain is present in chronic low back pain and soft tissue syndromes? An evidence-based structured review. Pain Medicine. 2014;15(1):4-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12229</citation> <citation>Andrews DP, Odland-Wolf KB, May J, Baker R, Nasypany A, Dinkins EM. Immediate and short-term effects of mulligan concept positional sustained natural apophyseal glides on an athletic young-adult population classified with mechanical neck pain: an exploratory investigation. J. Man. Manipu. Thera. 2018;26(4):203-11.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2018.1460965</citation> <citation>Buyukturan O, Buyukturan B, Sas S, Karartı C, Ceylan I. The effect of mulligan mobilization technique in older adults with neck pain: A randomized controlled, double-blind study. Pain Research and Management. 2018; https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2856375</citation> <citation>Prayerna B, SuBBiah K, antony Leo aSSer P, MiLaneSe S. Effectiveness of Mulligan's Sustained Natural Apophyseal Glide (SNAG) over First Rib in Reducing Pain and Improving Cervical Rotation in Individuals with Mechanical Neck Dysfunction. Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research. 2019;13(3). https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2019/39626.12733</citation> <citation>Hussain SI, Ahmad A, Amjad F, Shafi T, Shahid HA. Effectiveness of natural apophyseal glides versus grade I and II Maitland mobilization in non specific neck pain. Annals of King Edward Med. Uni. 2016;22(1):23-. https://doi.org/10.21649/akemu.v22i1.792</citation> <citation>Masaracchio M, Kirker K, States R, Hanney WJ, Liu X, Kolber M. Thoracic spine manipulation for the management of mechanical neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one. 2019;14(2):e0211877. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211877</citation> </citations> <pages>150-155</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-29" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="98" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">98</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="369" created_at="2021-11-29" date_created="" file_id="201" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-29" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article QOL.docx</name> <file id="201" filesize="62118" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/98/61a480153cc53.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="431" created_at="2021-12-13" date_created="" file_id="232" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-13" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Vol4.2-A17.docx</name> <file id="232" filesize="69629" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/98/61b7008964fa2.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="438" created_at="2021-12-13" date_created="" file_id="232" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-13" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="431" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Vol4.2-A17.docx</name> <file id="232" filesize="69629" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/98/61b7008964fa2.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="439" created_at="2021-12-13" date_created="" file_id="232" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-13" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="438" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Vol4.2-A17.docx</name> <file id="232" filesize="69629" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/98/61b7008964fa2.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="441" created_at="2021-12-13" date_created="" file_id="232" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-13" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="438" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Vol4.2-A17.docx</name> <file id="232" filesize="69629" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/98/61b7008964fa2.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="825" created_at="2022-01-28" date_created="" file_id="666" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="666" filesize="1397087" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/98/62284d32758e5.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="458" filesize="1395091" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/98/61f4051cf2b2f.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="411" url_path="" seq="14" date_published="2021-12-13" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">98</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.98</id> <title locale="en_US">Effect of depression and anxiety on quality of life among cardiovascular patients visiting Tertiary Care hospital Lahore</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Effect of depression and anxiety on QoL among cardiovascular patients</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Mental disorders like anxiety and depression are common among cardiovascular patients. These mental disorders have adverse effect on quality of life (QoL) among these patients which further increases mortality and morbidity among them <strong>Objective: </strong>The propose of this study was to assess the effect of anxiety and depression on quality of life among cardiovascular patients<strong> Methods:</strong> A cross sectional study was performed at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital Lahore. 100 patients of CVD were selected by non-probability sampling technique. All patients of both genders aged above 18 years with diagnosed CVD were included. In order to measure the anxiety and depression among cardiovascular patients, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and WHOQOL was used to assess the QoL of patients <strong>Results: </strong>Out of total 100 patients, there were 47 females and 53 males. Patients mean age was 54.87 ± 16.66. Among CVD patients, 52 were borderline cases and 33 were abnormal cases of anxiety. 56 cases were borderline and 28 were abnormal cases of depression. Anxiety and depression had adverse effect on QoL among CVD patients. Low scores were found for physical, psychological and environmental domains of WHOQOL. A significant association was found between social relationships domain of  WHOQOL with anxiety and depression and the level of significance was p-values 0.016 and 0.043 respectively. There was significant association between psychological domain of QoL with depression (P=0.039) and monthly income (P=0.016). There was insignificant association between educational level, sex, age with QoL, anxiety and depression <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Study concluded that anxiety and depression have negative impact on QoL and are risk factors for health-related QoL among CVD patients. Persons attending medical care are usually not being assessed for anxiety due to lack of facilities, lack of understanding of disease and over burden of patients. They are responsible for greater mortality and morbidity in CVDs. The depression and Anxiety are the mediating factors and it must be taken into consideration in clinical practices when QoL is considered as a clinical prerequisite</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Cardiovascular disease patients, anxiety, depression, quality of life.</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="14" id="412"> <givenname locale="en_US">Andleeb</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shakoor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="14" id="413"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafsa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Kamran</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="14" id="414"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maryam</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Shakoor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">King Edward Medical University, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="14" id="415"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sidra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khalid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="14" id="416"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sughra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shakoor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Benazir Bhutto Medical College, Mirpur</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="14" id="411"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore UOL, Lahore, Pakistan. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maria.aslam@ahs.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="14" id="417"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hina</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shakoor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">King Edward Medical University, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">113</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.98.g113</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="825"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Murray CJ, Lopez AD, World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020: summary. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/195443?ln=en</citation> <citation>De Hert M, Detraux J, Van Winkel R, Yu W, Correll CU. Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs. Nat. Rev. Endoc. 2012 Feb; 8(2):114.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2011.156</citation> <citation>Skarl S. Anxiety and Depression Association of America. J. Consu. Hlth. Intnt. 2015 Apr 3; 19(2):100-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/15398285.2015.1035595</citation> <citation>Ouakinin SR. Anxiety as a Laslett LJ, Alagona P, Clark BA, Drozda JP, Saldivar F, Wilson SR, Poe C, Hart M. The worldwide environment of cardiovascular disease: prevalence, diagnosis, therapy, and policy issues: a report from the American College of Cardiology. J. Amer. Col. Cardio. 2012 Dec 25 doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.11.002</citation> <citation>Elderon L, Whooley MA. Depression and cardiovascular disease. Progress in cardiovascular diseases. 2013 May 1;55(6):511-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2013.03.010</citation> <citation>Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS med. 2006 Nov 28;3(11):e442. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442</citation> <citation>Raison CL, Capuron L, Miller AH. Cytokines sing the blues: inflammation and the pathogenesis of depression. Trends in immunology. 2006 Jan 1;27(1):24-31.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2005.11.006</citation> <citation>Bonnet F, Irving K, Terra JL, Nony P, Berthezène F, Moulin P. Anxiety and depression are associated with unhealthy lifestyle in patients at risk of cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Feb 1;178(2):339-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.08.035</citation> <citation>Chung ML, Moser DK, Lennie TA, Rayens MK. The effects of depressive symptoms and anxiety on quality of life in patients with heart failure and their spouses: Testing dyadic dynamics using Actor-Partner Interdependence Model. J. psych. Res. 2009 Jul 1;67(1):29-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2009.01.009</citation> <citation>Cully JA, Phillips LL, Kunik ME, Stanley MA, Deswal A. Predicting quality of life in veterans with heart failure: the role of disease severity, depression, and comorbid anxiety. Behavioral Medicine. 2010 May 26;36(2):70-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964280903521297</citation> <citation>Arif A, Naveed S, Aslam R. Factors causing stress among Pakistani working women. Pakistan Administrative Review. 2017;1(3):159-74. https://www.prdb.pk/article/factors-causing-stress-among-pakistani-working-women-789</citation> <citation>Abbasi IN, Gajoo DH, Kumar S, Zainab SZ, Fatmi Z. Pattern of cardiovascular diseases according to age and gender in a rural district of Pakistan. Pak. Heart J. 2013 Sep 11;46(3). https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/PATTERN-OF-CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASES-ACCORDING-TO-AGE-Abbasi-Gajoo/76efd933ace175f521b0695180fed83fd2458136</citation> <citation>Dogar IA, Khawaja IS, Azeem MW, Awan H, Ayub A, Iqbal J, Thuras P. Prevalence and risk factors for depression and anxiety in hospitalized cardiac patients in Pakistan. Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2008 Feb;5(2):38. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19727293/</citation> <citation>Kyrou I, Kollia N, Panagiotakos D, Georgousopoulou E, Chrysohoou C, Tsigos C, Randeva HS, Yannakoulia M, Stefanadis C, Papageorgiou C, Pitsavos C. Association of depression and anxiety status with 10-year cardiovascular disease incidence among apparently healthy Greek adults: the ATTICA study. Euro. J. prev. cardio. 2017 Jan;24(2):145-52.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487316670918</citation> <citation>Hamrah MS, Hamrah MH, Ishii H, Suzuki S, Hamrah MH, Hamrah AE, Dahi AE, Takeshita K, Yisireyili M, Hamrah MH, Fotouhi A. Anxiety and Depression among Hypertensive Outpatients in Afghanistan: A Cross-Sectional Study in Andkhoy City. Int. j. hyper. 2018.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8560835</citation> <citation>Kemp AH, Quintana DS, Felmingham KL, Matthews S, Jelinek HF. Depression, comorbid anxiety disorders, and heart rate variability in physically healthy, unmedicated patients: implications for cardiovascular risk. PloS one. 2012 Feb 15;7(2):e30777.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030777</citation> <citation>Hallas CN, Wray J, Andreou P, Banner NR. Depression and perceptions about heart failure predict quality of life in patients with advanced heart failure. Heart & lung. 2011 Mar 1; 40(2):111-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrtlng.2009.12.008</citation> <citation>Frasure-Smith N, Lespérance F. Depression and anxiety as predictors of 2-year cardiac events in patients with stable coronary artery disease. Arch. Gen. psych. 2008 Jan 1;65(1):62-71. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.4</citation> <citation>Dickens C, Cherrington A, McGowan L. Do cognitive and behavioral factors mediate the impact of depression on medical outcomes in people with coronary heart disease? J. cardio. Rehab. Prev. 2011 Mar 1;31(2):105-10. https://doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0b013e318207d32b</citation> <citation>Lerner DJ, Kannel WB. Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population. Ame. heart j. 1986 Feb 1;111(2):383-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-8703(86)90155-9</citation> <citation>Maas AH, Appelman YE. Gender differences in coronary heart disease. Netherlands Heart J. 2010 Nov 1;18(12):598-603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12471-010-0841-y</citation> <citation>Ko HY, Lee JK, Shin JY, Jo E. Health-related quality of life and cardiovascular disease risk in Korean adults. Kor. j. fam. Med. 2015 Nov;36(6):349. https://doi.org/10.4082/kjfm.2015.36.6.349</citation> <citation>Çeviker K, Şahinalp Ş, Çiçek E, Demir D, Uysal D, Yazkan R, Akpınar A, Yavuz T. Quality of life in patients with chronic venous disease in Turkey: influence of different treatment modalities at 6-month follow-up. Quality of Life Research. 2016 Jun 1;25(6):1527-36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-015-1180-7</citation> <citation>Lim L, Jin AZ, Ng TP. Anxiety and depression, chronic physical conditions, and quality of life in an urban population sample study. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 2012 Jul 1;47(7):1047-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-011-0420-6</citation> <citation>Ola BA, Adewuya AO, Ajayi OE, Akintomide AO, Oginni OO, Ologun YA. Relationship between depression and quality of life in Nigerian outpatients with heart failure. J. psycho. Res. 2006 Dec 1;61(6):797-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.04.022</citation> <citation>Juenger J, Schellberg D, Kraemer S, Haunstetter A, Zugck C, Herzog W, Haass M. Health related quality of life in patients with congestive heart failure: comparison with other chronic diseases and relation to functional variables. Heart. 2002 Mar 1;87(3):235-41. https://doi.org/10.1136/heart.87.3.235</citation> <citation>Jiang W, Alexander J, Christopher E, Kuchibhatla M, Gaulden LH, Cuffe MS, Blazing MA, Davenport C, Califf RM, Krishnan RR, O'Connor CM. Relationship of depression to increased risk of mortality and rehospitalization in patients with congestive heart failure. Archives of internal medicine. 2001 Aug 13;161(15):1849-56. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.15.1849</citation> </citations> <pages>124-129</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-29" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="97" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">97</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="368" created_at="2021-11-29" date_created="" file_id="200" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-29" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="khola" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">article.docx</name> <file id="200" filesize="77808" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/97/61a468430f50b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="392" created_at="2021-12-05" date_created="" file_id="200" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="368" uploader="khola" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">article.docx</name> <file id="200" filesize="77808" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/97/61a468430f50b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="824" created_at="2022-01-28" date_created="" file_id="677" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="677" filesize="1260267" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/97/62285802b3c28.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="457" filesize="1260099" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/97/61f4049eb87cb.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="407" url_path="" seq="15" date_published="2021-12-14" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">97</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.97</id> <title locale="en_US">Need Assessment for Faculty Development in Wah Medical College</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Need Assessment for Faculty Development </subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Introduction: Faculty development (FD) is defined broadly as the range of activities that institutions use to assist faculty in their roles and fields including teaching, research and administration. And faculty is now expected to be more effective and creative in their teaching methods. Objectives: To determine the needs assessment for faculty development. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and duration of study: Wah Medical College, January- June 2019. &nbsp;Methodology: A questionnaire was prepared after the review of literature. It had two parts; demographic profile and responses of the faculty on various aspects regarding needs assessment. Questionnaires were distributed to all the faculty members of college. Data was analyzed by SPSS and frequencies were calculated. T-test was used with p value of 0.05. Result: 90 faculty members responded back. Out of these 90, 34(37.8%) were in favor of 1 workshop per year. 59(65.6%)wanted half day workshop. 75(83.3%) members wanted workshops to be on weeks days. 66(73.3%) favored one-day workshops. 71(78.9%), 47(52.2%), 38(42.2%) don’t attend workshops due to lack of time, institutional support, trained facilitators respectively. Conclusion: We concluded that the Wah medical college faculty is in need of faculty development programs that should be conducted by the medical education department with in the college. The college should facilitate the faculty in the best possible way especially considering the limitations and responsibilities of the female faculty.&nbsp;</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>needs assessment</keyword> <keyword>faculty development</keyword> <keyword>medical colleges</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="15" id="407"> <givenname locale="en_US">Khola</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Wah Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>drkholakhan_12@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="15" id="408"> <givenname locale="en_US">Musarat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ramzan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Wah Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>musaratramzan@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="15" id="409"> <givenname locale="en_US">Saleh </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Wah Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>dr.s.ahmed21@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="15" id="410"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sadia</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nadeem</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Wah Medical College, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sadianadeem39@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">112</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.97.g112</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="824"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Baker L, Leslie K, Panisko D, Walsh A, Wong A, Stubbs B et.al.; Exploring faculty developers' experiences to inform our understanding of competence in faculty development. Academic medicine. 2018; 93(2). 265-272</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001821</citation> <citation>Srinivas DK, Adkoli BB. Faculty Development in Medical Education in India. Al Ameen Journal of Medical Science. 2009;2(1). 5-12 https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20103114268</citation> <citation>McLean M, Cillier FJ, Van Wyk J. Faculty development: yesterday today and tomorrow. Journal of AMEE. 2008; 30 : 555-584</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/01421590802109834</citation> <citation>Siddiqui ZS. Faculty development: A Step towards Quality and Excellence. JQTM. 2009; 5(2).17-26 http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/iqtm/PDF-FILES/paper_2_VolumeV_%20Issue_II_Dec_2009.pdf</citation> <citation>Lancaster JW, Stein SM, MacLean LG, Amburgh JV, Pearsky AM. Faculty Development Program Models To Advance Teaching And Learning Within Health Science Programs. AJPE2014;78(5)</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe78599</citation> <citation>Kamel AMF. Role of faculty development programs in improving teaching and learning. Saudi Journal of Oral Sciences. 2016; 3(2). 61-8</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/1658-6816.188073</citation> <citation>Farmer EA, Faculty Development for Problem Based Learning. Eur J Dent. Educ. 2004;8.59-66</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0579.2003.00337.x</citation> <citation>Shah N, Tabassum A, Shah N. A needs assessment for Faculty Development at two medical colleges of Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi. PJMS2018; 34(6).1386-91</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.346.16302</citation> <citation>Adkoli B, Deepak K, Alsheikh M. Innovative methods of needs assessment for faculty development programs in a Gulf Medical School. Education for health. 2010; 23(3). 1-12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21290357/</citation> <citation>Tandeter H, Castel O C, Nave R, Jotkowiez A. Needs Assessment for Faculty Development Activities in Medical Schools in Israel. IJHPR. 2014;3 https://austinpublishinggroup.com/family-medicine/fulltext/jfm-v1-id1008.php</citation> <citation>Manzoor I, Zeeshan S, Iqbal A, Sarfaraz S. Needs Assessment For Establishing Faculty Development Programs In A Private Medical College At Lahore. JAMC. 2018;30(4). 539-43 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30632332/</citation> <citation>Abid K. Faculty development: a need in time for educators in healthcare. JPMA. 2013; 63:428-30 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23905434/</citation> <citation>Rahman S, Khatoon S, Sultana MN, Noman F, Samdani SG. Current status of faculty development in undergraduate medical education of Bangladesh. BJME. 2017;8(2):2-8</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3329/bjme.v8i2.33329</citation> <citation>Paige JT, Khamis NN, Cooper JB. Learning how to teach one: a needs assessment of the state of faculty development within the consortium of the American college of surgeons accredited education institutes. Surgery. 2017 Nov; 162(5):1140-47. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2017.06.016. Epub 2017 Aug 12</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2017.06.016</citation> <citation>Bigbee JL, Rainwater J, Butani L. Use of a Needs Assessment in the Development of an Interprofessional Faculty Development Program. Nurse Educ. 2016 Nov/Dec; 41(6):324-327.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000270</citation> <citation>Brown GM, Lang E, Patel K, McRae A, Chung B, Yoon P et. Al. A national faculty development needs assessment in emergency medicine. CJEM.JCMU. 2016;18(3);161-182.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2015.77</citation> <citation>Mukhtar F, Chaudhary AM. Faculty development in medical institutions: Where do we stand in Pakistan? J Ayub Med Coll Abottabad.2010;22 (3).210-213 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22338458/</citation> <citation>Brown GM, Lang E, Patel K, McRae A, Chung B, Yoon P. A National Faculty Development needs assessment in Emergency Medicine. Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2016:18(3):161-82</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/cem.2015.77</citation> <citation>Amin Z,Khoo HE,Chong YS,Tan CH,Goh PS,Chan YK Metal. A Multi-InstituationalSuvey on faculty Development Needs, Priorities and preferences in medical Education in an Asian medical school. medical education online.2009;14 (16).1-6</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3402/meo.v14i.4509</citation> <citation>Algahtani H, Shirah B, Subahi A, Aldarmahi A, Algahtani R. Effectiveness and needs Assessment of faculty development programme for medical education: Experience from Saudi Arabia. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal. 2020 20(1):e 83</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.2020.20.01.012</citation> </citations> <pages>130-133</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-28" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="96" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">96</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="365" created_at="2021-11-28" date_created="" file_id="198" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-28" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">COMPARING THE VALIDITY OF ELECTRONIC COLOR VISION TEST WITH CONVENTIONAL ISHIHARA PSEUDOISOCHROMATIC PLATE TEST.docx</name> <file id="198" filesize="33512" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/96/61a3e349f0b4a.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="366" created_at="2021-11-28" date_created="" file_id="198" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-11-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="365" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">COMPARING THE VALIDITY OF ELECTRONIC COLOR VISION TEST WITH CONVENTIONAL ISHIHARA PSEUDOISOCHROMATIC PLATE TEST.docx</name> <file id="198" filesize="33512" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/96/61a3e349f0b4a.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1008" created_at="2022-02-11" date_created="" file_id="661" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-08" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="661" filesize="740692" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/96/622798660758e.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="657" filesize="740008" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/96/62277fb326208.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="563" filesize="739609" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/96/620a612d2a147.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="547" filesize="740082" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/96/62068c8419701.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="402" url_path="" seq="20" date_published="2021-12-13" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">96</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.96</id> <title locale="en_US">Comparing The Validity Of Electronic Color Vision Test With Conventional Ishihara Pseudoisochromatic Plate Test</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Validity Of Electronic Color Vision Test</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Many ocular diseases can affect color vision of a patient which will ultimately reduce many daily based activities. Measuring color vision of a patient can help deciding any management plan for that patient. <strong>Objectives:</strong><span style="font-size: 0.875rem;">To compare the validity of electronic color vision test with conventional pseudoisochromaticishihara plates and to find out easiest and appropriate method of color vision testing.</span><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional study involving the use of structured proforma and questionnaire to evaluate the validity of electronic color vision test and conventional ishihara plate test. A sample size of 80 individuals with normal and mild degree of refractive error was examined and results were recorded in self-designed proforma. <strong>Results: </strong><span style="font-size: 0.875rem;">Eighty individuals were enlisted; 35 were males (43.8%) and 45 (56.3) were female; age ranged from 14 to 56 (average 34.2</span><u style="font-size: 0.875rem;">+</u><span style="font-size: 0.875rem;"> 12.2) years. By conventional ishihara testing 68 patients gave 100% results (n = 68; 85%) and 12 gave 75% (n = 12; 15%) results. In electronic color vision test 69 individuals gave 100% ( n = 69; 86.3%) results and 11 gave 75% (n = 11; 13.7%) results. 45% peoples are satisfied with their electronic color vision test, 20% satisfied with both methods however 35% are satisfied with conventional method. Prevalence of color vision defect is higher in males as compared to females. </span><strong>Conclusions</strong>: This study found that the sensitivity and specificity of electronic color vision test and conventional ishihara test is nearly similar (p&lt; 0.05). Electronic Ishihara color vision test is also a way of self assesment and also has the advantage of reducing the cost through decreasing resources and the time to analyze the results.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="400"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bisma </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rashid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>alirashid2272@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="401"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fatima </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zahid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>fatimaramay2015@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="402"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ahmed </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sohail </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sohailmkd12@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="403"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hakim Anjum</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nadeem</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Al-Khair Trust Eye Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>shanjum92@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="404"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tallat Anwar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Faridi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tallat.anwar@pht.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="405"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ubaidullah</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Jan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University , Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>ubaid@superior.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="406"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shahab</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> zafar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ophthamology Department, DHQ Hospital, Panjgur, Baluchistan, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>shahabzaffar1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="439"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sajid </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hameed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>doctorsajidhameed@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">149</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.96.g149</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1008"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Gegenfurtner KR, Kiper DC. Color vision. Annual review of neuroscience. 2003 Mar;26(1):181-206.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131116</citation> <citation>Lennie P, D'Zmura M. Mechanisms of color vision. Critical reviews in neurobiology. 1988 Jan 1;3(4):333-400.</citation> <citation>Baden T, Osorio D. The retinal basis of vertebrate color vision. Annual review of vision science. 2019 Sep 15;5:177-200.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-vision-091718-014926</citation> <citation>Stockman A, Brainard DH. Color vision mechanisms. The Optical Society of America handbook of optics. 2010;3:11-.</citation> <citation>Deeb SS. Genetics of variation in human color vision and the retinal cone mosaic. Current opinion in genetics & development. 2006 Jun 1;16(3):301-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2006.04.002</citation> <citation>Encyclopedia Britannica. Structure and function of photoreceptors [homepage on the Internet]. [Cited 2017 Aug 28].</citation> <citation>Neitz M, Neitz J. Molecular genetics of color vision and color vision defects. Archives of ophthalmology. 2000 May 1;118(5):691-700.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.118.5.691</citation> <citation>Hasron N, Rubin A. Defects of colour vision: A review of congenital and acquired colours vision deficiency. Afr Vision Eye Health. 2016; 75(1):1-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v75i1.365</citation> <citation>Sehlapelo R Oduntan A. Effect of optical defocus on color perception. S AfrOptom. 2007; 66(2):77-81.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v66i2.229</citation> <citation>Birch J. Worldwide prevalence of red-green color deficiency. J Opt Soc am an Opt image sci vis. 2012; 29(3): 313-320</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.29.000313</citation> <citation>Gordan N. color deficiency. Public health .1998;112(2):81-84</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3506(98)00590-3</citation> <citation>Roy MS, Gunkel RD, Podgor MJ. Color vision defects in early diabetic retinopathy. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1986 Feb 1;104(2):225-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1986.01050140079024</citation> <citation>Melamud A, Hagstrom S, Traboulsi E. Color vision testing. Ophthalmic Genetics. 2004 Jan 1;25(3):159-87.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/13816810490498341</citation> <citation>Hoffmann A, Menozzi M. Applying the Ishihara test to a PC-based screening system. Displays. 1999 Feb 25;20(1):39-47.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-9382(98)00053-5</citation> <citation>Miles W. One Hundred Cases of Color-Blindness Detected with the Ishihara Tes. The Journal of General Psychology. 1929 Oct 1;2(4):535-43.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/00221309.1929.9918095</citation> <citation>Feitosa‐Santana C, Paramei GV, Nishi M, Gualtieri M, Costa MF, Ventura DF. Color vision impairment in type 2 diabetes assessed by the D‐15d test and the Cambridge Colour Test. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 2010 Sep;30(5):717-23.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.2010.00776.x</citation> <citation>Paramei G, Bimler D. Colour vision testing. In: Encylopedia of color science and technology. New York: Springer Science and Bisness Media, 2015; p. 1-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27851-8_374-1</citation> <citation>De Alwis DV, Kon CH. A new way to use the Ishihara test. Journal of neurology. 1992 Aug;239(8):451-4.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00856810</citation> <citation>Van Staden D, Mahomed FN, Govender S, Lengisi L, Singh B, Aboobaker O. Comparing the validity of an online Ishihara colour vision test to the traditional Ishihara handbook in a South African university population. African Vision and Eye Health. 2018 Feb 26;77(1):1-4.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4102/aveh.v77i1.370</citation> <citation>De Fez D, Luque MJ, Matea L, Piñero DP, Camps VJ. New iPAD-based test for the detection of color vision deficiencies. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 2018 Dec;256(12):2349-60.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-018-4154-y</citation> <citation>Sorkin N, Rosenblatt A, Cohen E, Ohana O, Stolovitch C, Dotan G. Comparison of Ishihara booklet with color vision smartphone applications. Optometry and Vision Science. 2016 Jul 1;93(7):667-72.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/OPX.0000000000000873</citation> <citation>Fliotsos MJ, Zhao J, Pradeep T, Ighani M, Eghrari AO. Testing a Popular Smartphone Application for Colour Vision Assessment in Healthy Volunteer Subjects. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2020 Sep 27:1-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/01658107.2020.1817947</citation> <citation>Melamud A, Hagstrom S, Traboulsi E. Color vision testing. Ophthalmic Genetics. 2004 Jan 1;25(3):159-87.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/13816810490498341</citation> <citation>Awad Z, Natt RS, Pothier DD. Ishihara plates on your handheld computer. Clinical otolaryngology: official journal of ENT-UK; official journal of Netherlands Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology &Cervico-Facial Surgery. 2007 Feb 1;32(1):58-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2273.2007.01327.x</citation> <citation>Birch J, McKeever LM. Survey of the accuracy of new pseudoisochromatic plates. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics. 1993 Jan;13(1):35-40.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1313.1993.tb00423.x</citation> </citations> <pages>156-159</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-27" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="95" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">95</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="361" created_at="2021-11-27" date_created="" file_id="197" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-27" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Evaluating the efficacy of High-energy Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Aimed at Treating Calcified Shoulder (ESWT-CS) a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.docx</name> <file id="197" filesize="375651" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/95/61a287262d44a.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="362" created_at="2021-11-27" date_created="" file_id="197" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-11-27" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="361" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Evaluating the efficacy of High-energy Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Aimed at Treating Calcified Shoulder (ESWT-CS) a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.docx</name> <file id="197" filesize="375651" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/95/61a287262d44a.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="873" created_at="2022-01-30" date_created="" file_id="197" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-30" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="362" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Evaluating the efficacy of High-energy Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Aimed at Treating Calcified Shoulder (ESWT-CS) a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.docx</name> <file id="197" filesize="375651" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/95/61a287262d44a.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="874" created_at="2022-01-30" date_created="" file_id="197" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-30" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="873" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Evaluating the efficacy of High-energy Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Aimed at Treating Calcified Shoulder (ESWT-CS) a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.docx</name> <file id="197" filesize="375651" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/95/61a287262d44a.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="988" created_at="2022-02-09" date_created="" file_id="691" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="691" filesize="452332" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/95/62287ab42f634.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="570" filesize="984708" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/95/620bbc14a6237.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="533" filesize="994902" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/95/6203787317b1d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="398" url_path="" seq="23" date_published="2021-12-31" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">95</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.95</id> <title locale="en_US">Evaluating the efficacy of High-energy Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy Aimed at Treating Calcified Shoulder (ESWT-CS): a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial </title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Efficacy of high-energy extracorporeal shockwave therapy in patients with calcified shoulder</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Shockwave therapy is a solid scientifically based medical tool used to manage calcified shoulder. This therapy, along with its pros and cons, is paving its way among armamentarium of interventions for musculoskeletal disorders. <strong>Objective:</strong> To determine efficacy of extracorporeal shockwave therapy on subjective and objective measures in patients with calcified shoulder. <strong>Methods: </strong>Single-blinded, parallel-group, randomized trial will be conducted on sample of 48 participants recruited through convenient sampling. Patients with calcified shoulder tendinopathy, aged between 30-55 years and both gender will be included. Outcome measures will be numeric pain rating scale, Constant and Murley score, Western Ontario rotator cuff index, shoulder ROM and radiological outcomes. Current study has been initiated in June 2020 till enrollment in December 2020.The quantitative data would present in the form of mean and standard deviation. After fulfilling the parametric assumptions, data will be analyzed using independent sample t-test/Mann Whitney test. Repeated measure ANOVA/Friedman test for pair-wise comparisons for follow-ups will be used to determine the effects of treatment within the groups at baseline, in 6<sup>th</sup> week and 12<sup>th</sup> week after commencement of treatment. <strong>Discussion:</strong> Evidence reported related to shockwave therapy for tendinopathy shows less quality and less number of randomized trials done, with no comparable groups and methodological deficiencies of studies.</p> <p><strong>Trial registration:</strong> Approval was obtained from Institutional Review Board Committee (ref: IRB-UOL-FAHS/693/2020). The study was registered on 28<sup>th</sup> March 2020 in Iranian Registry of Clinical trials (IRCT), its registration reference number is IRCT20200204046373N1 <a href="https://irct.ir/trial/45657">https://irct.ir/trial/45657</a>.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Extracorporeal shockwave therapy, Calcified shoulder, Study protocol </keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="23" id="398"> <givenname locale="en_US">Arooj </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fatima</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>arooj.fatima1@uipt.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="23" id="1292"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sundus</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sohail</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="23" id="1293"> <givenname locale="en_US">Filza</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shoukat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="23" id="1294"> <givenname locale="en_US">Iqbal</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nasir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="23" id="399"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shiza</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Kazmi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">138</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.95.g138</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="988"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Lewis J. Management of rotator cuff tendinopathy. In Touch J Org Chart Physiother Private Pract 2014; 149: 12-7.</citation> <citation>Huisstede BM, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Koes BW, Verhaar JA. Incidence and prevalence of upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders. A systematic appraisal of the literature. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2006; 7(1): 7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-7-7</citation> <citation>Littlewood C. Contractile dysfunction of the shoulder (rotator cuff tendinopathy): an overview. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy 2012; 20(4): 209-13.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1179/2042618612Y.0000000005</citation> <citation>MacDermid JC, Ramos J, Drosdowech D, Faber K, Patterson S. The impact of rotator cuff pathology on isometric and isokinetic strength, function, and quality of life. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 2004; 13(6): 593-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2004.03.009</citation> <citation>Umer M, Qadir I, Azam M. Subacromial impingement syndrome. Orthopedic reviews 2012; 4(2): 18.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4081/or.2012.e18</citation> <citation>Hyvönen P, Melkko J, Lehto V, Jalovaara P. Involvement of the subacromial bursa in impingement syndrome of the shoulder as judged by expression of tenascin-C and histopathology. Bone & Joint Journal 2003; 85(2): 299-305.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.85B2.13124</citation> <citation>Fredberg U, Stengaard‐Pedersen K. Chronic tendinopathy tissue pathology, pain mechanisms, and etiology with a special focus on inflammation. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 2008; 18(1): 3-15.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00746.x</citation> <citation>Louwerens JK, Sierevelt IN, van Hove RP, van den Bekerom MP, van Noort A. Prevalence of calcific deposits within the rotator cuff tendons in adults with and without subacromial pain syndrome: clinical and radiologic analysis of 1219 patients. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery 2015; 24(10): 1588-93.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2015.02.024</citation> <citation>Rechardt M, Shiri R, Karppinen J, Jula A, Heliövaara M, Viikari-Juntura E. Lifestyle and metabolic factors in relation to shoulder pain and rotator cuff tendinitis: a population-based study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2010; 11(1): 165.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-11-165</citation> <citation>Johansson K, Oberg B, Adolfsson L, Foldevi M. A combination of systematic review and clinicians' beliefs in interventions for subacromial pain. Br J Gen Pract 2002; 52(475): 145-52.</citation> <citation>Haahr JP, Østergaard S, Dalsgaard J, et al. Exercises versus arthroscopic decompression in patients with subacromial impingement: a randomised, controlled study in 90 cases with a one year follow up. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2005; 64(5): 760-4.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2004.021188</citation> <citation>Kelly SM, Wrightson PA, Meads CA. Clinical outcomes of exercise in the management of subacromial impingement syndrome: a systematic review. Clinical Rehabilitation 2010; 24(2): 99-109.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215509342336</citation> <citation>Coghlan J, Buchbinder R, Green S, Johnston R, Bell S. Surgery for rotator cuff disease (review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008; 1: 1-49.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005619.pub2</citation> <citation>Gerdesmeyer L, Maier M, Haake M, Schmitz C. Physical-technical principles of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT). Der Orthopade 2002; 31(7): 610-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-002-0319-8</citation> <citation>Huisstede BM, Gebremariam L, van der Sande R, Hay EM, Koes BW. Evidence for effectiveness of Extracorporal Shock-Wave Therapy (ESWT) to treat calcific and non-calcific rotator cuff tendinosis-a systematic review. Manual therapy 2011; 16(5): 419-33.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2011.02.005</citation> <citation>Albert J-D, Meadeb J, Guggenbuhl P, et al. High-energy extracorporeal shock-wave therapy for calcifying tendinitis of the rotator cuff: a randomised trial. The Journal of bone and joint surgery British volume 2007; 89(3): 335-41.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.89B3.18249</citation> <citation>Sapozhnikov OA, Khokhlova VA, Bailey MR, et al. Effect of overpressure and pulse repetition frequency on cavitation in shock wave lithotripsy. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 2002; 112(3): 1183-95.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1121/1.1500754</citation> <citation>Schofer MD, Hinrichs F, Peterlein CD, Arendt M, Schmitt J. High-versus low-energy extracorporeal shock wave therapy of rotator cuff tendinopathy: a prospective, randomised, controlled study. Acta orthopaedica Belgica 2009; 75(4): 452.</citation> <citation>Gerdesmeyer L, Wagenpfeil S, Haake M, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of chronic calcifying tendonitis of the rotator cuff: a randomized controlled trial. Jama 2003; 290(19): 2573-80.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.19.2573</citation> <citation>Schmitt J, Tosch A, Hünerkopf M, Haake M. Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) as therapeutic option in supraspinatus tendon syndrome? One year results of a placebo controlled study. Der Orthopade 2002; 31(7): 652-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-002-0325-x</citation> <citation>Harniman E, Carette S, Kennedy C, Beaton D. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for calcific and noncalcific tendonitis of the rotator cuff: a systematic review. Journal of Hand Therapy 2004; 17(2): 132-51.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1197/j.jht.2004.02.003</citation> <citation>Loew M, Daecke W, Kusnierczak D, Rahmanzadeh M, Ewerbeck V. Shock-wave therapy is effective for chronic calcifying tendinitis of the shoulder. The Journal of bone and joint surgery British volume 1999; 81(5): 863-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.81B5.0810863</citation> <citation>Cools AM, Cambier D, Witvrouw EE. Screening the athlete's shoulder for impingement symptoms: a clinical reasoning algorithm for early detection of shoulder pathology. British journal of sports medicine 2008; 42(8): 628-35.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.048074</citation> <citation>Eslamian F, Shakouri SK, Ghojazadeh M, Nobari OE, Eftekharsadat B. Effects of low-level laser therapy in combination with physiotherapy in the management of rotator cuff tendinitis. Lasers in medical science 2012; 27(5): 951-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10103-011-1001-3</citation> </citations> <pages>170-174</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-27" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="94" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">94</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="360" created_at="2021-11-27" date_created="" file_id="196" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-27" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="farharbano" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EVALUATION OF NOVEL HORMONE ASPROSIN AND ITS ROLE IN INSULIN RESISTANCE IN NEONATAL CORD BLOOD OF PREECLAMPTIC AND HEALTHY PREGNANT MOTHERS.docx</name> <file id="196" filesize="151616" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/94/61a283a110031.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="377" created_at="2021-12-01" date_created="" file_id="208" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-20" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article.docx</name> <file id="208" filesize="146589" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/94/61a7c1f246153.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="479" created_at="2021-12-20" date_created="" file_id="264" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-20" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EVALUATION OF NOVEL HORMONE ASPROSIN AND ITS ROLE IN INSULIN RESISTANCE IN NEONATAL CORD BLOOD OF PREECLAMPTIC AND HEALTHY PREGNANT MOTHERS.docx</name> <file id="264" filesize="151859" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/94/61c09bff00d97.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="498" created_at="2021-12-22" date_created="" file_id="274" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-22" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EVALUATION OF NOVEL HORMONE ASPROSIN AND ITS ROLE IN INSULIN RESISTANCE IN NEONATAL CORD BLOOD OF PREECLAMPTIC AND HEALTHY PREGNANT MOTHERS.docx</name> <file id="274" filesize="151859" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/94/61c383baa2724.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="499" created_at="2021-12-22" date_created="" file_id="274" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-22" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="498" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EVALUATION OF NOVEL HORMONE ASPROSIN AND ITS ROLE IN INSULIN RESISTANCE IN NEONATAL CORD BLOOD OF PREECLAMPTIC AND HEALTHY PREGNANT MOTHERS.docx</name> <file id="274" filesize="151859" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/94/61c383baa2724.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="993" created_at="2022-02-09" date_created="" file_id="785" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="785" filesize="557064" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/94/6231e86925517.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="539" filesize="955059" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/94/6203d18f9d554.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="396" url_path="" seq="24" date_published="2021-12-22" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">94</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.94</id> <title locale="en_US">Evaluation OF Novel Hormone Asprosin And Its Role In Insulin Resistance In Neonatal Cord Blood Of Preeclamptic And Healthy Pregnant Mothers</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Novel Hormone Asprosin And Its Role In Insulin Resistance In Neonatal Cord Blood </subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Asprosin, a novel glucogenic adipokine, plays a complex role in central nervous tissue, peripheral tissues and other organs. It is involved in glucose metabolism, appetite, insulin resistance, cell apoptosis etc. This study aimed to find relationship between asprosin and other insulin resistance related-hormones in neonates of preeclamptic mothers. A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted on 42 neonates of preeclamptic pregnant mothers and 42 neonates of healthy pregnant mothers. Samples were taken from placentas at the time of delivery and were processed for estimation of asprosin, insulin, C-peptide and glucose hormones. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Normality of the data was checked and Independent t-test was applied. A p-value of ≤0.05 was considered significant. P-values of asprosin, insulin, C-peptide, glucose and HOMA-IR index were 0.020, 0.550, 0.360, 0.310 and 0.740, respectively when compared between neonates of preeclamptic pregnant mothers and healthy pregnant mothers.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Preeclampsia, insulin resistance, asprosin, insulin, HOMA-IR, Agouti-related protein (AgRP)</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="24" id="397"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nida</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shafi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Science Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="24" id="484"> <givenname locale="en_US">Rehana </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mushtaq </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Obs & Gynae Department, National Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Parsa, Birgunj, Nepal</affiliation> <country>NP</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="24" id="396"> <givenname locale="en_US">Farhat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Bano</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Science Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>ffarhathussain@hotmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">142</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.94.g142</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="993"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>BAYKUS, Y., YAVUZKIR, S., USTEBAY, S., UGUR, K., DENIZ, R. & AYDIN, S. 2019. Asprosin in umbilical cord of newborns and maternal blood of gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, severe preeclampsia, intrauterine growth retardation and macrosemic fetus. Peptides, 120, 170132.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170132</citation> <citation>DANG, F., CROY, B. A., STROMAN, P. W. & FIGUEIRÓ-FILHO, E. A. 2016. Impacts of Preeclampsia on the Brain of the Offspring. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, 38, 416-422.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1584515</citation> <citation>DAVIDESKO, S., NAHUM SACKS, K., FRIGER, M., HAIM, A. & SHEINER, E. 2020. Prenatal exposure to preeclampsia as a risk factor for long-term endocrine morbidity of the offspring. Hypertension in Pregnancy, 1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/10641955.2020.1854300</citation> <citation>DESOYE, G. & NOLAN, C. J. 2016. The fetal glucose steal: an underappreciated phenomenon in diabetic pregnancy. Diabetologia, 59, 1089-1094.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-016-3931-6</citation> <citation>DUERRSCHMID, C., HE, Y., WANG, C., LI, C., BOURNAT, J. C., ROMERE, C., SAHA, P. K., LEE, M. E., PHILLIPS, K. J. & JAIN, M. 2017. Asprosin is a centrally acting orexigenic hormone. Nature medicine, 23, 1444.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4432</citation> <citation>FAUPEL-BADGER, J. M., WANG, Y., STAFF, A. C., KARUMANCHI, S. A., STANCZYK, F. Z., POLLAK, M., HOOVER, R. N. & TROISI, R. 2012. Maternal and cord steroid sex hormones, angiogenic factors, and insulin-like growth factor axis in African-American preeclamptic and uncomplicated pregnancies. Cancer Causes & Control, 23, 779-784.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10552-012-9934-9</citation> <citation>GUILLEMETTE, L., LACROIX, M., ALLARD, C., PATENAUDE, J., BATTISTA, M.-C., DOYON, M., MOREAU, J., MÉNARD, J., ARDILOUZE, J.-L. & PERRON, P. 2015. Preeclampsia is associated with an increased pro-inflammatory profile in newborns. Journal of reproductive immunology, 112, 111-114.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jri.2015.09.003</citation> <citation>KHAN, H. A., SOBKI, S. H., EKHZAIMY, A., KHAN, I. & ALMUSAWI, M. A. 2018. Biomarker potential of C-peptide for screening of insulin resistance in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 25, 1729-1732.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.05.027</citation> <citation>LEE, T., YUN, S., JEONG, J. H. & JUNG, T. W. 2019. Asprosin impairs insulin secretion in response to glucose and viability through TLR4/JNK-mediated inflammation. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 486, 96-104.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2019.03.001</citation> <citation>MATHEWS, D. 1985. hosker jP, Rudenski AS et al: homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia, 28, 412.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280883</citation> <citation>MAYLEM, E. R. S., SPICER, L. J., BATALHA, I. & SCHUTZ, L. F. 2021. Discovery of a possible role of asprosin in ovarian follicular function. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 66, 35-44.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1530/JME-20-0218</citation> <citation>RANA, S., LEMOINE, E., GRANGER, J. P. & KARUMANCHI, S. A. 2019. Preeclampsia: pathophysiology, challenges, and perspectives. Circulation research, 124, 1094-1112.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313276</citation> <citation>ROMERE, C., DUERRSCHMID, C., BOURNAT, J., CONSTABLE, P., JAIN, M., XIA, F., SAHA, P. K., DEL SOLAR, M., ZHU, B. & YORK, B. 2016. Asprosin, a fasting-induced glucogenic protein hormone. Cell, 165, 566-579.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.063</citation> <citation>SEPPÄ, S., VOUTILAINEN, R. & TENHOLA, S. 2015. Markers of insulin sensitivity in 12-year-old children born from preeclamptic pregnancies. The Journal of pediatrics, 167, 125-130.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.04.015</citation> <citation>SHAHEEN, G., SAJID, S., RAZAK, S., MAZHAR, S. B., AFSAR, T., ALMAJWAL, A., ALAM, I. & JAHAN, S. 2019. Role of ACE I/D polymorphism in pathological assessment of preeclampsia in Pakistan. Molecular genetics & genomic medicine, 7, e00799.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/mgg3.799</citation> <citation>STOJANOVSKA, V., SCHERJON, S. A. & PLÖSCH, T. 2016. Preeclampsia as modulator of offspring health. Biology of reproduction, 94, 53, 1-10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.115.135780</citation> <citation>VALSAMAKIS, G., PAPATHEODOROU, D. C., MARGELI, A., BAKOULAS, V., KAPANTAIS, E., PAPASSOTIRIOU, I., CREATSAS, G., KUMAR, S. & MASTORAKOS, G. 2014. First trimester maternal BMI is a positive predictor of cord blood c-peptide levels while maternal visfatin levels is a negative predictor of birth weight. Hormones, 13, 87-94.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03401324</citation> <citation>VERNINI, J. M., MORELI, J. B., COSTA, R. A. A., NEGRATO, C. A., RUDGE, M. V. C. & CALDERON, I. M. P. 2016. Maternal adipokines and insulin as biomarkers of pregnancies complicated by overweight and obesity. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 8, 68.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13098-016-0184-y</citation> <citation>WANG, L.-B., QU, B., XU, P., WU, L.-L., GU, J.-S., SHAH, N. K., DONG, S. & SHU, C. 2020. Preeclampsia exposed offspring have greater body mass index than non-exposed offspring during peripubertal life: A meta-analysis. Pregnancy Hypertension, 19, 247-252.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.preghy.2019.09.010</citation> <citation>WEN, M.-S., WANG, C.-Y., YEH, J.-K., CHEN, C.-C., TSAI, M.-L., HO, M.-Y., HUNG, K.-C. & HSIEH, I. 2020. The role of Asprosin in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 20, 1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01680-1</citation> <citation>YARIBEYGI, H., MALEKI, M., SATHYAPALAN, T. & SAHEBKAR, A. 2019. The effect of C-peptide on diabetic nephropathy: a review of molecular mechanisms. Life Sciences, 237, 116950.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116950</citation> <citation>YATES, D. T., PETERSEN, J. L., SCHMIDT, T. B., CADARET, C. N., BARNES, T. L., POSONT, R. J. & BEEDE, K. A. 2018. ASAS-SSR Triennnial Reproduction Symposium: Looking Back and Moving Forward-How Reproductive Physiology has Evolved: Fetal origins of impaired muscle growth and metabolic dysfunction: Lessons from the heat-stressed pregnant ewe. Journal of animal science, 96, 2987-3002.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky164</citation> <citation>YUAN, M., LI, W., ZHU, Y., YU, B. & WU, J. 2020. Asprosin: a novel player in metabolic diseases. Frontiers in endocrinology, 11, 64.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00064</citation> <citation>ZHONG, L., LONG, Y., WANG, S., LIAN, R., DENG, L., YE, Z., WANG, Z. & LIU, B. 2020. Continuous elevation of plasma asprosin in pregnant women complicated with gestational diabetes mellitus: A nested case-control study. Placenta, 93, 17-22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2020.02.004</citation> <citation>ZOU, K., DING, G. & HUANG, H. 2019. Advances in research into gamete and embryo-fetal origins of adult diseases. Science China Life Sciences, 62, 360-368.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-018-9427-4</citation> </citations> <pages>175-180</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-26" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="93" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">93</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="358" created_at="2021-11-26" date_created="" file_id="194" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-26" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Effects of Chlorpyrifos on biochemical characteristics of Labeorohitafish during acute and chronic exposure.docx</name> <file id="194" filesize="74882" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/93/61a0b6b6f362e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="363" created_at="2021-11-27" date_created="" file_id="194" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-11-27" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="358" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Effects of Chlorpyrifos on biochemical characteristics of Labeorohitafish during acute and chronic exposure.docx</name> <file id="194" filesize="74882" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/93/61a0b6b6f362e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="476" created_at="2021-12-19" date_created="" file_id="263" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Effects of Chlorpyrifos on proximal characteristics of Labeorohitafish in acute and chronic exposure.docx</name> <file id="263" filesize="60312" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/93/61bfa582a5387.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="480" created_at="2021-12-20" date_created="" file_id="263" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-20" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="476" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Effects of Chlorpyrifos on proximal characteristics of Labeorohitafish in acute and chronic exposure.docx</name> <file id="263" filesize="60312" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/93/61bfa582a5387.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="481" created_at="2021-12-20" date_created="" file_id="263" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-20" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="480" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Effects of Chlorpyrifos on proximal characteristics of Labeorohitafish in acute and chronic exposure.docx</name> <file id="263" filesize="60312" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/93/61bfa582a5387.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="781" created_at="2022-01-21" date_created="" file_id="669" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="669" filesize="883074" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/93/62284f7486b3a.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="429" filesize="882959" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/93/61eb09576794a.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="394" url_path="" seq="11" date_published="2021-12-20" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">93</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.93</id> <title locale="en_US">Effects of Chlorpyrifos on biochemical characteristics of Labeorohitafish during acute and chronic exposure</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Effects ofChlorpyrifos on biochemical characteristics of Labeorohita</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The aim of present study was to examine the biochemical characteristics of <em>Labeorohita</em> fish during acute and chronic exposure of pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF). <strong>Methods:</strong>During acute exposure, fish were exposed to different concentrations of CPF ranging from 0, 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 mg/L for 96 hrs in glass aquaria. The 96 hrs LC<sub>50 </sub>value of CPF for <em>Labeorohita</em> was found to be 0.01 mg/L. During chronic exposure fish were subjected to 1/3<sup>rd</sup>, 1/5<sup>th</sup>, 1/7<sup>th</sup> and 1/9<sup>th</sup> of LC<sub>50</sub> for 30 days. At the end of the trial, samples were collected for biochemical (Blood cells, haemoglobin, plasma glucose and plasma protein) and sent to related laboratories. <strong>Results:</strong>The present study showed the RBCs, haemoglobin and Plasma Glucose level decreases as the concentration of CPF increases. On the other hand, platelets, WBCs and Plasma glucose level increases as the concentration of CPF increases. Decrease in RBCs count and haemoglobin indicates that CPF can cause anaemia to the fish. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: It is therefore concluded that Chlorpyrifos adversely affects the major organs of the fish <em>Labeorohita</em>.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="392"> <givenname locale="en_US">Adeeba </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Syed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Phase-VI, DHA, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="393"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sumaira</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Mazhar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Phase-VI, DHA, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>smz.mmg@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="394"> <givenname locale="en_US">Uzma </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rafi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biology, Lahore Garrison University, Phase-VI, DHA, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>uzmazeeshan@lgu.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="395"> <givenname locale="en_US">Dilawar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hussain</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="601"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sara </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hayee</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Government Graduate College for Women, Samanabad, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">99</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.93.g99</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="781"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Tripathi, S., &Srivastav, A. K. (2010). Branchialhistopathological study of Catfish Heteropneustesfossilis following exposure to purified neem extract, Azadirachtin. World journal of zoology, 5(4), 239-243.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1504/IJENVH.2010.037497</citation> <citation>Kaushik, P., &Kaushik, G. (2007). An assessment of structure and toxicity correlation in organochlorine pesticides. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 143(1-2), 102-111.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.08.073</citation> <citation>Bhatnagar, A., Yadav, A. S., &Cheema, N. (2016). Genotoxic effects of chlorpyrifos in freshwater fish Cirrhinusmrigala using micronucleus assay. Advances in Biology, 2016.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9276963</citation> <citation>Ufodike, E. B. C., &Omoregie, E. (1991). Communications: Growth of Nile Tilapia Oreochromisniloticusniloticus Subjected to Sublethal Concentrations of Gammalin 20 and Actellic 25 EC in a Continuous‐Flow Toxicant Autodelivery System. Journal of aquatic animal health, 3(3), 221-223.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1577/1548-8667(1991)003<0221:CGONTO>2.3.CO;2</citation> <citation>Salazar-Lugo, R., Mata, C., Oliveros, A., Rojas, L. M., Lemus, M., & Rojas-Villarroel, E. (2011). Histopathological changes in gill, liver and kidney of neotropical fish Colossomamacropomum exposed to paraquat at different temperatures. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 31(3), 490-495.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2011.02.002</citation> <citation>Begum, G. (2004). Carbofuran insecticide induced biochemical alterations in liver and muscle tissues of the fish Clariasbatrachus (linn) and recovery response. Aquatic toxicology, 66(1), 83-92.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2003.08.002</citation> <citation>Brraich, O. S., &Kaur, M. (2015). Behavioural and Morphological Manifestations in LabeoRohita (Hamilton-Buchanan) Under the Exposure of Lead Nitrate. Zoology, 4(8).</citation> <citation>Ghorashi, S., Shajeei, H., Vaezi, G., Shamoushaki, M. M. N., &Babakhani, A. (2013). Histopathological studies on kidneys and gills of Onchorhynchusmykiss exposed to sublethal concentration of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Global Veterinaria, 10(2), 121-127.</citation> <citation>Burkepile, D. E., Moore, M. T., & Holland, M. M. (2000). Susceptibility of five nontarget organisms to aqueous diazinon exposure. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 64(1), 114-121.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s001289910018</citation> <citation>Zahran, E., Risha, E., Awadin, W., &Palić, D. (2018). Acute exposure to chlorpyrifos induces reversible changes in health parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus). Aquatic toxicology, 197, 47-59.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.02.001</citation> <citation>Kwong, T. C. (2002). Organophosphate pesticides: biochemistry and clinical toxicology. Therapeutic drug monitoring, 24(1), 144-149.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200202000-00022</citation> <citation>Abdel-Halim, K. Y., Salama, A. K., El-Khateeb, E. N., &Bakry, N. M. (2006). Organophosphorus pollutants (OPP) in aquatic environment at Damietta Governorate, Egypt: implications for monitoring and biomarker responses. Chemosphere, 63(9), 1491-1498.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.09.019</citation> <citation>Yancheva, V., Velcheva, I., Georgieva, E., Mollov, I., &Stoyanova, S. (2019). Chlorpyrifos induced changes on the physiology of common carp (cyprinuscarpio Linnaeus, 1785): A laboratory exposure study. Appl. Ecol. Environ. Res, 17, 5139-5157.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1702_51395157</citation> <citation>Nguyen NH, Ponzoni RW, Hamzah A, Yee HY, Abu-Bakar KR, Khaw HL (2004). Genetics of Flesh Quality. Fish. Aqua. 211: 65-79.</citation> <citation>Danabas, D. (2011). Fatty acids profiles of rainbow trout (OncorhynchusmykissWalbaum, 1792), fed with zeolite (Clinoptilolite). J Anim Plant Sci, 21(3), 561-565.</citation> <citation>Halappa, R., & David, M. (2009). Behavioral responses of the freshwater fish, Cyprinuscarpio (Linnaeus) following sublethal exposure to chlorpyrifos. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 9(2).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4194/trjfas.2009.0218</citation> <citation>Banaee, M., Haghi, B. N., & Ibrahim, A. T. A. (2014). Sub-lethal toxicity of chlorpyrifos on Common carp, Cyprinuscarpio (Linnaeus, 1758): Biochemical response. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 1(6), 281-288.</citation> <citation>Rao, J. V., Rani, C. S., Kavitha, P., Rao, R. N., &Madhavendra, S. S. (2003). Toxicity of chlorpyrifos to the fish Oreochromismossambicus. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 70(5), 0985-0992.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0079-0</citation> <citation>Rao, J. V., Begum, G., Pallela, R., Usman, P. K., &Rao, R. N. (2005). Changes in behavior and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in mosquito fish, Gambusiaaffinis in response to the sub-lethal exposure to chlorpyrifos. International Journal of Environmental Research and public health, 2(3), 478-483.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2005030013</citation> <citation>Gül, A. (2005). Investigation of acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos-methyl on Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus L.) larvae. Chemosphere, 59(2), 163-166.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.10.065</citation> <citation>Ramaswamy, M., & Reddy, T. G. (1978). A comparative study of hematology of three air-breathing fishes. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Section B, Animal Sciences, 87(12), 381-385.</citation> <citation>Srivastava, A. K., &Agrawal, U. (1981). Seasonal and diurnal variations of blood cell types in a freshwater teleost, Colisafasciatus. Comparative physiology and ecology.</citation> <citation>Jenkins, F., Smith, J., Rajanna, B., Shameem, U., Umadevi, K., Sandhya, V., &Madhavi, R. (2003). Effect of sub-lethal concentrations of endosulfan on hematological and serum biochemical parameters in the carp Cyprinuscarpio. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 70(5), 0993-0997.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-0080-7</citation> <citation>Ramesh, M., &Saravanan, M. (2008). Haematological and biochemical responses in a freshwater fish Cyprinuscarpio exposed to chlorpyrifos. International journal of integrative biology, 3(1), 80-83.</citation> <citation>Adhikari, S., Sarkar, B., Chatterjee, A., Mahapatra, C. T., &Ayyappan, S. (2004). Effects of cypermethrin and carbofuran on certain hematological parameters and prediction of their recovery in a freshwater teleost, Labeorohita (Hamilton). Ecotoxicology and Environmental safety, 58(2), 220-226.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2003.12.003</citation> <citation>Seth, N., &Saxena, K. K. (2003). Hematological responses in a freshwater fish Channapunctatus due to fenvalerate. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 71(6), 1192-1199.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-003-8732-1</citation> <citation>Svoboda, M., Luskova, V., Drastichova, J., &Žlabek, V. (2001). The effect of diazinon on haematological indices of common carp (Cyprinuscarpio L.). ActaVeterinaria Brno, 70(4), 457-465.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2754/avb200170040457</citation> <citation>El-Sayed, Y. S., Saad, T. T., & El-Bahr, S. M. (2007). Acute intoxication of deltamethrin in monosex Nile tilapia, Oreochromisniloticus with special reference to the clinical, biochemical and haematological effects. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 24(3), 212-217.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2007.05.006</citation> <citation>Vázquez, G. R., &Nostro, F. L. (2014). Changes in hematological parameters of Cichlasomadimerus (Teleostei, Perciformes) exposed to sublethal concentrations of 4-tert-octylphenol. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 66(3), 463-469.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-014-9997-6</citation> <citation>Gabriel, U. U., &Okey, I. B. (2009). Effect of aqueous leaf extracts of Lepidagathisalopecuroides on the behaviours and mortality of hybrid catfish (Heterobranchusbidorsalis%× Clariasgariepinus&) fingerlings. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 1(3), 116-120.</citation> <citation>Barreto-Medeiros, J. M., Feitoza, E. G., Magalhães, K., Da Silva, R. R., Manhães-de-Castro, F. M., Manhães-de-Castro, R., & De-Castro, C. M. M. B. (2005). The expression of an intraspecific aggressive reaction in the face of a stressor agent alters the immune response in rats. Brazilian Journal of Biology, 65, 203-209.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-69842005000200003</citation> <citation>Modesto, K. A., & Martinez, C. B. (2010). Roundup® causes oxidative stress in liver and inhibits acetylcholinesterase in muscle and brain of the fish Prochiloduslineatus. Chemosphere, 78(3), 294-299.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.10.047</citation> </citations> <pages>107-112</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-25" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="92" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">92</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="355" created_at="2021-11-25" date_created="" file_id="193" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-25" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="sabrina" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">article new.docx</name> <file id="193" filesize="29197" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/92/619f68e82d0e0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="356" created_at="2021-11-25" date_created="" file_id="193" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-11-25" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="355" uploader="sabrina" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">article new.docx</name> <file id="193" filesize="29197" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/92/619f68e82d0e0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="413" created_at="2021-12-06" date_created="" file_id="223" stage="review_revision" updated_at="2021-12-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Platelets and D-dimer as the Biomarkers for COVID-19.docx</name> <file id="223" filesize="34977" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/92/61ae56a21d140.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="414" created_at="2021-12-06" date_created="" file_id="223" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-06" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="413" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Platelets and D-dimer as the Biomarkers for COVID-19.docx</name> <file id="223" filesize="34977" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/92/61ae56a21d140.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="415" created_at="2021-12-06" date_created="" file_id="223" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-06" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="414" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Platelets and D-dimer as the Biomarkers for COVID-19.docx</name> <file id="223" filesize="34977" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/92/61ae56a21d140.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="965" created_at="2022-02-07" date_created="" file_id="681" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="681" filesize="772317" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/92/62285a7fbbf77.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="617" filesize="769556" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/92/6218ef584de10.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="519" filesize="1251968" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/92/62015eb029ca4.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="379" url_path="" seq="10" date_published="2021-12-06" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">92</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.92</id> <title locale="en_US">Platelets and D-dimer as the Biomarkers for COVID-19</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Platelets and D-dimers as Biomarkers for COVID-19</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>COVID-19, a highly contagious and rapidly spreading viral infection caused by the new corona virus SARS-COV-2, was first identified in China. On March11th, 2020 World Health Organization announced it a pandemic. The novel infection which is still being studied has a wide range of severity, ranging from no symptoms to severe pneumonia that can lead to death <strong>Objective: </strong>To find correlation between D-Dimer and platelets count with the severity of the disease <strong>Methods: </strong>It was a cross sectional study. The duration of the study was 6 months from November, 2020 to May 2021. The study was conducted in University Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology (UIMLT), University of Lahore. Data of 101 COVID-19 positive patients was taken from Shaukat Khanum Hospital, Farooq Hospital &amp; University of Lahore Teaching Hospital (UOL), Lahore. Hematological and biochemical parameters such as Complete blood count (CBC), D-Dimer, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Platelet count (PLT) and Ferritin levels were observed. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21.0. P-value less than and equal to 0.05 was taken as significant <strong>Results: </strong>Platelet count was decreased in severe patients of COVID-19 and was statisticallysignificant (P-value = 0.004) LDH, D-dimer, and Ferritin were increased with severity of disease and they were also statistically significant (P-value 0.005, 0.000. 0.027) respectively <strong>Conclusions:</strong>The platelet count, D-Dimer, LDH and Ferritin levels could act as the biomarker to determine the severity in COVID-19 infection</p> <p> </p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="379"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sabrina</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rashid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of medical laboratory technology (UIMLT), University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sabrina.rashid@mlt.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="380"> <givenname locale="en_US">Aqsa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zulfiqar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of medical laboratory technology (UIMLT), University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="381"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ayesha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Abdul Sattar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of medical laboratory technology (UIMLT), University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="382"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rizwan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of medical laboratory technology (UIMLT), University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="383"> <givenname locale="en_US">Waqar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of medical laboratory technology (UIMLT), University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="384"> <givenname locale="en_US">Arham </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ilyas</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University institute of medical laboratory technology (UIMLT), University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">131</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.92.g131</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="965"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Zhou P, Yang X-L, Wang X-G, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new corona virus of probable bat origin. Nature. (2020) 579 (7798): 270-3. doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7</citation> <citation>Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of corona virus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. (2020) 382(18): 1708-1720. doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.5619</citation> <citation>Lippi G and Favaloro EJ. D-dimer is associated with Severity of Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Pooled Analysis. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. (2020) 120(5):876-8. doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650</citation> <citation>Worldometer COVID-19 Corona Virus Pandemic. (2020) https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/, doi.org/10.4324/9781003142089-22</citation> <citation>Huang Y, Wang X, Li L, Ren J, Zhao Y, Hu L, Zhang G, Fan J, Xu X, Gu et al., Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England) (2020) 395 (10223) 497–506. doi.org/10.1016/ S0140-6736(20)30183-5</citation> <citation>Wu Y, Mei S, Ye C, Zou X, et al. Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. (2020). doi.org/10.1016/ S1473-3099(20)30287-5</citation> <citation>Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis inpatients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J. Thrombosis Hemostasis: JTH. (2020) 18(4):844-7. doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768</citation> <citation>Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al.Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adultinpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet (London, England). (2020) 395(10229):1054-62 doi.org/10.3410/f.737524760.793572955</citation> <citation>Borges do Nascimento I, Cacic N, Abdul Azeem H, von Groote T, Jaya RU, et al. Novelcoronavirus infection (COVID-19) in humans: A scoping review and meta-analysis. J. Clin. Med. (2020) 9:941. doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3550028</citation> <citation>Russell C, Parajuli A, Gale H, Bulteel N, Schuetz P, Jager C, et al. The utility of peripheral blood leucocyte ratios as biomarkers in infectious diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Infec. (2019) 78. doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2019.02.006</citation> <citation>Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, et al. The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) frompublicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. (2020) 172(9):577-582Availableat:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32150748</citation> <citation>Sun S, Cai X, Wang H, He G, Lin Y, Lu B, et al. Abnormalities of peripheral blood system in patients with COVID-19 in Wenzhou, China. Clinica Chimica Acta, International. (2020) 507: 174e80. doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2020.04.024</citation> <citation>Yao Y, Cao J, Wang Q et al., D-dimer as a biomarker for disease severity and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a case control study. Intensive Care, (2020) 8: 49. doi.org/10.1186/s40560-020-00466-z</citation> <citation>Zhang L, Yan X, Fan Q, Liu H, Liu X, Liu Z et al., D‐dimer levels on admission to predict in‐hospital mortality in patients with COVID‐19. J. Thrombosis and Hemostasis, (2020) 18(6): 1324-1329. doi.org/10.1111/jth.14859</citation> <citation>Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al., Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. (2020) 382: 1708-1720, doi.org/10.1142/9789811222078_0027</citation> <citation>Gao Y, Li T, Han M, Li X, Wu D, Xu Y, et al. Diagnostic utility of clinical laboratory data determinations for patients with the severe COVID-19. J. Med. Virol. (2020) 92, 791–796.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25770</citation> <citation>Bhadade R, Harde M, deSouza R, Kasbe A, Deshpande C, Dave S et al. Appraisal of critically Ill COVID-19 patients at a dedicated COVID hospital. J. Assoc. Phys. India, (2020) 68(9): 14–19 (2020).doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.23.21256009</citation> <citation>Wu YP, Wei R, Liu ZH, Chen B, Lisman T, Ren DL et al. Analysis of thrombotic factors in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) patients. Thromb. Haemost. (2006) 96 (1): 100–101.doi.org/10.1036/1097-8542.616740</citation> <citation>Harmouch F, Shah K, Hippen J T, Kuma, A and Goel H. Is it all in the heart? Myocardial injury as major predictor of mortality among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. J. Med. Virol. (2020) 93(2): 973–982.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26347</citation> <citation>Shah S, Shah K, Patel SB, Patel FS, Osman M, Velagapudi P, et al. Elevated D-dimer levels are associate with increased risk of mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiol Rev. (2020) 28(6):295-302. doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0000000000000330</citation> </citations> <pages>103-106</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-25" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="91" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">91</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="354" created_at="2021-11-25" date_created="" file_id="192" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-25" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PRICES, AVAILABILITY AND AFFORDABILITY OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES FOR NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.docx</name> <file id="192" filesize="31253" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/91/619f5972c0691.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="357" created_at="2021-11-25" date_created="" file_id="192" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-11-25" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="354" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PRICES, AVAILABILITY AND AFFORDABILITY OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES FOR NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.docx</name> <file id="192" filesize="31253" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/91/619f5972c0691.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="428" created_at="2021-12-10" date_created="" file_id="192" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-10" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="357" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PRICES, AVAILABILITY AND AFFORDABILITY OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES FOR NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.docx</name> <file id="192" filesize="31253" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/91/619f5972c0691.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="429" created_at="2021-12-10" date_created="" file_id="192" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-10" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="428" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PRICES, AVAILABILITY AND AFFORDABILITY OF ESSENTIAL MEDICINES FOR NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES.docx</name> <file id="192" filesize="31253" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/91/619f5972c0691.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="826" created_at="2022-01-28" date_created="" file_id="683" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="683" filesize="883715" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/91/62285e6166e1c.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="459" filesize="880258" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/91/61f40781a3154.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="377" url_path="" seq="9" date_published="2021-12-10" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">91</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.91</id> <title locale="en_US">Prices, Availability And Affordability Of Essential Medicines For Non-Communicable Diseases: A Facility Based Survey In District Abbotabad</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Availability And Affordability Of Essential Medicines For Non-Communicable Diseases</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p><strong>Background:</strong> Non communicable diseases (NCDs) are spreading like an epidemic worldwide. Essential medicines are crucial for prevention and control of NCDs. World Health Organization (WHO) has set a benchmark of 80% availability of essential medicines in public and private facilities. Availability being a predictor of access to medicines is low in Low and Middle income countries (LMICs). The objective of this study is to determine price, availability and affordability of essential medicines for NCDs in District Abbottabad. <strong>Methods: </strong>This study was based on the standardized protocol provided by WHO and Health Action International (HAI) for determination of availability, prices and affordability of medicines. A total of 50 medicines for NCDs that were enlisted in Essential Medicine List of district Khyber Pakhtun Khawa were selected for the study. Twenty seven medicine dispensing facilities belonging to public, private and other basic health units (BHUs) (managed by PPHI) sectors were surveyed in the district. Simple random sampling was employed to select facilities. <strong>Results: </strong>The mean overall percentage availability of essential medicines for NCDs was 0.1% for original brand and 1.9% for low price generic in public sector. Overall availability was better in private and other sectors (32.9% for OB and 13.8% for LPGs and 5.3% for OB and 11.1% for LPG respectively). The prices in public procurement sector were competitive. The median price ratio (MPR) in public procurement sector was 0.56. Prices were higher comparatively in private sector with MPR 2.83. Most of the medicines require less than a day wage to buy 30 days treatment. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>The availability of essential medicines for NCDs was poor in District Abbottabad. None of the sectors reached the benchmark of 80% with regard to availability of medicines. LPGs were not frequently available in the private sector. However, prices were reasonable in public sector and acceptable in private sector. Medicines were found to be affordable but affordability may differ for people living below poverty line of US $1.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="9" id="377"> <givenname locale="en_US">Khizran </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>khizranmir@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="9" id="378"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafsa</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Ayyub</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological and Medical Imaging Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>hafsaa.ayyub@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">115</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.91.g115</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="826"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>WHO Factsheet on Noncommunicable Diseases [Online] [updated 2015 Jan 1]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/</citation> <citation>Jafar TH, Haaland BA, Rahman A, Razzak JA, Bilger M, Naghavi M, et al . Non-communicable diseases and injuries in Pakistan: strategic priorities. Lancet. 2013. 381: 2281-90. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60646-7</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60646-7</citation> <citation>WHO. Health in 2015: From MDGs to SDGs. December 2015. Available at: http://www.who.int/gho/publications/mdgs-sdgs/en/</citation> <citation>United Nations Committee for Economic, Cultural and Social Rights: OHCHR Expert Consultation on Access to Medicines (HRC Resolution 12/24) 11 October 2010 [online]. Available from: http://lib.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/SPdocs/Issues/Development/StephenMarks.doc&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1</citation> <citation>Monitoring the building blocks of health systems: a handbook of indicators and their measurement strategies [monograph online]. Geneva, WHO Document Production Services, World Health Organization 2010. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/systems/WHO_MBHSS_2010_full_web.pdf</citation> <citation>Cameron A, Ewen M, Auton M, Abegunde D. The World Medicines Situation 2011 Medicines Prices, Availability And Affordability. 2011. 4th ed. Geneva. WHO. https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/policy/world_medicines_situation/WMS_ch6_wPricing_v6.pdf</citation> <citation>WHO medicines strategy 2004-2007.Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004 (WHO/EDM/2004.5).Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2004/WHO_EDM_2004.5.pdf</citation> <citation>Mendis S, Fukino K, Cameron A, Laing R, Filipe A, Khatib O, et al. The availability and affordability of selected essential medicines for chronic diseases in six low- and middle-income countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007. 85 (4):279-88.https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.06.033647</citation> <citation>Van Mourik MS, Cameron A, Ewen M, Laing RO. Availability, price and affordability of cardiovascular medicines: a comparison across 36 countries using WHO/HAI data. BMC cardiovascular disorders. 2010. 10:25.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-10-25</citation> <citation>Niens, L.M., et al., Quantifying the impoverishing effects of purchasing medicines: a cross-country comparison of the affordability of medicines in the developing world. PLoS Med, 2010. 7(8).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000333</citation> <citation>Prices, availability and affordability of medicines in Pakistan: 2004. The network for consumer protection. https://haiweb.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Pakistan-Report-Pricing-Surveys.pdf</citation> <citation>Finance Department. Budget in brief 2015-16;2015. http://www.finance.gov.pk/budget/Budget_in_Brief_2015_16.pdf</citation> <citation>World Health Organization and Health Action International. Measuring medicine prices, availability, affordability and price components. 2nded:2008;Switzerland:Minimum graphics https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/access/OMS_Medicine_prices.pdf</citation> <citation>Kotwani A. Where we are now: assessing the price, availability and affordability of essential medicines in Delhi as India plans free medicine for all. BMC health services research. 2013. 13:285.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-285</citation> <citation>Global Action Plan for the prevention and control of NCDs 2013-2020. Geneva, World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241506236</citation> <citation>Cameron A, Roubos I, Ewen M, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Leufkens HGM, Laing RO. Differences in the availability of medicines for chronic and acute conditions in the public and private sectors of developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2011. 89(6):412-21.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.10.084327</citation> <citation>Dabare PRL, Wanigatunge CA, Beneragama BVSH. A national survey on availability, price and affordability of selected essential medicines for noncommunicable diseases in Sri Lanka. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:817.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-817</citation> <citation>Finance Department. Economic Survey 2013-14:Poverty and Social Safety Nets; 2013. Available from: http://finance.gov.pk/survey/chapters_14/15_Poverty_Social_Safety_Nets.pdf.</citation> <citation>Cameron A, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, Leufkens HG and Laing RO. Switching from originator brand medicines to generic equivalents in selected developing countries: how much could be saved? Value in health. J. Int. Soc. Pharmaco. Outcomes Res. 2012. 15(5): 664-673</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2012.04.004</citation> </citations> <pages>97-102</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-24" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="81" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">81</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="347" created_at="2021-11-24" date_created="" file_id="187" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-24" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="ishtiaq" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">article 1.docx</name> <file id="187" filesize="303762" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/81/619df779db030.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="352" created_at="2021-11-24" date_created="" file_id="187" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-11-24" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="347" uploader="ishtiaq" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">article 1.docx</name> <file id="187" filesize="303762" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/81/619df779db030.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="384" created_at="2021-12-05" date_created="" file_id="214" stage="review_revision" updated_at="2021-12-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">final artical with references 34.docx</name> <file id="214" filesize="290251" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/81/61acb4859a41d.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="385" created_at="2021-12-05" date_created="" file_id="214" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-05" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="384" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">final artical with references 34.docx</name> <file id="214" filesize="290251" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/81/61acb4859a41d.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="412" created_at="2021-12-06" date_created="" file_id="214" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-06" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="385" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">final artical with references 34.docx</name> <file id="214" filesize="290251" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/81/61acb4859a41d.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1160" created_at="2022-03-01" date_created="" file_id="783" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="783" filesize="422805" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/81/6231e236780af.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="626" filesize="421869" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/81/621e1ab5c5ead.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="328" url_path="" seq="8" date_published="2021-12-31" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">81</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.81</id> <title locale="en_US">Role of Multi Detector Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Hepatic Masses</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Multi Detector CT to evaluate Hepatic Masses</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The liver is at risk of various diseases which include benign and malignant. The rich blood supply by hepatic artery and portal vein. <strong>Objective:</strong> To find the role of multi detector computed tomography in the evaluation of hepatic masses. <strong> </strong><strong>Methods:</strong> It was cross-sectional analytical study. It involves 162 patients suffering from liver masses visiting Shalimar hospital, Lahore. Consecutive sampling method was used. Analyses by using SPSS version 21.0. <strong>Results:</strong> In this study, 162 patients visited radiological department because all the patients were suffering from different hepatic masses. Out of 162 patients, 116 patients were males and 46 patients were females. In these 162 patients, 112 patients (69.9%) were suffering from HCC, 55 patients (34%) were suffering from abscess, 42 patients (26.9%) were suffering from multiple cysts, 12 patients (8%)were suffering from FNH, 9 patients (7.4%) were suffering from hemangioma, 4 (2.5%)patients were suffering from hydatid cyst and 2 patients (1.2%) were suffering from lymphoma. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Triple phases CT helps in better diagnosis of different types of hepatic masses and our study concludes that the prevalence of HCC is higher than other masses. It also provide information about enhancement of liver lesion with the help of images. CT also helps in diagnosis of different liver lesions in arterial, venous and delayed phase.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p></abstract> <source locale="en_US">source from internet</source> <rights locale="en_US">NO</rights> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>This research is about 7 hepatic masses.</keyword> </keywords> <agencies locale="en_US"> <agency>NO</agency> </agencies> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="328"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ishtiaq ur rehman</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rehman</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>70101826@student.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="366"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syed Muhammad Yousaf</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Farooq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="367"> <givenname locale="en_US">Adnan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ashraf</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="368"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Zakir</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="456"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiz Syed Arslan</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Gilani</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Radiological Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="365"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Arslan</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Faisal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>arslanf756@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="369"> <givenname locale="en_US">Faizan</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="370"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Aqib </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Afzal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">174</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.81.g174</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1160"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>European Association for the Study Of The Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology. 2018 Jul 1;69(1):182-236</citation> <citation>Ozougwu J. Physiology of the liver. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Biosciences. 2017;4(8):13-24</citation> <citation>Hussain SM, Semelka RC. Hepatic imaging: comparison of modalities. Radiologic Clinics of North America. 2005 Sep 1;43(5):929-47.</citation> <citation>Zamora-Valdés D, Ponciano-Rodríguez G, Chávez-Tapia NC, Méndez-Sánchez N. The endocannabinoid system in chronic liver disease. Annals of hepatology. 2005;4(4):248-54.</citation> <citation>Yaqoob J, Bari V, Usman MU, Munir K, Mosharaf F, Akhtar W. The evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma with biphasic contrast enhanced helical CT scan. Journal of Pakistan Medical Association. 2004;54(3):123</citation> <citation>Hafeez S, Alam MS, Sajjad Z, Khan ZA, Akhter W, Mubarak F. Triphasic computed tomography (CT) scan in focal tumoral liver lesions. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2011;61(6):571.</citation> <citation>Min JH, Kang TW, Kim YY, Cha DI, Kim YK, Kim SH, Sinn DH, Ha SY, Kim K. Vanishing washout of hepatocellular carcinoma according to the presence of hepatic steatosis: diagnostic performance of CT and MRI. European Radiology. 2021 May;31(5):3315-25.</citation> <citation>Soler L, Delingette H, Malandain G, Montagnat J, Ayache N, Koehl C, Dourthe O, Malassagne B, Smith M, Mutter D, Marescaux J. Fully automatic anatomical, pathological, and functional segmentation from CT scans for hepatic surgery. Computer Aided Surgery. 2001 Jan 1;6(3):131-42.</citation> <citation>Liau KH, Blumgart LH, DeMatteo RP. Segment-oriented approach to liver resection. Surgical Clinics. 2004 Apr 1;84(2):543-61.</citation> <citation>Schima W, Hammerstingl R, Catalano C, Marti-Bonmati L, Rummeny EJ, Montero FT, Dirisamer A, Westermayer B, Bellomi M, Brisbois D, Chevallier P. Quadruple-phase MDCT of the liver in patients with suspected hepatocellular carcinoma: effect of contrast material flow rate. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2006 Jun;186(6):1571-9.</citation> <citation>Lee KH, O'Malley ME, Haider MA, Hanbidge A. Triple-phase MDCT of hepatocellular carcinoma. American Journal of Roentgenology. 2004 Mar;182(3):643-9.</citation> </citations> <pages>92-96</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-24" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="88" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">88</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="345" created_at="2021-11-24" date_created="" file_id="186" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-24" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="farhana_tabassum" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">FORMATTED ARTCILE.docx</name> <file id="186" filesize="77049" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/88/619df5042f245.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="348" created_at="2021-11-24" date_created="" file_id="186" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-11-24" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="345" uploader="farhana_tabassum" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">FORMATTED ARTCILE.docx</name> <file id="186" filesize="77049" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/88/619df5042f245.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="409" created_at="2021-12-06" date_created="" file_id="222" stage="review_revision" updated_at="2021-12-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">ANALYSING THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN ON EDUCATORS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF PAKISTAN AN EXPLORATORY RESEARCH.docx</name> <file id="222" filesize="67382" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/88/61ae52e7ddc3c.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="410" created_at="2021-12-06" date_created="" file_id="222" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-06" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="409" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">ANALYSING THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 LOCKDOWN ON EDUCATORS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS OF PAKISTAN AN EXPLORATORY RESEARCH.docx</name> <file id="222" filesize="67382" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/88/61ae52e7ddc3c.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="473" created_at="2021-12-19" date_created="" file_id="260" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Analysing the Impact of COVID.docx</name> <file id="260" filesize="59525" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/88/61bfa1e438bf8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="474" created_at="2021-12-19" date_created="" file_id="261" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Analysing the Impact of COVID.docx</name> <file id="261" filesize="59525" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/88/61bfa23ea3014.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="475" created_at="2021-12-19" date_created="" file_id="262" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-19" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Analysing the Impact of COVID.docx</name> <file id="262" filesize="59525" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/88/61bfa272bc957.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1113" created_at="2022-02-23" date_created="" file_id="660" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-08" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="660" filesize="857792" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/88/622797f7eff42.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="656" filesize="857792" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/88/62277ebfde9db.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="615" filesize="856832" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/88/6217bc157c696.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="612" filesize="1750737" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/88/6216510967aa2.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="362" url_path="" seq="7" date_published="2021-12-06" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">88</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.88</id> <title locale="en_US">Analysing the Positive Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Educators in Higher Education Institutions of Pakistan: AN Exploratory Research</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Analysing The Impact Of Covid-19</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Lockdowns have been implemented worldwide to halt the development of the COVID-19 pandemic, owing to the virus's potential threat and infectious nature. The coronavirus outbreak has wreaked havoc on the world and poses a serious hazard due to the virus's infectious nature<strong>Objective:</strong>To examine the positive and negative impacts of COVID-19 on educators (250) teaching at various public and private higher educational institutions in Pakistan during the lockdown<strong>Methods:</strong>A Google form was used to conduct an online cross-sectional survey. The questionnaire included questions about the following topics: demographic information. demographic details, physical exercise, health consciousness, relationship with family members, social relationship, Information and technology (IT) skills, digital courses, research activities, work from home, time spent on social media, expenditures, and lockdown activities. The sample was collected from 1st January 2021 to 12th May 2021 and 250 responses were recorded from the educators working from homethrough the snowball sampling technique. The data were analyzed through SPSS version 25. <strong>Results: </strong>The findings revealed an overall reduction in expenditures, preference for healthy and homemade food, adequate intake of supplements, enhancement of professional grooming (E-courses and IT skills), quality time with family, improvement in social relationships with family, friends, and colleagues. Conversely, the study also brought to the light negative impact of COVID-19 lockdown, for instance, overindulgence in social media, sedentary lifestyle, hard time-saving money, inadequate training for online classes, increased workload, strict schedule, incessant fear of downsizing, and pay cuts.<strong>Conclusions:</strong>The study recommends that educatorsengage themselves in yoga, meditation, physical exercise, and eat a healthy diet. Furthermore, they should continue upskilling the professional development through E-courses and technology-based skills.</p></abstract> <source locale="en_US">No</source> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Keywords: Educators, Positive impact, Negative impact, Lockdown, Online courses, and business</keyword> </keywords> <agencies locale="en_US"> <agency>None</agency> </agencies> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="362"> <givenname locale="en_US">Farhana</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tabassum</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology (UIMLT), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences (FAHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>farhana.tabassum@mlt.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="385"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bahisht</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rizwan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences (UIDNS), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences (FAHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>b_rizwan33@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="386"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda Rida Shah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">mehak Sherazi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>ridashah012@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="387"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sabrina</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rashid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sabrina.rashid@mlt.uol.edu</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="388"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fareeha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Bashir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>fareeha.bashir@mlt.uol.edu</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="389"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kainat</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Waheed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>kainat.waheed@mlt.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="390"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda Warda Shah</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mehak Sherazi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology University of Veterinary and animals Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>syedawarda911@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="391"> <givenname locale="en_US">Rabia</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Latif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US"> Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology University of Veterinary and animals Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>rabialatif14@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">169</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.88.g169</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1113"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Chitra, A. (2020). Study on Impact of Occupational Stress on Job Satisfaction. Global Development Review, 4(2): 52-62.</citation> <citation>Lizana, P., et al., (2021). Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Teacher Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study from before and during the Health Crisis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3764.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073764</citation> <citation>Abdul, A., & Mia, A. (2020). The economic impact of the COVID-19 outbreaks on developing Asia. Asian Development Bank Briefs, 128. doi.org/10.22617/BRF200096</citation> <citation>Adarmouch, L., Sebbani, M., and Amine, M., (2020). Research Activity among Academic Medical Staff during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Marrakesh. Educational Research International, 2020.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6648406</citation> <citation>Adedoyin, O. B., and Soykan, E., (2020). Covid-19 Pandemic and Online learning: the Challenges and Opportunities. Interactive Learning Environments. doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180</citation> <citation>Afrianty, T. W., Artatanaya, G., & Burgess, J.,(2020). Working from home effectiveness during COVID-19: Evidence from university staff in Indonesia. Asia Pacific Management Review, 20. doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2021.05.002</citation> <citation>Allirot, X., da Quinta, N., Chokupermal, K., & Urdaneta, E.,(2016). Involving children in cooking activities: A potential strategy for directing food choices toward novel foods containing vegetables. Appetite, 103, 275-285.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.031</citation> <citation>Bhamani, S., Makhdoom, A. Z., Bharuchi, V., Ali, N., Kaleem, S., & Ahmed, D.,(2020). Home Learning in Times of COVID: Experiences of Parents. Journal of Education and Educational Development, 7(1), 9-26.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.22555/joeed.v7i1.3260</citation> <citation>Dwyer, M. J., et al., (2020). Physical activity: Benefits and challenges during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports,30(7), 1291-1294.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13710</citation> <citation>Ferrel, M. N., & Ryan, J. J. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on medical education. Cureus, 12(3), 1-10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7492</citation> <citation>Hussain, M. W., Mirza, T., and Hassan, M. M.,(2020). Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Human Behavior. International Journal of Education and Management Engineering,5(1): 35-61. https://doi.org/10.5815/ijeme.2020.05.05</citation> <citation>Karunathilake, K., (2020). Positive and negative impacts of COVID-19, an analysis with special reference to challenges on the supply chain in South Asian countries. Journal of Social and Economic, 1-14.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40847-020-00107-z</citation> <citation>Maity, S., Sen, N., & Sahu, T. N. (2020). COVID-19: Triggers fear psychosis among private sector employees. Journal of Labor and Society, 23(4): 503-513.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/wusa.12490</citation> <citation>Marpa, E. P.,(2021). Technology in the Teaching of Mathematics: An Analysis of Teachers'. International Journal on Studies in Education, 3(2): 92-102.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.46328/ijonse.36</citation> <citation>Nambiar, D.,(2020). The impact of online learning during COVID-19: students' and. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 8(2): 783-793.</citation> <citation>Ni, M. Y., et al., (2020). Mental health, risk factors, and social media use during the COVID-19 epidemic and cordon sanitaire among the community and health professionals in Wuhan, China: a cross-sectional survey. JMIR Mental Health,7(5): 19009.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2196/19009</citation> <citation>Poelman, M. P., et al., (2021). Eating behavior and food purchases during the COVID-19 lockdown: A cross-sectional study among adults in the Netherlands. Appetite, 157, 105002.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2020.105002</citation> <citation>Rodríguez-Pérez, C., et al., (2020). Changes in dietary behaviours during the COVID-19 outbreak confinement in the Spanish COVIDiet study. Nutrient, 12(6): 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061730</citation> <citation>Şener, B., Ertem, İ. S., and Meç, A.,(2020). Online Teaching Experiences of ELT Instructors. Journal of Educational Technology and Online Learning, 3(3): 340-362. https://doi.org/10.31681/jetol.770418</citation> <citation>Sethi, B. A., Sethi, A., Ali, S., and Aamir, H. S.,(2020). Impact of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Pakistan Journal of Medical Science, 6-11. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2779</citation> <citation>Snuggs, S., Houston-Price, C., and Harvey, K.,(2019). Development of a parental feeding goal measure: the family mealtime goals questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1): 455. doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00455</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00455</citation> <citation>Tabassum, F., Rafique, H., and Sherazi, R. M.,(2020). Exploring Digital Pedagogical Challenges Faced by Educators in Higher Education Institutes of Pakistan during COVID-19 Pandemic. International Review of Social Sciences, 8(12), 207-310. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348115676_R_S_S_</citation> <citation>Torda, A. J., Velan, G., & Perkovic, V. (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical education. The Medical Journal of Australia, 14(1), 10-5694. doi.org/10.5694/mja2.50705</citation> <citation>Weitzer, J., et al., (2021). Working from home, quality of life, and perceived productivity during the first 50 days COVID 19 mitigation measures in Austria: a cross-sectional study. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-021-01692-0</citation> </citations> <pages>87-91</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-23" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="86" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">86</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="342" created_at="2021-11-23" date_created="" file_id="184" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-23" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Pharmacovigilance in Pakistan; A Peek into the Future Prospects.docx</name> <file id="184" filesize="16882" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/86/619d59a6b4826.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="343" created_at="2021-11-23" date_created="" file_id="184" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-11-23" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="342" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Pharmacovigilance in Pakistan; A Peek into the Future Prospects.docx</name> <file id="184" filesize="16882" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/86/619d59a6b4826.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="374" created_at="2021-11-30" date_created="" file_id="206" stage="copyedit" updated_at="2021-11-30" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Pharmacovigilance in Pakistan; A Peek into the Future Prospects.docx</name> <file id="206" filesize="22855" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/86/61a68e3f4f6eb.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="375" created_at="2021-11-30" date_created="" file_id="206" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-11-30" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="374" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Pharmacovigilance in Pakistan; A Peek into the Future Prospects.docx</name> <file id="206" filesize="22855" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/86/61a68e3f4f6eb.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="785" created_at="2022-01-21" date_created="" file_id="788" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="788" filesize="198141" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/86/6231f0b425ab4.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="433" filesize="596293" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/86/61eb0f30593ef.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="358" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2021-11-30" section_ref="Cmntry" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">86</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.86</id> <title locale="en_US">Pharmacovigilance in Pakistan: A Peek into the Future Prospects</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Pharmacovigilance in Pakistan</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The dire need for drug monitoring and surveillance principles are practices governing the safety profiles of the medicines arose following the 1960’s Thalidomide disaster that resulted in phocomelia in thousands of new born babies [1]. Since then Pharmacovigilance centers have been established in the member countries, which report all the untoward drug reactions to Uppsala Monitoring Centre (UMC) that is designated to perform further investigations and global dissemination of the necessary information [2]. Currently 134 countries that are collaborating with UMC of which 96% are developed while 27% are developing countries which are lagging behind as per the unavailability of infrastructure and resources [3].</p> <p><strong>Pakistan National Pharmacovigilance Centre (PNPC)</strong></p> <p>Ministry of health initiated pharmacovigilance activities in Pakistan in 1994; however a stable system could not be established owing to the unavailability of human resources as well as the infrastructure [4]. Later the suggestion for the establishment of Pakistan National Pharmacovigilance center (PNPC) was mentioned by the national drug policy in 2003 [5], however, the launch of the centre took place in 2012 following the tragic death of around 200 cardiac patients in Lahore as a result of an accidental mixing of Isosorbide mononitrate with Pyrimethamine that resulted in severe deficiency of folic acid, destroying the platelets and causing profuse internal bleeding [6,7]. In the view of the gravity of the situation, an independent authority for drug regulation (Drug regulatory authority of Pakistan – DRAP) was founded under the orders of the Pakistan Supreme Court in 2018. This authority was established for ensuring availability and safety of the medications. In order to devise an infrastructure for the post-marketing drug surveillance, DRAP in collaboration with the Pharmacopoeia of US established PNPC in the year 2017 and by 2018 Pakistan was included as a member in the UMC [8].</p> <p>The centre has laid down protocols and practices for the international and national coordination and has added Pakistan 134<sup>th</sup> on the drug monitoring WHO program. Currently the PNPC is being governed by the 2012 Act of DRAP for developing, promoting and regulating the pharmacovigilance system in the country and coordination with provincial sectors to empower the hospitals to establish their own pharmacovigilance centers [9].</p> <p><strong>Future Perspectives of PNPC</strong></p> <p>PNPC has come a long way still being in infancy and is setting up future goals towards development. Proper guidelines have been formed and an organized system was established by PNPC till 2018 for reporting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) online. Training workshops for the members are regularly carried out to keep the work force ready and updated about the regulatory and management aspects. A regional centre of PNPC was announced to be established in Islamabad in November, 2019 [10]. PNPC has also upgraded its recording, monitoring and reporting system for ADRs via affiliation with the VigiFlow database of the country permitting maximum control locally effectively managing and analyzing the country-wide data [11]. The provincial, market authority and public health stakeholders are called for regular meetings. PNPC has composed comprehensive guidelines and legislation regarding pharmacovigilance protocols that are meant to provide legal surveillance of the activities. In the long run, the PNPC is planning for the establishment of provincial pharmacovigilance centers in each province, and the sub-regional centers and integrating them into the national database. Good practices of pharmacovigilance will utilize the obtained data to bring about safety protocols. However, a number of hurdles are still in the way. There are constraints related to logistics and legal matters as well as finances. There is a requirement of a collaborated effort by all the stake holders in the country.</p> <p>Healthcare professionals have a limited awareness about PNPC protocols and a reluctance to report the adverse events. The main issue is getting the healthcare workers and public normalized and used to with the reporting and surveillance system in order to cope up with the reluctance to report and awareness about the protocols. The success of this system is actually two way and it depends on the response from the reporting stake holders as much as it does on the system of the organization itself. The public health programs, hospitals and healthcare units need to be encouraged to participate in the PNPC system for proper reporting and detection of serious ADRs. Training and awareness sessions need to be conducted to form and normalize a reporting culture among heath care workers in Pakistan.</p> <p>Methods for assessment of severity, detection of cause and preventability of the reported ADRs, need further standardization. Furthermore, the international collaboration is still deficient as the WHO data bank does not have any adverse effect reported data from Pakistan; therefore, the gap needs to be filled as a priority.</p> <p>Although a lot still needs to be don e, a clear  progress has been noted in the past couple of years. With the introduction of new guidelines and strategies; route to further progress is clearly marked but the effort has to involve all the stake holders which will start by the realization and understanding of the significance and need for a properly functional pharmacovigilance system in the country.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="356"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sarwat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Jahan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Northwest School of Medicine, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="357"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shumaila </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zahid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="358"> <givenname locale="en_US">Naseer </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>dr.naseer99@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">103</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.86.g103</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="785"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Kim JH and Scialli AR (2011). Thalidomide: the tragedy of birth defects and the effective treatment of disease. Toxicological Sciences, 122 (1):1-6. doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr088</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfr088</citation> <citation>Tantikul C, DhanaN, Jongjarearnprasert K, Visitsunthorn N, Vichyanond P, Jirapongsananuruk O (2008). The utility of the World Health Organization-The Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC) system for the assessment of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized children. Asian Pacific Journal of Allergy and Immunology , 26(2-3):77-82</citation> <citation>Pirmohamed M, Atuah K, Dodoo A, Winstanley P (2007). Pharmacovigilance in developing countries. British Medical Journal: 335(7618): 462.doi: 10.1136/bmj.39323.586123.BE</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39323.586123.BE</citation> <citation>Uppsala Reports (2019). From tragedy Pakistan builds vibrant safety system, https://www.uppsalareports.org/articles/from-tragedy-pakistan-builds-vibrant-safety-system/</citation> <citation>Atif M, Ahmad M, Saleem Q, Curley L, Qamar-Uz-Zaman M, Babar ZUD (2017). In: Babar ZUD. (eds) Pharmaceutical Policy in Countries with Developing Healthcare Systems. Adis, Cham. ;25-44. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51673-8_3</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51673-8_3</citation> <citation>Imran M, Shafi H, Mahmood Z, Sarwar M, Usman HF, Tahir MA, et al., (2016). Fatal Intoxications Due to Administration of Isosorbide Tablets Contaminated with Pyrimethamine. J Forensic Sci. 61(5):1382-5. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13125</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.13125</citation> <citation>Johnston A and Holt DW (2014). Substandard drugs: a potential crisis for public health. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 78(2):218-43. doi: 10.1111/bcp.12298</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12298</citation> <citation>Hussain R, Hassali MA (2019). Current status and future prospects of pharmacovigilance in Pakistan. J Pharm Policy Pract.;12, 14 (2019). doi.org/10.1186/s40545-019-0178-x</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-019-0178-x</citation> <citation>Telecom (2019). Pakistan National Pharmacovigilance Guidelines (Draft) Document History: 1 st Edition Effective Date: Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan Governemnt of Pakistan. https://dra.gov.pk/docs/Draft%20Pakistan%20National%20Pharmacovigigilance%20guidlines%204-9-2019.pdf</citation> <citation>Uppsala Reports (2021). Pakistan makes most of #MedSafetyWeek with launch of safety app. https://www.uppsalareports.org/articles/pakistan-makes-most-of-medsafetyweek-with-launch-of-safety-app/</citation> <citation>Hussain R, Hassali MA, Hashmi F, Farooqui M (2018). A qualitative exploration of knowledge, attitudes and practices of hospital pharmacists towards adverse drug reaction reporting system in Lahore, Pakistan. J Pharm Policy Pract. 11(16). doi: 10.1186/s40545-018-0143-0</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-018-0143-0</citation> </citations> <pages>272-273</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-23" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="80" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">80</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="333" created_at="2021-11-23" date_created="" file_id="180" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-23" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">MATERNAL SERUM COPEPTIN AS A BIOMARKER FOR INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION.docx</name> <file id="180" filesize="119348" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/80/619d3c5dd477d.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="381" created_at="2021-12-02" date_created="" file_id="211" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-02" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON PLATELET INDICES OF EDTA SAMPLES.docx</name> <file id="211" filesize="110718" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/80/61a9385d336e8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="407" created_at="2021-12-06" date_created="" file_id="211" stage="copyedit" updated_at="2021-12-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="381" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON PLATELET INDICES OF EDTA SAMPLES.docx</name> <file id="211" filesize="110718" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/80/61a9385d336e8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="408" created_at="2021-12-06" date_created="" file_id="211" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="407" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EFFECT OF STORAGE TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON PLATELET INDICES OF EDTA SAMPLES.docx</name> <file id="211" filesize="110718" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/80/61a9385d336e8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="782" created_at="2022-01-21" date_created="" file_id="667" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="667" filesize="878235" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/80/62284dbedd7c1.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="430" filesize="878495" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/80/61eb0a8726808.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="327" url_path="" seq="6" date_published="2021-12-06" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">80</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.80</id> <title locale="en_US">Effect Of Storage Time And Temperature On Platelet Indices Of EDTA Samples</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Effect of storage on platelet indices</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>This study was conducted to find effect of storage time and temperature on platelet indices of samples taken in EDTA. <strong><em>Methods:</em></strong>In this study 100 samples without the specification of gender were included. CBC samples were taken in two EDTA vials from each patient. All the samples were separated in two groups. One sample group was stored at room temperature(RT) and other at 2-6°C. CBC was run on CBC analyzer Sysmex XN-1000 at 0 hours, 4 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours. <strong><em>Results: </em></strong>There was significantly increasing trend for MPV, PDW and P-LCRat RT and decreasing trend at 4°C when compared with 0 hours. PCT showed significant decreasing trend at 4°C with respect to 0 hours. Significant decrease in platelet count was observed after storage at room temperature as well as at 4°C. <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong>Although 4°C consider as optimal temperature to transport specimen for CBC but Platelet Indices values varies significantly in comparison to baseline when stored at 4<sup>o</sup>C and at room temperature. It seems prudent to conclude that if platelet pathology is the major drive for CBC test performance then specimen should be run without delay.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="327"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Asif</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Naveed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Haematology Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>dr.masifnaveed@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="329"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kashifa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nawab</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Haematology Department, University of Health Sciences, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>kashifanawab96@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="330"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ambareen </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hamid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Pathology Department, Ameer ud din Medical College, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>dr_ambareen@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="331"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sobia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ashraf</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Pathology Department , King Edward Medical University, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>s.qayyum81@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="332"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nada </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Junaid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Consultant Haematologist, Punjab Thalassemia Prevention Program</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>nadajsikander@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="333"> <givenname locale="en_US">Umera </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Saleem</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Nishter Medical University, Multan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>umera.saleem@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">100</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.80.g100</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="782"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Holinstat M. Normal platelet function. Cancer Metastasis Rev. (2017) 36(2):195-8. doi: 10.1007/s10555-017-9677-x</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-017-9677-x</citation> <citation>Budak YU, Polat M, Huysal K. The use of platelet indices, plateletcrit, mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width in emergency non-traumatic abdominal surgery: a systematic review. Biochemia Medica. (2016) 26(2):178-93. doi: 10.11613/BM.2016.020</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2016.020</citation> <citation>Zhang S, Cui Y-L, Diao M-Y, Chen D-C, Lin Z. F. Use of platelet indices for determining illness severity and predicting prognosis in critically ill patients. Chinese med. j. (2015) 128(15):2012. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.161346.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/0366-6999.161346</citation> <citation>Budak YU, Polat M, Huysal K. The use of platelet indices, plateletcrit, mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width in emergency non-traumatic abdominal surgery: a systematic review. Biochemia medica: (2016) 26(2):178-93. doi: 10.11613/BM.2016.020</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2016.020</citation> <citation>Vinholt PJ, Hvas AM, Nybo M. An overview of platelet indices and methods for evaluating platelet function in thrombocytopenic patients. Eu. J. haema. (2014) 92(5):367-76. doi: 10.1111/ejh.12262</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.12262</citation> <citation>Chu SG, Becker RC, Berger PB, Bhatt DL, Eikelboom JW, Konkle B, et al. Mean platelet volume as a predictor of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Thrombosis Haemostasis : JTH. (2010) 8(1):148-56. Epub 2009/08/19. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03584.x</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03584.x</citation> <citation>Scharbert G, Kalb M, Marschalek C, Kozek-Langenecker SA. The effects of test temperature and storage temperature on platelet aggregation: a whole blood in vitro study. Anesthesia & Analgesia. (2006) 102(4):1280-4. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000199399.04496.6d</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000199399.04496.6d</citation> <citation>Hedberg P, Lehto T. Aging stability of complete blood count and white blood cell differential parameters analyzed by Abbott CELL-DYN Sapphire hematology analyzer. Int. J. Lab. Hemat. (2009) 31(1):87-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-553X.2007.01009.x</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-553X.2007.01009.x</citation> <citation>Gunawardena D, Jayaweera S, Madhubhashini G, Lokumarakkala DD, Senanayake SJ. Reliability of Parameters of Complete Blood Count With Different Storage Conditions. J. Clin. Lab. Analysis. (2017) 31(2):e22042. doi: 10.1002/jcla.22042</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.22042</citation> <citation>de Baca ME, Gulati G, Kocher W, Schwarting R. Effects of Storage of Blood at Room Temperature on Hematologic Parameters Measured on Sysmex XE-2100. Lab. Med. (2006) 37(1):28-36. https://doi.org/10.1309/1EERK1M02QFJRX6P</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1309/1EERK1M02QFJRX6P</citation> <citation>Cornet E, Behier C, Troussard X. Guidance for storing blood samples in laboratories performing complete blood count with differential. Int. J. Lab. Hem. (2012) 34(6):655-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-553X.2012.01452.x</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-553X.2012.01452.x</citation> <citation>Mahmoodi M, Hajizadeh M, Rashidinejad H, Asadikaram G, Khaksari M, Mirzaee M, et al. Survey of changes in complete blood count and red cell indices of whole blood incubated in vitro at different temperatures up to 48 hours. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. (2006) 18(1):14-6. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16773962/</citation> <citation>Jain A, Jain S, Singh N, Aswal P, Pal S, Meinia SK, et al. Storage stability of commonly used haematological parameters at 33 °C: Electronic supplementary material available online for this article. Biochemia Medica. (2018) 28(2):020901-. Epub 2018/04/15. doi: 10.11613/BM.2018.020901</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.11613/BM.2018.020901</citation> <citation>Wu D-W, Li Y-M, Wang F. How Long can we Store Blood Samples: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EBioMedicine. (2017) 24: 277-85. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.024</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.024</citation> <citation>Egidi MG, D'Alessandro A, Mandarello G, Zolla L. Troubleshooting in platelet storage temperature and new perspectives through proteomics. Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue. (2010) 8 (3):73-81. doi: 10.2450/2010.012S</citation> <citation>Pintér E, László K, Schüszler I, Konderák J. The stability of quantitative blood count parameters using the ADVIA 2120i hematology analyzer. Practical Lab. Med. (2016) 4:16-21. doi: 10.1016/j.plabm.2015.12.001</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plabm.2015.12.001</citation> <citation>Singh H, Chaudhary R, Ray V. Evaluation of platelet storage lesions in platelet concentrates stored for seven days. (2003). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14870797/</citation> <citation>Imeri F, Herklotz R, Risch L, Arbetsleitner C, Zerlauth M, Risch GM, et al. Stability of hematological analytes depends on the hematology analyser used: A stability study with Bayer Advia 120, Beckman Coulter LH 750 and Sysmex XE 2100. Clinica Chimica Acta. (2008) 397(1):68-71. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.07.018</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2008.07.018</citation> <citation>Daves M, Zagler EM, Cemin R, Gnech F, Joos A, Platzgummer S, et al. Sample stability for complete blood cell count using the Sysmex XN haematological analyser. Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue. (2015) 13(4):576-82. doi: 10.2450/2015.0007-15</citation> <citation>Chandrashekar V. Plateletcrit as a Screening Tool for Detection of Platelet Quantitative Disorders. (2013). doi:10.4021/jh70w</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4021/jh70w</citation> <citation>Zini G. Stability of complete blood count parameters with storage: toward defined specifications for different diagnostic applications. Int. J. Lab. Hem. (2014) 36(2):111-3. doi: 10.1111/ijlh.12181</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12181</citation> </citations> <pages>81-86</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-11-21" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="78" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">78</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="327" created_at="2021-11-21" date_created="" file_id="176" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-11-21" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">MATERNAL SERUM COPEPTIN AS A BIOMARKER FOR INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION.docx</name> <file id="176" filesize="112972" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/78/619a74ccc5160.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="328" created_at="2021-11-21" date_created="" file_id="176" stage="final" updated_at="2021-11-21" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="327" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">MATERNAL SERUM COPEPTIN AS A BIOMARKER FOR INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION.docx</name> <file id="176" filesize="112972" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/78/619a74ccc5160.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="329" created_at="2021-11-21" date_created="" file_id="176" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-11-21" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="328" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">MATERNAL SERUM COPEPTIN AS A BIOMARKER FOR INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION.docx</name> <file id="176" filesize="112972" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/78/619a74ccc5160.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="780" created_at="2022-01-21" date_created="" file_id="663" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-08" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="663" filesize="909605" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/78/622799aa4a4fe.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="652" filesize="909605" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/78/62277b2c6d5f7.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="649" filesize="909605" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/78/62276488699ed.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="428" filesize="507703" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/78/61eaab9881cbb.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="324" url_path="" seq="5" date_published="2021-11-21" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">78</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.78</id> <title locale="en_US">Maternal Serum Copeptin As a Biomarker For Intrauterine Growth Restriction</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Serum Copeptin As a Biomarker For IUGR</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>In obstetrical world, Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) occupies second slot as a cause of small for gestation neonates, first being premature birth, both of which result in potential neonatal morbidities and mortalities. IUGR is defined as an estimated fetal weight at one point in time at or below 10<sup>th</sup> percentile for gestational age. Annually about thirty million babies suffer from IUGR and out of these about 75% are Asians. IUGR has been found to be associated with increased levels of Copeptin. As copeptin is a marker of endogenous stress, so increased copeptin levels can indicate fetal and maternal stress in IUGR</p>
 <p><strong>Objectives:</strong> The objectives of this study were to the compare maternal serum copeptin levels in pregnancies with IUGR and pregnancies with adequate for gestational age fetuses and to establish the significance of copeptin as a biomarker for IUGR.</p>
 <p><strong>Methodology:</strong> It was a cross-sectional comparative study in which maternal serum copeptin levels were measured and compared in 60 patients divided in two groups, pregnancies with IUGR and normal pregnancies with adequate for gestation age fetuses between 28-35 weeks of gestation</p>
 <p><strong>Results:</strong> Maternal serum copeptin levels were raised in pregnant women with IUGR as compared to that in pregnant women with adequate for gestational age fetuses. Mean ± SD maternal serum copeptin levels were 97.5 ± 6 pg/ml in pregnant women with AGA fetuses and 121 ± 7.8 pg/ml in pregnant women with IUGR.&nbsp;</p>
 <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Maternal serum copeptin levels are raised in pregnancies with IUGR as compared to pregnancies with adequate for age fetuses which can represent as a possible clinical biomarker for identification of IUGR.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="324"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amber</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hassan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of System Medicine, Ceinge Biotechnologie Avanzate S.C.R.L. University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy</affiliation> <country>IT</country> <email>amberhassan7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="325"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hisham </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nasief </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Obstetric and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdul Aziz University and Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</affiliation> <country>SA</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">97</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.78.g97</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="780"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Tabet M, Flick L, Xian H, Chang J. Revisiting the low birthweight paradox using sibling data with implications for the classification of low birthweight. J. Pub. Hlth. 2018; 40(4): e601-e7. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy087</citation> <citation>Prajapati R, Shrestha S, Bhandari N. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Low Birth Weight among Newborns in a Tertiary Level Hospital in Nepal. Kathmandu Univ. Med J 2018; 61(1): 49-52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30631017/</citation> <citation>Gimenez LG, Krupitzki HB, Momany AM, et al. Maternal and neonatal epidemiological features in clinical subtypes of preterm birth. J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016; 29(19): 3153-61. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1118035</citation> <citation>Chawanpaiboon S, Vogel JP, Moller A-B, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. The Lancet Global Health 2019; 7(1): e37-e46. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30451-0</citation> <citation>Nardozza LMM, Caetano ACR, Zamarian ACP, et al. Fetal growth restriction: current knowledge. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2017; 295(5): 1061-77. doi: 10.1007/s00404-017-4341-9</citation> <citation>Shrestha A, Pradhan N, Kayastha B. Risk Factors for Intrauterine Growth Restriction: 9 Years Analysis in Tertiary Care Hospital. J. BP Koirala Inst. Hlth. Sci. 2019; 2(1): 77-82. doi:10.3126/jbpkihs.v2i1.24973</citation> <citation>Vijayaselvi R, Cherian AG. Risk assessment of intrauterine growth restriction. Current Med. Iss. 2017; 15(4): 262. doi: 10.4103/cmi.cmi_76_17</citation> <citation>Ernst SA, Brand T, Reeske A, Spallek J, Petersen K, Zeeb H. Care-related and maternal risk factors associated with the antenatal nondetection of intrauterine growth restriction: a case-control study from Bremen, Germany. BioMed research international 2017; 2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/1746146</citation> <citation>Longo S, Bollani L, Decembrino L, Di Comite A, Angelini M, Stronati M. Short-term and long-term sequelae in intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). J. Mater.-Fetal & Neonatal Med. 2013; 26(3): 222-5. doi: 10.3109/14767058.2012.715006</citation> <citation>Delenclos M, Jones DR, McLean PJ, Uitti RJ. Biomarkers in Parkinson's disease: advances and strategies. Parkinsonism & related disorders 2016; 22: S106-S10. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.09.048</citation> <citation>Perovic E, Mrdjen A, Harapin M, Tesija Kuna A, Simundic A-M. Diagnostic and prognostic role of resistin and copeptin in acute ischemic stroke. Topics in stroke rehabilitation 2017; 24(8): 614-8. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2017.1367454</citation> <citation>Amin DM. Role of copeptin as a novel biomarker of bisphenol A toxic effects on cardiac tissues: biochemical, histological, immunohistological, and genotoxic study. Envir. Sci. Pollu. Res. 2019; 26(35): 36037-47. doi: 10.1007/s11356-019-06855-8</citation> <citation>Bolignano D, Cabassi A, Fiaccadori E, et al. Copeptin (CTproAVP), a new tool for understanding the role of vasopressin in pathophysiology. Clini. Chem. Lab. Med. (CCLM) 2014; 52(10): 1447-56. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2014-0379</citation> <citation>Deng G, Perschbacher KJ, Sandgren JA, et al. Abstract P261: Vasopressin System Components are Dysregulated in Human Preeclamptic Placenta. Hypertension 2017; 70(suppl_1): AP261-AP. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/hyp.70.suppl_1.p261</citation> <citation>Seikku L. Biomarkers of intrauterine hypoxia and perinatal asphyxia, and gestational age as predictors of neonatal outcome. 2020. https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/308922</citation> <citation>Alizzi FJ, Bardan RM. Role of maternal serum copeptin in correlation with umbilical cord copeptin and umbilical artery Doppler indices in differentiating IUGR from constitutional small and appropriate for gestational age fetuses. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 2018; 10(3): 597-600. http://jpsr.pharmainfo.in/Documents/Volumes/vol10Issue03/jpsr10031835.pdf</citation> <citation>Menon S, Amanullah N. Maternal and neonatal determinants of neonatal jaundice–a case control study. J. Med. Sci. clin. Res. 2017; 5(03): 19659-65. doi:10.18535/jmscr/v5i3.210</citation> <citation>Villela-Torres MDLL, Higareda-Mendoza AE, Gómez-García A, et al. Copeptin plasma levels are associated with decline of renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch. med. res. 2018; 49(1): 36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2018.04.002</citation> <citation>Manandhar T, Prashad B, Nath Pal M. Risk Factors for Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Its Neonatal Outcome. Gynecol Obstet 2018; 8(464): 2161-0932.1000464. doi: 10.4172/2161-0932.1000464</citation> <citation>Hajianfar H, Esmaillzadeh A, Feizi A, Shahshahan Z, Azadbakht L. Major maternal dietary patterns during early pregnancy and their association with neonatal anthropometric measurement. BioMed res. intern. 2018; 2018. doi: 10.1155/2018/4692193</citation> <citation>Briana DD, Boutsikou M, Boutsikou T, Dodopoulos T, Gourgiotis D, Malamitsi-Puchner A. Plasma copeptin may not be a sensitive marker of perinatal stress in healthy full-term growth-restricted fetuses. J. Mater.-Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017; 30(6): 705-9. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2016.1183632</citation> <citation>Beljan P, Elveđi-Gašparović V, Oguić SK, Radošević V, Schuster S, Škrablin S. Can first trimester placental biomarkers copeptin and PP13 predict preeclampsia in advanced age nulliparous women? Signa Vitae-A Journal In Intensive Care And Emergency Medicine 2017; 13(Suppl 3). doi:10.22514/SV133.062017.14</citation> </citations> <pages>75-80</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-10-17" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="76" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">76</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="308" created_at="2021-10-17" date_created="" file_id="160" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-10-17" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Significance of Ectopic Beats in Post Aortic Valve Replacement Arrhythmia Patients.docx</name> <file id="160" filesize="53129" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/76/616c6f312f1d6.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="309" created_at="2021-10-17" date_created="" file_id="160" stage="final" updated_at="2021-10-17" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="308" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Significance of Ectopic Beats in Post Aortic Valve Replacement Arrhythmia Patients.docx</name> <file id="160" filesize="53129" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/76/616c6f312f1d6.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="310" created_at="2021-10-17" date_created="" file_id="160" stage="final" updated_at="2021-10-17" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="308" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Significance of Ectopic Beats in Post Aortic Valve Replacement Arrhythmia Patients.docx</name> <file id="160" filesize="53129" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/76/616c6f312f1d6.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="315" created_at="2021-10-19" date_created="" file_id="164" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-10-19" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Significance of Ectopic Beats in Post Aortic Valve Replacement Arrhythmia Patients.docx</name> <file id="164" filesize="58033" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/76/616e85e5062d3.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="324" created_at="2021-10-30" date_created="" file_id="780" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="780" filesize="672460" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/76/6231e099029d2.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="173" filesize="668845" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/76/617dacaaa0bce.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="321" url_path="" seq="4" date_published="2021-10-17" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">76</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.76</id> <title locale="en_US">Significance of Ectopic Beats in Post Aortic Valve Replacement Arrhythmia Patients</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Ectopic Beats in Post Aortic Valve Replacement</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The incidence of new onset arrhythmia after conventional aortic valve replacement (AVR) is relatively high whereby atrial fibrillation (AF) in particular (30-40%). Arrhythmias increase postoperative morbidity, mortality and consequently health costs. The need for a reliable method for early detection and discrimination between low and high risk patients is therefore indispensable. For this reason this study examined the possible correlation between electrophysiological abnormalities on continuous ECG recordings and the initiation of arrhythmia directly after surgery. <strong>Methods and Results</strong>: Both ECG and clinical data was collected from the hospitals filing system for all patient (n=107) who underwent surgical Aortic Valve Replacement (AVR) for non-rheumatic aortic valve stenosis or insufficiency for the period from January 2010 to December 2018.  Continuous ECG data was converted into ISHNE-format and analyzed by using Synescope™ software. Data showed that one minute prior to arrhythmia, AF in particular, an increase of both supraventricular premature beats (SVPB) and missed beats (MB) was detected (n=33; P&lt;0,05). However there was no correlation between arrhythmia and the overall SVPB incidence (n=33). Twenty-one out of 33 AVR patients developed a de novo intraventricular conductance delay directly after cardioplegic arrest, which persisted in 7 cases. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Although there is an increase of both SVPB and MB prior to arrhythmia startup, it is still questionable what is the true predictive value of these findings are. Additionally it appeared that a temporarily intraventricular conduction delay (IVCD) is a common finding after AVR.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="321"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bashar</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rawashdeh</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Queen Alia heart institute,Amman,Jordan.</affiliation> <country>JO</country> <email>Rawashdehbashar31@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="319"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tareq Emad Hawash </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Al-Bkoor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan</affiliation> <country>JO</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="320"> <givenname locale="en_US">Adnan</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tahir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="322"> <givenname locale="en_US">Malik Irfan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mehmood</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ayub Medical Complex, Medical Teaching Institution, Abbottabad, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">91</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.76.g91</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="324"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Vahanian A, Ottavio A, Felicita A, Antunes MJ, Baro´ n-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H, et. al. Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012). European Heart Journal Advance Access published August 24, 2012.</citation> <citation>Paparella D, Brister SJ, Buchanan MR. Coagulation disorders, of cardiopulmonary bypass: a review. Intensive Care Med. 2004 Oct;30(10):1873-81.</citation> <citation>Filardo G, Hamilton C, Hamman B, Hebeler RF Jr, Adams J, Grayburn P. New-Onset Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation and Long Term Survival After Aortic Valve Replacement Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010 Aug;90(2):474-9.</citation> <citation>Banach M, Goch A, Misztal M, Rysz J, Jaszewski R, Goch JH. Predictors of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007 Dec;134(6):1569-76.</citation> <citation>Almassi GH, Schowalter T, Nicolosi AC, Aggarwal A, Moritz TE, Henderson WG, et. al. Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery: A Major Morbid Event? Ann Surg. 1997 Oct;226(4):501-11; discussion 511-3.</citation> <citation>Haïssaguerre M, Jaïs P, Shah DC, Takahashi A, Hocini M, Quiniou G, et. al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med. 1998 Sep 3;339(10):659-66.</citation> <citation>Creswell LL, Schuessler RB, Rosenbloom M, Cox JL. Hazards of Postoperative Atrial Arrhythmias. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993 Sep;56(3):539-49.</citation> <citation>Flegel KM, Hanley J. Risk factors for stroke and other embolic events in patient with nonrheumatic atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 1989 Aug;20(8):1000-4.</citation> <citation>Ruel M, Masters RG, Rubens FD, Bédard PJ, Pipe AL, Goldstein WG, et. al. Late Incidence and Determinants of Stroke After Aortic and Mitral Valve Replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004 Jul;78(1):77-83; discussion 83-4.</citation> <citation>Schulenberg R, Antonitsis P, Stroebel A, Westaby S. Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Is Associated With Reduced Survival After Aortic and Double Valve Replacement. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010 Mar;89(3):738-44</citation> <citation>Levy F, Garayalde E, Quere JP, Ianetta-Peltier M, Peltier M, Tribouilloy C. Prognostic Value of Preoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Aortic Stenosis and Low Ejection Fraction Having Aortic Valve Replacement. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Sep 15;98(6):809-11</citation> <citation>Chung MK. Cardiac surgery: Postoperative arrhythmias. Crit Care Med. 2000 Oct;28(10 Suppl):N136-44.</citation> <citation>Zacharias A, Schwann TA, Riordan CJ, Durham SJ, Shah AS, Habib RH. Obesity and Risk of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery. Circulation. 2005 Nov 22;112(21):3247-55. Epub 2005 Nov 14.</citation> <citation>Frost L, Hune LJ, Vestergaard P. Overweight and obesity as risk factors for atrial fibrillation or flutter: The Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Am J Med. 2005 May;118(5):489-95.</citation> <citation>Hogue CW Jr, Hyder ML. Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Operation: Risks, Mechanisms, and Treatment. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000 Jan;69(1):300-6.</citation> <citation>Asher CR, Miller DP, Grimm RA, Cosgrove DM, Chung MK. Analysis of Risk Factors for Development of Atrial Fibrillation Early After Cardiac Valvular Surgery. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Oct 1;82(7):892-5.</citation> <citation>Saksena S, Hettrick DA, Koehler JL, Grammatico A, Padeletti L. Progression of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation to persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with bradyarrhythmias. Am Heart J. 2007 Nov;154(5):884-92.</citation> <citation>Jahangir A, Lee V, Friedman PA, Trusty JM, Hodge DO, Kopecky SL, et. al. Long-Term Progression and Outcomes With Aging in Patients With Lone Atrial Fibrillation : A 30-Year Follow-Up Study. Circulation. 2007 Jun 19;115(24):3050-6.</citation> <citation>Thong T, McNames J, Aboy M, Goldstein B. Prediction of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation by Analysis of Atrial Premature Complexes. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 2004 Apr;51(4):561-9.</citation> <citation>Wallmann D, Tüller D, Wustmann K, Meier P, Isenegger J, Arnold M, et. al. Frequent Atrial Premature Beats Predict Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Stroke Patients: An Opportunity for a New Diagnostic Strategy. Stroke. 2007 Aug;38(8):2292-4.</citation> <citation>El-Khally Z, Thibault B, Staniloae C, Theroux P, Dubuc M, Roy D, et. al. Prognostic significance of newly acquired bundle branch block after aortic valve replacement. Am J Cardiol. 2004 Oct 15;94(8):1008-11.</citation> <citation>Tai CT, Chen SA. Electrophysiological mechanisms of atrial flutter. J Chin Med Assoc. 2009 Feb;72(2):60-7.</citation> <citation>Early treatment of atrial fibrillation for stroke prevention. Available from: http://www.easttrial.org/</citation> <citation>O'Connell JB, Wallis D, Johnson SA, Pifarre R, Gunnar RM. Transient bundle branch block following use of hypothermic cardioplegia in coronary artery bypass surgery: high incidence without perioperative myocardial infarction. Am Heart J. 1982 Jan;103(1):85-91.</citation> <citation>Flack JE, Hafer J, Engelman RM, Rousou JA, Deaton DW, Pekow P. Effect of normothermic blood cardioplegia on postoperative conduction abnormalities and supraventricular arrhythmias. Circulation. 1992 Nov;86(5 Suppl):II385-92.</citation> <citation>Windsor JS, Rodway GW, Montgomery HE. A review of electrocardiography in the high altitude environment. High Alt Med Biol. 2010 Spring;11(1):51-60.</citation> <citation>Hansel J, Solleder I, Gfroerer W, Muth CM, Paulat K, Simon P et. al. Hypoxia and cardiac arrhythmias in breath-hold divers during voluntary immersed breath-holds. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Mar;105(5):673-8.</citation> <citation>Krishnaswamy A, Askari AT. A young woman with severe hypoxemia, electrocardiographic changes, and altered mental status. Cleve Clin J Med. 2007 Jul;74(7):521-8.</citation> <citation>Ohmae M, Rabkin SW. Hyperkalemia-induced bundle branch block and complete heart block. Clin Cardiol. 1981 Jan;4(1):43-6.</citation> <citation>Punja MM, Schneebaum R, Cohen J. Bifascicular block induced by hyperkalemia. J Electrocardiol. 1973;6(1):71-6.</citation> <citation>Halonen J, Halonen P, Järvinen O, Taskinen P, Auvinen T, Tarkka M, et. al. Corticosteroids for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007 Apr 11;297(14):1562-7.</citation> <citation>Halonen J, Hakala T, Auvinen T, Karjalainen J, Turpeinen A, Uusaro A, et. al. Intravenous administration of metoprolol is more effective than oral administration in the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2006 Jul 4;114(1 Suppl):I1-4.</citation> <citation>Murtuza B, Pepper JR, Stanbridge RD, Darzi A, Athanasiou T. Does minimal-access aortic valve replacement reduce the incidence of postoperative atrial fibrillation? Tex Heart Inst J. 2008;35(4):428-38.</citation> <citation>Wazni OM. Plasma B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Levels Predict Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Circulation. 2004;110:124-127.</citation> <citation>Patton KK. N-Terminal Pro-B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Is a Major Predictor of the Development of Atrial Fibrillation : The Cardiovascular Health Study. Circulation. 2009;120:1768-1774.</citation> </citations> <pages>64-74</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-10-17" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="63" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">63</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="305" created_at="2021-10-17" date_created="" file_id="159" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-10-17" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">A study of Microorganisms causing wound infections after Elective laparotomy.docx</name> <file id="159" filesize="30585" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/63/616c679356e14.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="306" created_at="2021-10-17" date_created="" file_id="159" stage="final" updated_at="2021-10-17" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="305" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">A study of Microorganisms causing wound infections after Elective laparotomy.docx</name> <file id="159" filesize="30585" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/63/616c679356e14.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="307" created_at="2021-10-17" date_created="" file_id="159" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-10-17" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="306" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">A study of Microorganisms causing wound infections after Elective laparotomy.docx</name> <file id="159" filesize="30585" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/63/616c679356e14.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="322" created_at="2021-10-30" date_created="" file_id="779" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="779" filesize="669288" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/63/6231dff08e418.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="171" filesize="657002" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/63/617dabc8dbce0.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="253" url_path="" seq="2" date_published="2021-10-17" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">63</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.63</id> <title locale="en_US">A study of Microorganisms causing wound infections after Elective laparotomy</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Microorganisms causing wound infections after Elective laparotomy</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Any purulent discharge from a closed surgical incision, after surgery, together with signs of inflammation of the surrounding tissue should be considered as Post operative (post-op) wound infection. There are two types of wounds in elective laparotomy: clean and contaminated wound <strong>Objective:&nbsp; </strong>To find out most causative microorganism involved in post-op wound infection in elective laparotomy cases at the Children Hospital and The Institute of Child Health Sciences, Lahore Pakistan. <strong>Methods:</strong> It was a prospective observational study conducted on patients who developed wound infection after elective laparotomy. This study was conducted in the surgical Units I and II of Children Hospital Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. The duration of the study was 11 months from January 2019 to November 2019. 150 patients were included in this study. Data was collected by convenient sampling technique. It was a hospital-based study in which patients from both genders were included. Data was obtained by a questionnaire. Patients were asked for wound condition and surgery details were taken to find out the reasons of wound infection. The data selected was analyzed using SPSS version 21.0. <strong>Results: </strong>Out of total 150 patients who underwent elective laparotomy, 40% patients were identified with <em>Escherichia Coli</em>, 13.3% patients identified <em>with Pseudomonas species</em>, 13.3% patients had <em>klebsiella</em>, 6.7% patients had <em>Pseudomonas Florescence</em>, 6.7% people had <em>Acinetobacter</em>, 6.7% had <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, 13.3% did not show any growth. <strong>Conclusions: </strong>It was concluded that most abundant microorganism isolated from patients who underwent elective laparotomy was <em>Escherichia coli</em>. The most common reasons for wound infection were increase in number of surgeons and increase in duration of illness.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="312"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sofia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Noor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="253"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tallat Anwar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Faridi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tallat.anwar@pht.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="313"> <givenname locale="en_US">Akash</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> John</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological and Medical Imaging Sciences, The University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="314"> <givenname locale="en_US">Taimoor </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hassan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Professional Health Technologies, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="315"> <givenname locale="en_US">Asya</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Noor </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="317"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amna </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Noor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="316"> <givenname locale="en_US">Neelam</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Iqbal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">89</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.63.g89</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="322"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Jerin Evangelin, F., (2019). A Study on Outcome in the Management of Intra Abdominal Sepsis at a Tertiary Care Hospital, Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai.</citation> <citation>Nachiappan, S., et al.,(2013). Prophylactic mesh placement in high-risk patients undergoing elective laparotomy: a systematic review. World J. Surg.37(8): 1861-1871.</citation> <citation>Mueller, T.C., et al., (2017). Intraoperative wound irrigation to prevent surgical site infection after laparotomy (IOWISI): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 18(1): 1-12.</citation> <citation>Naveen Kumar, V., (2020). Predictors and Evaluation of Surgical Wound Complications in Elective Abdominal Surgeries. Madras Medical College, Chennai.</citation> <citation>Collaborative, G., (2017). Determining the worldwide epidemiology of surgical site infections after gastrointestinal resection surgery: protocol for a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study (GlobalSurg 2). BMJ Open.7(7): e012150.</citation> <citation>Hassan, T., et al., (2021). Coordination Difficulties in the Management of Operation Theatre in Children Hospital Lahore. Asian Journal of Allied Health Sciences (AJAHS).</citation> <citation>Mnenegwa, B.P., (2019). Prevalance, risk factors, common microorganisms causing surgical site infection and antimicrobial sensitivity at Dodoma regional referral hospital. The University of Dodoma.</citation> <citation>Collaborative, G., (2020). Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in children: an international, multicentre, prospective cohort study.BMJ Global Hlth. 5(12): e003429.</citation> <citation>Marsland, BJ and Gollwitzer, ES (2014). Host–microorganism interactions in lung diseases. Nat. Rev. Immunol.14(12): 827-835.</citation> <citation>Bhangu, A, et al., (2018). Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study.Lanc. Infec. Dis., 18(5): 516-525.</citation> <citation>Nepogodiev, D., et al.,(2019). Prioritizing research for patients requiring surgery in low‐and middle‐income countries. Brit. J. Surg., 106(2): e113-e120.</citation> <citation>Mwita, JC, et al., (2018). Prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infections in Botswana: findings and implications. Hosp. Pract.,46(3): 97-102.</citation> <citation>Surahio, AR, et al., Surgical Site Infections. Prof. Med. J., 2017. 24(01): 57-63.</citation> <citation>Saunders, D., et al., (2012). Variations in mortality after emergency laparotomy: the first report of the UK Emergency Laparotomy Network. Brit. J. Anaesth., 109(3): 368-375.</citation> <citation>Harvin, J.A., et al., (2017).Mortality following emergent trauma laparotomy: a multicenter, retrospective study: mortality after emergent trauma laparotomy. J. Trauma Acute Care Surg.,83(3): 464.</citation> <citation>Pramila, M., et al.,An Overview Of Factors Influencing The Occurrence Of Post-Operative Wound Infection.</citation> <citation>Gundel, O., et al.,(2018). Timing of surgical site infection and pulmonary complications after laparotomy. Int. J. Surg.., 52: 56-60.</citation> <citation>Hassan, T., et al., (2021). Assessment of Awareness About Biomedical Waste Among Doctors and Nurses of Children Hospital Lahore. Asian Journal of Allied Health Sciences (AJAHS), 2021.</citation> <citation>Poulton, T, Murray D, and N.E.L.A.p (2019). Pre‐optimisation of patients undergoing emergency laparotomy: a review of best practice.Anaesth., 74: 100-107.</citation> <citation>Lund, J., et al., Surgical site infection after gastrointestinal surgery in high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries: a prospective, international, multicentre cohort study.</citation> <citation>Muqtadir, A.A., et al., Spectrum of surgical site infections at a tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad. Ind. J. Microb. Res., 7(4): 322-326.</citation> <citation>Abbo, LM, Grossi PA, and A.I.C.o.(2019). Practice, Surgical site infections: guidelines from the American society of transplantation infectious diseases community of practice. Clin. transplan., 33(9): e13589.</citation> <citation>Nisale, SS, et al., (2017). A study of preoperative, intra-operative and postoperative factors responsible for postoperative wound infection. Int. Surg. J.,4(5): 1569-1574</citation> </citations> <pages>53-58</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-10-14" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="74" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">74</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="301" created_at="2021-10-14" date_created="" file_id="157" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-10-14" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Relation between different grades of pterygium and amount of induced corneal astigmatism.docx</name> <file id="157" filesize="33896" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/74/61687f2fc2707.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="302" created_at="2021-10-14" date_created="" file_id="157" stage="final" updated_at="2021-10-14" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="301" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Relation between different grades of pterygium and amount of induced corneal astigmatism.docx</name> <file id="157" filesize="33896" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/74/61687f2fc2707.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="317" created_at="2021-10-26" date_created="" file_id="166" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-10-26" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Relation between different grades of pterygium and amount of induced corneal astigmatism</name> <file id="166" filesize="37592" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/74/617846d575999.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="323" created_at="2021-10-30" date_created="" file_id="781" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="781" filesize="601333" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/74/6231e12f806fb.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="172" filesize="585180" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/74/617dac42c8dd9.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="307" url_path="" seq="3" date_published="2021-10-14" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">74</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.74</id> <title locale="en_US">Relation between different grades of pterygium and amount of induced corneal astigmatism</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Different grades of pterygium</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Pterygium is more prevalent among people exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light. It occurs more often in people who live in warm climates and spend a lot of time outdoors in sunny or windy environments <strong>Objective: </strong>To determine and the relation of different grade of pterygium with amount of induced corneal astigmatism <strong>Methodology:</strong> This observational study was done in The Layton Rahmatulla Benevolent Trust (LRBT) hospital Multan road Lahore. A self-designed Performa was filled after clinically examining the patients. Frequency distribution/percentages of data were described, simple frequency tables and cross tables were formed to calculate the statistical results <strong>Results:</strong> A total patients 50 with grades of pterygium and induce amount of astigmatism.  There 31(62.0%) were male and 19(38.0%) were female and the mean age of the patient is 2.5. 21(42.0%) patients were grade 1 pterygium and 21(42.0%) patients were grade 2 and 8(16.0%) patents have grade 3 pterygium.  The amount of astigmatism in grade 1 from 0.00 to 1.00 DC is 17(34.0%) patients, from 1.00 to 2.00 DC are 2(4.0%) patients and from 2.00 to 4.00 DC are 2 (4.0%). In grade 2 from 1.00 to 2.00 DC are 10(20.0%) patients, from 2.00 to 4.00 DC are 10(20.0%) patients and from greater than 4.00 DC 1(2.0%). In grade 3 from 1.00 to 2.00 DC are 2(4.0%) patients, from 2.00 to 4.00 DC are 4(8.0%) patients and from greater than 4.00 DC are 2(4.0%) patients <strong>Conclusions: </strong>Result show that the present study verifies that as the pterygium reaches more than 1.00mm in size from the limbus it induce with the rule astigmatism and pterygium size increases, the amount of induced astigmatism also increases with direct proportion.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Pterygium and Astigmatism, Grades of pterygium, Amount of astigmatism </keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="288"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bilal</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="307"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ahmed </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sohail</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sohailmkd12@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="308"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tallat Anwar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Faridi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute Of Public Health, FAHS, University Of Lahore, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="309"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ubaidullah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Jan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="310"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fatima </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zahid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Allied Health Sciences, Superior University, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="311"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ishrat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Parveen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department Of Zoology, University of The Punjab, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">90</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.74.g90</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="323"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Shah SI, Shah SA, and Rai P, (2016). Factors associated with pterygium based on history and clinical examination of patients in Pakistan. J Curr Ophthalmol, 28(2): 91-2. doi: 10.1016/j.joco.2016.03.005</citation> <citation>Oldenburg JB, et al., (1990). Conjunctival pterygia. Mechanism of corneal topographic changes. Cornea, 9(3): 200-204.</citation> <citation>Gupta VP and Saxena T (2003). Comparison of single-drop mitomycin C regime with other mitomycin C regimes in pterygium surgery. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 51(1): 59. https://journals.lww.com/ijo/Fulltext/2003/51010/Comparison_of_Single_drop_Mitomycin_C_Regime_with.10.aspx</citation> <citation>Alpay A, Uğurbaş SH and Erdoğan B (2009). Comparing techniques for pterygium surgery. Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, NZ). 3: 69. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19668546/</citation> <citation>Kamil Z, Bokhari SA and Rizvi F, (2011). Comparison of conjunctival autograft and intra-operative application of mitomycin-C in treatment of primary pterygium. Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology, 27(4). http://www.pjo.com.pk/27/4/zeeshan%20Akmil%2010.pdf</citation> <citation>Taylor, H.R., et al., (1992). The long-term effects of visible light on the eye. Archives of ophthalmology, 110(1): 99-104. doi: 10.1001/archopht.1992.01080130101035</citation> <citation>Kodavoor, S.K., et al., (2017). Double-head pterygium excision with modified vertically split-conjunctival autograft: Six-year long-term retrospective analysis. Indian journal of ophthalmology, 65(8): 700. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_284_17</citation> <citation>De Keizer R, (1982). Pterygium excision with or without postoperative irradiation, a double-blind study. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 52(2): 309-315. doi: 10.1007/BF01675860</citation> <citation>Alam A, et al., (2015). Comparison of pterygium resection with conjunctival auto graft versus amniotic membrane graft. Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology, 31(4).</citation> <citation>Hansen A and Norn M, (1980). Astigmatism and surface phenomena in pterygium. Acta ophthalmologica, 58(2): 174-181. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.1980.tb05706.x</citation> <citation>Yousuf M, (2005). Role of pterygium excision in pterygium induced astigmatism. JK-Practitioner, 12(2): 91-92.</citation> <citation>Ergin A and Bozdoğan Ö, (2001). Study on tear function abnormality in pterygium. Ophthalmologica, 215(3): 204-208. doi.org/10.1159/000050859</citation> <citation>Jain AK and Pandey DJ, (2020). Evaluation of change in pterygium induced keratometric astigmatism in patients following pterygium excision with autologous graft surgery. Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology, 12(2): 191-200. doi: 10.3126/nepjoph.v12i2.28287</citation> <citation>Mahar P and Manzar N, (2014). Risk factors involved in pterygium recurrence after surgical excision. Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology, 30(2). http://www.pjo.com.pk/30/2/4.P.S%20Mahr.pdf</citation> <citation>Sharjeel M, Ali F and Malik IQ, (2016). Frequency of Pterygium Recurrence with Limbal Stem Cell Autograft. Pakistan Journal of Ophthalmology, 32(4). http://www.pjo.com.pk/32/4/5.%20OA-Muhammad%20%20Sharjeel%20reviewed.pdf</citation> <citation>Anbesse DH, et al., (2017). Prevalence and associated factors of pterygium among adults living in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia. PLOS ONE, 12(3): e0174450. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174450</citation> <citation>Ang M, et al., (2012). Prevalence of and racial differences in pterygium: a multiethnic population study in Asians. Ophthalmology, 119(8): 1509-1515. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.009</citation> <citation>Malekifar P, et al., (2017). Risk factors for pterygium in Ilam Province, Iran. Journal of Ophthalmic & Vision Research, 12(3): 270. doi: 10.4103/jovr.jovr_85_16</citation> <citation>Gazzard G, et al., (2002). Pterygium in Indonesia: prevalence, severity and risk factors. British Journal of Ophthalmology, 86(12): 1341-1346. doi: 10.1136/bjo.86.12.1341</citation> <citation>Yasar T, et al., (2003). Effects of fibrovascular traction and pooling of tears on corneal topographic changes induced by pterygium. Eye, 17(4): 492-496. doi: 10.1038/sj.eye.6700377</citation> <citation>Han SB, et al., (2016). Quantification of astigmatism induced by pterygium using automated image analysis. Cornea, 35(3): 370-376. doi: 10.1097/ICO.0000000000000728</citation> </citations> <pages>59-63</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-08-13" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="72" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">72</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="262" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="140" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">72. Review Vol04 Iss 02.docx</name> <file id="140" filesize="29951" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/72/61169751ec0a4.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="280" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="140" stage="final" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="262" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">72. Review Vol04 Iss 02.docx</name> <file id="140" filesize="29951" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/72/61169751ec0a4.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="281" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="140" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="280" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">72. Review Vol04 Iss 02.docx</name> <file id="140" filesize="29951" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/72/61169751ec0a4.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="325" created_at="2021-10-30" date_created="" file_id="174" stage="proof" updated_at="2021-10-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Virus induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and protein biomarkers </name> <file id="174" filesize="664965" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/72/617dad161049f.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="282" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2021-07-01" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">72</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.52229/pbmj.v4i2.72</id> <title locale="en_US">Virus induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and protein biomarkers</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Virus induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and protein biomarkers</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a standout amongst the most widely recognized cancers around the world, and just as the alcoholic liver disease it is also progressed by extreme viral hepatitis B or C. At the early stage of the disease, numerous patients are asymptomatic consequently late diagnosis of HCC occurs resulting in expensive surgical resection or transplantation. On the basis of the alpha fetoprotein (AFP) estimation, combined with the ultrasound and other sensitive imaging techniques used, the non-invasive detection systems are available. For early disease diagnosis and its use in the effective treatment of HCC patients, the identification of HCC biomarkers has provided a breakthrough utilizing the molecular genetics and proteomics. In the current article, most recent reports on the protein biomarkers of HBV or HCV-related HCC and their co-evolutionary association with liver cancer are reviewed.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="281"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hamza Abbas </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Jaffari</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="282"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sumaira </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mazhar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">92</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.72.g92</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="325"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>D.M. Parkin, F. Bray, J. Ferlay and P. Pisani, P, “Global cancer statistics, 2002” CA: A Cancer Journal of Clinicians, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 74–108, 2005.</citation> <citation>H.B. El-Serag, Hepatocellular carcinoma. New England Journal Medicine, vol. 365, no. 12, pp. 1118–1127, 2011.</citation> <citation>F. Zoulim and S. Locarnini, “Management of treatment failure in chronic hepatitis B” Journal of Hepatolology, vol. 56, pp. 112–122, 2012.</citation> <citation>V.F.N. Kumar and A. Abbas, Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders, 2003.</citation> <citation>G.J. Mizejewski, “Alpha-fetoprotein structure and function: relevance to isoforms, epitopes, and conformational variants” Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood), vol. 226, no. 5, pp. 377–408, 2001.</citation> <citation>S. Mathew, A. Ali, H. Abdel-Hafiz, K. Fatima, M. Suhail, G. Archunan and M. Al Qahtani, “Biomarkers for virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Infection, Genetics and Evolution” vol. 26, pp. 327-339, 2014.</citation> <citation>G. O’Neill, E. Tsega, P. Gold and R.A. Murgita, “Regulation of human lymphocyte activation by alpha-fetoprotein. Evidence for selective suppression of Ia-associated T-cell proliferation in vitro” Oncodevelopment Biology and Medicine, vol. 3, no. 2–3, pp. 135–150, 1982.</citation> <citation>G. Fattovich, T. Stroffolini, I. Zagni and F. Donato, “Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors” Gastroenterology, vol. 127, pp. 35–50, 2004.</citation> <citation>F. Lin, H. Abdallah and S. Meschter, “Diagnostic utility of CD10 in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from metastatic carcinoma in fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the liver” Diagnostic Cytopatholology, vol. 30, no. 2, pp. 92–97, 20004.</citation> <citation>H.A. Liebman, B. Furie, M.J. Tong, R.A. Blanchard, K.J. Lo, S.D. Lee, M.S. Coleman and B. Furie, “Des-gamma-carboxy (abnormal) prothrombin as a serum marker of primary hepatocellular carcinoma” New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 310, pp. 1427–1431, 1984.</citation> <citation>J. Ikoma, M. Kaito, T. Ishihara, N. Nakagawa, A. Kamei and N. Fujita, “Early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma using a sensitive assay for serum des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin: a prospective study” Hepatogastroenterology, vol. 49, no. 43, pp. 235–238, 2002.</citation> <citation>M. Suzuki, H. Shiraha, T. Fujikawa, N. Takaoka, N. Ueda and Y. Nakanishi, “ Des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin is a potential autologous growth factor for hepatocellular carcinoma” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 280, no. 8, pp. 6409–6415, 2005.</citation> <citation>K. Zhu, Z. Dai and J. Zhou, “Biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: progression in early diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized therapy” Biomarkers Research, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 10, 2013.</citation> <citation>R.D. Kladney, X. Cui, G.A. Bulla, E.M. Brunt and C.J. Fimmel, “Expression of GP73, a resident Golgi membrane protein, in viral and nonviral liver disease” Hepatology, vol. 35, no. 6, pp. 1431–1440, 2002.</citation> <citation>G. McIntosh, K.H. Taylor, J. Liu, J. Guo, J.W. Davis, H. Shi and C.W. Caldwell, “Promoter DNA methylation ofCD10 in lymphoid malignancies” The American Journal of Pathology, vol. 154, no. 1, pp. 77–82, 1999.</citation> <citation>A. Galy, M. Travis, D. Cen and B. Chen, “Human T, B, natural killer, and dendritic cells arise from a common bone marrow progenitor cell subset” Immunity, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 459–473, 1995.</citation> <citation>C.N. Papandreou and D. Nanus, “Is methylation the key to CD10 loss?” Journal of Pediatric and. Hematology/ Oncolology, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 2–3, 2010.</citation> <citation>N. Bilalovic, B. Sandstad, R. Golouh, J.M. Nesland, I. Selak and E.E. Torlakovic, “CD10 protein expression in tumor and stromal cells of malignant melanoma is associated with tumor progression” Modern Patholology, vol. 17, no. 10, pp. 1251–1258, 2004.</citation> <citation>H.L. Jia, Q.H. Ye, L.X. Qin, A. Budhu, M. Forgues, Y. Chen, Y.K. Liu, H.C. Sun, L. Wang and H.Z. Lu, “Gene expression profiling reveals potential biomarkers of human hepatocellular carcinoma” Clinical Cancer Research, vol. 13, no. 4, pp.1133–1139, 2007.</citation> <citation>S. Shousha, F. Gadir,D. Peston, D. Bansi, A.V. Thillainaygam and I.M. Murray-Lyon, “CD10 immunostaining of bile canaliculi in liver biopsies: change of staining pattern with the development of cirrhosis” Histopathology, vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 335–342, 2004.</citation> <citation>A. Ahuja, N. Gupta, N. Kalra, R. Srinivasan, Y. Chawla and A. Rajwanshi, “Role of 10 immunochemistry in differentiating hepatocellular carcinoma from metastatic carcinoma of the liver. Cytopathology” vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 229–235, 2008.</citation> <citation>N. Borscheri, A. Roesslr and C. Röcken, “Canalicular immunostaining of neprilysin (CD10) as a diagnosticmarker for hepatocellular carcinomas” The American Journal of Surgical Pathology, vol. 10, pp. 1297–1303, 2001.</citation> <citation>P. Chu and D. Arber, “Paraffin-section detection of CD10 in 505 nonhematopoietic neoplasms. Frequent expression in renal cell carcinoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma” The American Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 374–382, 2000.</citation> <citation>N.A. Abumrad, M.R. el-Maghrabi, E.Z. Amri, E. Lopez and P.A. Grimaldi, “Cloning of a rat adipocyte membrane protein implicated in binding or transport of long-chain fatty acids that is induced during preadipocyte differentiation. Homology with human CD36” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 268, pp. 17665–17668, 1993.</citation> <citation>K.P. Janssen, R. Rost, L. Eichinger and M. Schleicher, “Characterization of CD36/ LIMPII homologues in Dictyostelium discoideum” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 276, no. 42, pp. 38899–38910, 2001.</citation> <citation>R.L. Silverstein and M. Febbraio, “CD36 and atherosclerosis. Current Opinion in Lipidology” vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 483–491, 2000.</citation> <citation>R.L. Silverstein and M. Febbraio, “CD36, a scavenger receptor involved in immunity, metabolism, angiogenesis, and behavior” Science Signal, vol. 2, no. 72, pp. re3, 2009.</citation> <citation>A.M. McDonnell, B. Robinson and A.J. Currie, “Tumor antigen cross-presentation and the dendritic cell: where it all begins? Clinical and Developmental Immunology, vol. 2010, 2010.</citation> <citation>Maeno, Y., Fujioka, H., Hollingdale, M.R., Ockenhouse, C.F., Nakazawa, S., Aikawa, M., 1994. Ultrastructural localization of CD36 in human hepatic sinusoidal lining cells, hepatocytes, human hepatoma (HepG2-A16) cells, and C32 amelanotic melanoma cells. Exp. Parasitol. 79 (3), 383–390.</citation> <citation>Pez, F., Lopez, A., Kim, M., Wands, J.R., Caron de Fromentel, C., Merle, P., 2013. Wnt signaling and hepatocarcinogenesis: molecular targets for the development of innovative anticancer drugs. J. Hepatol. 59 (5), 1107–1117.</citation> <citation>Miquilena-Colina, M.E., Lima-Cabello, E., Sánchez-Campos, S., García-Mediavilla, M.V., Fernández-Bermejo, M., Lozano-Rodríguez, T., Vargas-Castrillón, J., Buqué, X., Ochoa, B., Aspichueta, P., González-Gallego, J., García-Monzón, C., 2010. Hepatic fatty acid translocase CD36 upregulation is associated with insulin resistance, hyperinsulinaemia and increased steatosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and chronic hepatitis C. Gut 60 (10), 1394–1402. miRBase: Homo sapiens miRNAs in the miRBase. In. Manchester University: Faculty of Life Sciences; 1824.</citation> <citation>Himoto, T., Tani, J., Miyoshi, H., Morishita, A., Yoneyama, H., Kurokohchi, K., Inukai, Masugata, H., Goda, F., Senda, S., et al., 2013. Investigation of the factors associated with circulating soluble CD36 levels in patients with HCV-related chronic liver disease. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 5 (1), 51.</citation> <citation>Filmus, J., Capurro, M., 2013. Glypican-3: a marker and a therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma. FEBS J. 280 (10), 2471–2476.</citation> <citation>Shafizadeh, N., Ferrell, L., Kakar, S., 2008. Utility and limitations of glypican-3 expression for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma at both ends of the differentiation spectrum. Mod. Pathol. 21 (8), 1011–1018.</citation> <citation>Febbraio, M., Guy, E., Coburn, C., Knapp Jr., F.F., Beets, A.L., Abumrad, N.A., lverstein, R.L., 2002. The impact of overexpression and deficiency of fatty acid translocase (FAT)/CD36. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 239 (1–2), 193–197.</citation> <citation>Anatelli, F., Chuang, S.T., Yang, X.J., Wang, H.L., 2008. Value of glypican 3 immunostaining in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma on needle biopsy. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 130 (2), 219–223.</citation> <citation>Gao, W., Ho, M., 2011. The role of glypican-3 in regulating Wnt in hepatocellular carcinomas. Cancer Rep. 1 (1), 14–19.</citation> <citation>Yu, J., Ma, Q., Zhang, B., Ma, R., Xu, X., Li, M., Xu,W., Li, M., 2013. Clinical application of specific antibody against glypican-3 for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis. Sci. China Life. Sci. 56 (3), 234–239.</citation> </citations> <pages>7-13</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-08-13" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="70" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">70</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="260" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="138" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">70. 4-2-Article1.docx</name> <file id="138" filesize="44410" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/70/611693762a0f4.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="277" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="138" stage="final" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="260" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">70. 4-2-Article1.docx</name> <file id="138" filesize="44410" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/70/611693762a0f4.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="279" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="138" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="277" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">70. 4-2-Article1.docx</name> <file id="138" filesize="44410" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/70/611693762a0f4.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="321" created_at="2021-10-30" date_created="" file_id="782" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="782" filesize="793861" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/70/6231e19dd6a83.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="170" filesize="784811" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/70/617dab46a7109.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="275" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2021-07-10" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">70</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.52229/pbmj.v4i2.70</id> <title locale="en_US">Strong risk factors for depression and anxiety in heart failure patients</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Risk factors for depression & anxiety in heart failure patients</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Despite advancing medical technology, Heart Failure (HF) is still a prevalent disease with high mortality and high health expenditure.To improve patient outcome and prognosis, it is important to identify the association of risk factors which leads to the co-morbid depression and anxiety in heart failure patients.<strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the association of depression and/or anxiety with age, gender and ejection fraction in heart failure patients.<strong>Methods:</strong>It is ananalytical cross sectional study including 323 CHF patients who visited the to the Faisalabad Institute of Cardiology hospital Out-Patient Department, 250 were males and 73 were females, mean age was 54.1 ± 9.2 years having 70 years as maximum and 25 years as minimum.&nbsp; Data collection was done using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire to assess depression and anxiety. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. For quantitative data, mean and standard deviation was calculated and for qualitative data frequency and percentages was calculated. To measure the association of anxiety and depression with age categories, ejection fraction and gender, chi square test was used. P values less than and equal to 0.05 were taken as significant.<strong>Results: </strong>No association of depression and anxiety with gender and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (LVEF) was observed. However, depression and anxiety were found to be significantly associated with age.<strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study concluded that age is a strong risk factor of depression and anxiety in congestive heart failure patients. Multidisciplinary health care team approach and interventions are required to cater chronic heart failure (CHF) patients to address the psychological burden.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="275"> <givenname locale="en_US">Naila </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Niaz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Anesthesia and ICU department, Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital, Hawalli Governate, Kuwait</affiliation> <country>KW</country> <email>nailaniaz517@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="276"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syed Muhammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Faraz Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Anestheisa and ICU department, Jahra Hospital, Jahra Governate, Kuwait</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="277"> <givenname locale="en_US">Attaullah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Younas</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Cardiac Surgery Department Bahawalpur Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="278"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tallat Anwar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Faridi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tallat.anwar@pht.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="279"> <givenname locale="en_US">Asif </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hanif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">88</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.70.g88</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="321"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Fonarow GC (2012). Clinical risk prediction tools in patients hospitalized with heart failure. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, 13(1):14-23.</citation> <citation>Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al., (2015). Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics—2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation,131(4):434-41.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000157</citation> <citation>Jackson JD, Cotton SE, Wirta SB, Proenca CC, Zhang M, Lahoz R, et al., (2018). Burden of heart failure on patients from China: results from a cross-sectional survey. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 12:1659-1668.doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S148949</citation> <citation>Alexandri A, Georgiadi E, Mattheou P, Polikandrioti M (2017).Factors associated with anxiety and depression in hospitalized patients with first episode of acute myocardial infarction. Archives of Medical Sciences Atherosclerotic Diseases., 2:e90-e99.doi: 10.5114/amsad.2017.72532</citation> <citation>Shi X, Kang Y, Chen C, Zhang Q (2017). Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure. Sichuan da xue xue bao Yi xue ban= Journal of Sichuan University Medical Science Edition, 48(3):435-40.</citation> <citation>Polikandrioti M, Goudevenos J, Michalis LK, Koutelekos J, Kyristi H, Tzialas D, et al., (2015). Factors associated with depression and anxiety of hospitalized patients with heart failure. Hellenic J Cardiol., 56(1):26-35.</citation> <citation>Scherer M, Himmel W, Stanske B, Scherer F, Koschack J, Kochen MM, et al., (2007). Psychological distress in primary care patients with heart failure: a longitudinal study. Br J Gen Pract.,57(543):801-7.</citation> <citation>Kavalieratos D, Gelfman LP, Tycon LE, Riegel B, Bekelman DB, Ikejiani DZ, et al., (2017).Palliative care in heart failure: rationale, evidence, and future priorities. Journal of the American College of Cardiology.70(15):1919-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.036</citation> <citation>AbuRuz ME. (2018). Anxiety and depression predicted quality of life among patients with heart failure. Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare, 11:367-73. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S170327</citation> <citation>Cohen BE, Edmondson D, Kronish IM. (2015). State of the art review: depression, stress, anxiety, and cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Hypertension.28(11):1295-302.doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpv047.</citation> <citation>Nakamura S, Kato K, Yoshida A, Fukuma N, Okumura Y, Ito H, et al. (2013). Prognostic value of depression, anxiety, and anger in hospitalized cardiovascular disease patients for predicting adverse cardiac outcomes. The American Journal of Cardiology.11(10):1432-6.doi.org/10.1177/2055102920987462</citation> <citation>Piepenburg SM, Ertl G, Angermann CE.(2016). Depression and heart failure-a dangerous combination. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946).141(17):1222-7.doi: 10.1055/s-0042-108681</citation> <citation>Dracup K, Walden J, Stevenson L, Brecht M.(1992). Quality of life in patients with advanced heart failure. The Journal of heart and lung transplantation: the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation, 11(2 Pt 1):273-9.doi: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2008.04.002</citation> <citation>Walden JA, Stevenson LW, Dracup K, Hook JF, Moser DK, Hamilton M, et al. (1994). Extended comparison of quality of life between stable heart failure patients and heart transplant recipients. The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation: the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation. 13(6):1109-18.</citation> <citation>Husain MI, Chaudhry IB, Husain MO, Abrol E, Junejo S, Saghir T, et al(2019)..Depression and congestive heart failure: A large prospective cohort study from Pakistan. Journal of Psychosomatic Research.120:46-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.03.008</citation> <citation>Blumenthal JA, Zhu Y, Koch GG, Smith PJ, Watkins LL, Hinderliter AL, et al.(2019). The modifying effects of social support on psychological outcomes in patients with heart failure. Health Psychology.38(6):502. doi: 10.1037/hea0000716</citation> <citation>Walter FA, Gathright E, Redle JD, Gunstad J, Hughes JW (2019). Depressive symptoms are associated with heart rate variability independently of fitness: a cross-sectional study of patients with heart failure. Annals of Behavioral Medicine.53(11):955-63.doi: 10.1093/abm/kaz006</citation> <citation>Ma C (2019). Rehospitalisation rates and associated factors within 6 months after hospital discharge for patients with chronic heart failure: A longitudinal observational study. Journal of Clinical Nursing.28(13-14):2526-36.</citation> <citation>Sokoreli I, De Vries J, Riistama J, Pauws S, Steyerberg E, Tesanovic A, et al.(2016). Depression as an independent prognostic factor for all-cause mortality after a hospital admission for worsening heart failure. International Journal of Cardiology.220:202-7.doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.068</citation> <citation>Khan S, Khan A, Ghaffar R, Awan ZA (2012). Frequency of depression in patients with chronic heart failure. Journal of Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 24(2):26-9.</citation> </citations> <pages>48-52</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-08-13" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="66" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">66</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="252" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="130" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">66. Guest editorial-vol4-issue 2.docx</name> <file id="130" filesize="16811" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/66/61168b7706ddf.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="270" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="130" stage="final" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="252" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">66. Guest editorial-vol4-issue 2.docx</name> <file id="130" filesize="16811" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/66/61168b7706ddf.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="271" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="130" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="270" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">66. Guest editorial-vol4-issue 2.docx</name> <file id="130" filesize="16811" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/66/61168b7706ddf.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="319" created_at="2021-10-30" date_created="" file_id="168" stage="proof" updated_at="2021-10-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Virtual Classrooms during the Covid-19 pandemic</name> <file id="168" filesize="651906" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/66/617daa002cb81.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="259" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2021-08-11" section_ref="G.Edt" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">66</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.52229/pbmj.v4i2.66</id> <title locale="en_US">Virtual Classrooms during the Covid-19 pandemic</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>In order to contain the virus, lockdown was imposed and as a consequence, education delivery methods have changed drastically, with e-learning progressively identifiable, and teaching being carried out with the help of digital platforms.Teachers are struggling with Zoom and Google classrooms to teach students. The conventional style of lectures is deemed incompetent and has been criticized for its inadequacy in involving students, now the focus has been diverted on more innovative pedagogical methods, such as group training, peer interaction and integrated or 'flipped' learning. These practices can continue on-line and can help to develop and expand the interest of students. Multiple IT tools can now be incorporated as a teaching strategy so that Professors and teachers, rather than emphasizing on the classical lecture format, can bring innovation and interactivity to their teaching.</p>
 <p>One of a very basic and interesting tool is&nbsp;<a href="https://feedbackfruits.com/blog/interactive-video-quick-setup-for-distance-education">Interactive Video</a>. It allows teachers to enable students to practice questions and discussions while watching videos, by marking signs at specific moments during that video. Mostly the topics are previously taught so it`s easy for a student to understand the lesson. Students can even return back and watch the same video again, in order to develop thorough understanding of a topic. The performance of each student can be evaluated and this approach keeps track of their problems and the topics which are harder to understand. The students stay motivated as the feedback is instant and timely.</p>
 <p>May educators take Quizzes as standard in classrooms, This learning format develops variety of discussion and suggestions.Apps like Kahoot, Socrative, Quizlet can result in effective classroom engagement. These apps when assigned, allow teachers to test understanding of students simultaneously. Quizzes may be in the form of open-ended short questionnaires, short answer question, true-false, or multiple choice questions. When the quiz iscreated by the educator and displayed, students can either use their laptops, computers or phones to respond. This is a synchronous type of interaction, where the teachers screen is displaying the questions,and students have to reply through their own devices.</p>
 <p>It is difficult to engage students during online classes and this issue need to be resolved. If such an approach is adoptedwhich highlight students perspective into consideration rather than trying to accomplish a fake on-campus experience online. Novel methods to teach using digital technologycompliments the teaching system and adds creativity. The concept of virtual classroom is potentially off-putting and unfamiliar for new students, studying online for the first time. There are multiple factors influencingthe engagement and involvement of students in online system of teaching: it includes family of students due to which students are distracted and focus less during online sessions, additionally, there may be lack of proper technical facilities i.e they may either have no digital facility or older and slower versions which make it difficult for students to understand during the online classes. Therefore, teachers must keep all these issues in mind in order to impart proper knowledge to students and address the difficulties these students are facing. A proper and clear communication is the key to succeed in online teaching sessions.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="259"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sana</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Hassan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University College of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Teaching Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sana.hassan@ucm.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">86</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.66.g86</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="319"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>.</citation> </citations> <pages>2-3</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-08-13" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="64" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">64</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="250" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="128" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">64. 4.2 letter to editor.docx</name> <file id="128" filesize="164251" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/64/611689d32c2f6.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="268" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="128" stage="final" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="250" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">64. 4.2 letter to editor.docx</name> <file id="128" filesize="164251" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/64/611689d32c2f6.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="269" created_at="2021-08-13" date_created="" file_id="128" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-08-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="268" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">64. 4.2 letter to editor.docx</name> <file id="128" filesize="164251" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/64/611689d32c2f6.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="320" created_at="2021-10-30" date_created="" file_id="169" stage="proof" updated_at="2021-10-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Third wave of COVID -19 in Pakistan: New Variants with new travellers? </name> <file id="169" filesize="678196" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/64/617daa9aabc89.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="255" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2021-08-13" section_ref="L.E" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">64</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.52229/pbmj.v4i2.64</id> <title locale="en_US">Third wave of COVID -19 in Pakistan: New Variants with new travelers?</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Third wave of COVID -19 in Pakistan: New Variants with new travelers?</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>In Wuhan City, China, Corona or COVID-19‘s first case was reported in late December 2019 [1]. It is caused by SARS-CoV-2 also called as corona virus. This disease has now spread in in all countries and territories of the world including Pakistan. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 125,425,270 confirmed cases with 2,756,679 deaths&nbsp;have been reported till date with highest positive cases encountered in USA followed by Brazil and India [2]. Pakistan, a developing country in the Asia, faces a big challenge with COVID-19.Ministry of Health in Karachi, Sindh Pakistan, reported first case of corona on February 26, 2020 [3]. The positive cases reported from Pakistan had travel history from Iran, London and Syria. The rapid rise of the positive cases of COVID-19 in first wave in Pakistan is attributed to mishandling of the pilgrims coming from Iran through Taftan, one of Pakistan’s border crossings with Iran. Also, the students in China were returning back to Pakistan especially from the Wuhan, which is the site of the origin of the COVID-19</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="254"> <givenname locale="en_US">Naveed </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Akhtar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Government Graduate College Pattoki, Kasur, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="255"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sara </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hayee</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Government Graduate College for Women, Samanabad, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sarahayee_1@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="256"> <givenname locale="en_US">Faheem </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nawaz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="257"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Idnan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">87</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.64.g87</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="320"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/</citation> <citation>World health organization (WHO) https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.</citation> <citation>Akhtar, N., (2020). COVID-19 in Pakistan: Current Scenario and Future Perspective. Journal of Clinical & Experimental Investigations, 11(4)</citation> <citation>Ali, I., Shah, S.A. and Siddiqui, N., (2020). Pakistan confirms first two cases of coronavirus, Govt. says “no need to panic”. DAWN. COM, February, 26.</citation> <citation>Pakistan reports first 1st variant of coronavirus variant cases. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/pakistan-reports-1st-new-coronavirus-variant-cases/2091946</citation> <citation>Pakistan among 92 countries where UK strain detected. https://www.dawn.com/news/1609866 as February, 28, 2021.</citation> <citation>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/29/pakistan-continues-to-grapple-with-third-wave-of-coronavirus</citation> <citation>About Variants of the Virus that Causes COVID-19 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/transmission/variant.html. (Accessed on 6th April 2021).</citation> </citations> <pages>4-6</pages> </publication> </article> </articles> </issue>
xmlEscapeEntities : char out of range
<?xml version="1.0"?> <issue xmlns="http://pkp.sfu.ca" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" published="1" current="0" access_status="1" url_path="" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">10</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2</id> <issue_identification> <year>2022</year> <title locale="en_US">Volume 5 Issue 2 (February Issue)</title> </issue_identification> <date_published>2022-02-28</date_published> <last_modified>2022-04-30</last_modified> <sections> <section ref="Edt" seq="1" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">2</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">Edt</abbrev> <title locale="en_US">Editorial</title> </section> <section ref="G.Edt" seq="2" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">6</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">G.Edt</abbrev> <title locale="en_US">Guest Editorial</title> </section> <section ref="O.A" seq="5" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">1</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">O.A</abbrev> <policy locale="en_US"><p>Section default policy</p></policy> <title locale="en_US">Original Article</title> </section> <section ref="Rew.Art" seq="4" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">4</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">Rew.Art</abbrev> <title locale="en_US">Review Article</title> </section> <section ref="Sys.Rvw" seq="8" editor_restricted="0" meta_indexed="1" meta_reviewed="1" abstracts_not_required="0" hide_title="0" hide_author="0" abstract_word_count="0"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">8</id> <abbrev locale="en_US">Sys.Rvw</abbrev> <title locale="en_US">Systematic Review</title> </section> </sections> <covers> <cover locale="en_US"> <cover_image>cover_issue_10_en_US.jpg</cover_image> <cover_image_alt_text/> <embed encoding="base64">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</embed> </cover> </covers> <issue_galleys xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"/> <articles xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-04-04" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="358" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">358</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1555" created_at="2022-04-04" date_created="" file_id="1077" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-04-04" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 604.docx</name> <file id="1077" filesize="1191193" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/358/624b1df62cf51.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1556" created_at="2022-04-04" date_created="" file_id="1077" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-04-04" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1555" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 604.docx</name> <file id="1077" filesize="1191193" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/358/624b1df62cf51.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1557" created_at="2022-04-04" date_created="" file_id="1077" stage="final" updated_at="2022-04-04" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1556" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 604.docx</name> <file id="1077" filesize="1191193" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/358/624b1df62cf51.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1558" created_at="2022-04-04" date_created="" file_id="1077" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-04-04" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1557" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 604.docx</name> <file id="1077" filesize="1191193" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/358/624b1df62cf51.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1592" created_at="2022-04-06" date_created="" file_id="1108" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-04-06" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">156-158.pdf</name> <file id="1108" filesize="947779" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/358/624d88d2e0d58.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1909" url_path="" seq="0" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">358</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.358</id> <title locale="en_US">Tuberculous pericardial abscess with impending pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Tuberculosis is a typical reason for pericardial emission particularly in the emerging nations. Regardless of the decrease in mortality because of tuberculosis and a general diminishing in the occurrence, tuberculosis and its complexities stay a genuine medical issue. <strong>Objectives: </strong>The main objective of the study is to analyse the tuberculous pericardial abscess presenting as multiple pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade.<strong> Material and methods: </strong>This randomized control trial study was conducted in Rashid Latif medical complex, Lahore during November 2020 to August 2021.&nbsp; The data was collected from 10 patients. <strong>Results: </strong>The patients was tachypnoeic, poisonous looking and in sepsis. Their important bodily functions showed the accompanying: respiratory pace of 24 breaths/min and tachycardia of 110 beats/min. Clinical assessment upheld the finding of heart problems. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>It is concluded that tuberculosis stays a genuine medical condition. In this manner confusions like pericarditis, tamponade and boil are inescapable and in spite of satisfactory medication treatment, 33% to one portion of the patients in the long run require Pericardiectomy</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="1909"> <givenname locale="en_US">Areesha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shahid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rashid Latif Medical Complex</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>areeshashahid345@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="1910"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Asif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Quaid e Azam Medical College</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="1911"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Abid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">D.G. Khan Medical College</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="1912"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Zarrar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arif Butt</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">305</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.358.g305</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1592"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Fatimi SH, Faheem-ul-Haq, Jalil F, Muzaffar M, Hanif HM. Tuberculous pericardial abscess with impending pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. J Pak Med Assoc. 2011 Mar;61(3):286-7. PMID: 21465948.</citation> <citation>Avşar A, Günay NK, Celik A, Melek M. A case of cardiac tamponade caused by tuberculous pericarditis. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars. 2008 Oct;36(7):482-4. PMID: 19155666.</citation> <citation>Peebles CR, Shambrook JS, Harden SP. Pericardial disease--anatomy and function. Br J Radiol 2011;84:S324-37.</citation> <citation>Larrieu AJ, Tyers GF, Williams EH, Derrick J: Recent experience with tuberculous pericarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1980, 29:464-468. 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)61681-5</citation> <citation>Heller T, Lessells RJ, Wallrauch C, Brunetti E: Tuberculosis pericarditis with cardiac tamponade: management in the resource-limited setting. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010, 83:1311-1314. 10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0271</citation> <citation>Meyers DG, Bagin RG, Levene JF: Electrocardiographic changes in pericardial effusion. Chest. 1993, 104:1422-1426. 10.1378/chest.104.5.1422</citation> <citation>Cherian G, Habashy AG, Uthaman B, Hanna RM. Tuberculous pericardial effusion - mediastinal lymph glands: the cause and clue to the etiology. Indian Heart J 2003; 55: 228-33</citation> <citation>Quraishi AR, Khan AA, Kazmi KA, Najaf SM, Basir MN, Shafqat A, et al. Clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of patients with significant pericardial effusion requiring pericardiocentesis. J Pak Med Ass 2005; 55: 66-70</citation> <citation>Gulati Gs, Sharma S. Pericardial abscess occurring after tuberculous pericarditis: image morphology on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Clin Radiol 2004; 59: 514-9.</citation> <citation>Kameyama K, Huanq CL, Okamoto T, Ishikawa S, Yamamoto Y, Yokomise H. Video-assisted thoracoscopic pericardial fenestration for tuberculous pericardial effusion. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 52: 68-70.</citation> <citation>Gowrinath K, Phani Krishna B, Raghavendra C, Sai Ravi Shankar A: Unusual cause of pyopericardium with tamponade. J Clin Sci Res. 2015, 4:61-64. 10.15380/2277-5706.JCSR.14.001</citation> <citation>Sagristà-Sauleda J, Barrabés JA, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J: Purulent pericarditis: review of a 20-year experience in a general hospital. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993, 22:1661-1665.</citation> <citation>Gregory AK, Connery CP, Anagnostopoulos CE. A late complication of tuberculous pericarditis after partial pericardial resection. Ann Thorac Surg 1998; 65: 542-4.</citation> <citation>Steinberg C, Pelletier MJ, Perron J, Kumar A, Champagne J. Sudden cardiac arrest due to subtotal absence of left-sided pericardium--case report and review of the literature. Congenit Heart Dis 2013;8:E92-8.</citation> <citation>Bogaert J, Francone M. Pericardial disease: value of CT and MR imaging. Radiology 2013;267:340-56.</citation> <citation>Dybowska M, Błasińska K, Gątarek J, Klatt M, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Tomkowski W, Szturmowicz M. Tuberculous Pericarditis—Own Experiences and Recent Recommendations. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(3):619. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12030619</citation> <citation>López-López, J.P.; Posada-Martínez, E.L.; Saldarriaga, C.; Wyss, F.; Ponte-Negretti, C.I.; Alexander, B.; Miranda-Arboleda, A.F.; Martínez-Sellés, M.; Baranchuk, A.; The Neglected Tropical Diseases. Tuberculosis and the Heart. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2021, 10, e019435. [</citation> <citation>Isiguzo, G.; Du Bruyn, E.; Howlett, P.; Ntsekhe, M. Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculous Pericarditis: What Is New? Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 2020, 22, 2.</citation> <citation>Bizzi, E.; Picchi, C.; Mastrangelo, G.; Imazio, M.; Brucato, A. Recent advances in pericarditis. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2021, 95, 24–31.</citation> <citation>Lima, N.D.A.; Stancic, C.; Vos, D.; Insua, M.M.d.C.D.; Lima, C.C.D.V.; de Castro, R.L.; Maravelas, R.; Melgar, T.A. Hospital admissions for tuberculous pericarditis in the United States 2002–2014. Int. J. Mycobacteriol. 2019, 8, 347–350</citation> </citations> <pages>156-158</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-03-30" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="346" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">346</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1462" created_at="2022-03-30" date_created="" file_id="938" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">editorial 1 (1).doc</name> <file id="938" filesize="29696" extension="doc"> <href src="journals/1/articles/346/6244739154194.doc" mime_type="application/msword"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1463" created_at="2022-03-30" date_created="" file_id="938" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1462" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">editorial 1 (1).doc</name> <file id="938" filesize="29696" extension="doc"> <href src="journals/1/articles/346/6244739154194.doc" mime_type="application/msword"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1464" created_at="2022-03-30" date_created="" file_id="938" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1463" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">editorial 1 (1).doc</name> <file id="938" filesize="29696" extension="doc"> <href src="journals/1/articles/346/6244739154194.doc" mime_type="application/msword"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1471" created_at="2022-03-30" date_created="" file_id="1023" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1023" filesize="515585" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/346/6244c714897b5.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1857" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="Edt" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">346</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.346</id> <title locale="en_US">Role of Epigenetic alterations in the development of cancers </title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Many different factors are involved in the progression of cancers. Genes mutations and chromosomal abnormalities are normally considered main cause of cancers but there are some other reason for the development of cancers. Other cancer causing factors are known as epigenetic alterations [1,2]. Epigentic modification of genome is known as epigenetic alterations, lead toward cancer cells production. Epigentic modification does not cause change in sequences of nucleotide. Similar to genetic alteration epigenetic alteration can’t be ignored [3]. Basically mechanisms behind epigenetic modifications are deregulation of DNA proteins, change in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG_island">CpG island</a>&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation">methylation</a>,&nbsp; change in histone, oncogenes activation and deactivation of tumor suppressor [4].</p>
 <p>Epigenetic alterations is directly linked with functional alterations of genome. &nbsp;Alteration in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_methylation">DNA methylation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histone_modification">histone d</a>egeneration &nbsp;and functional and structural abnormalities of chromosomes are the major examples of epigenetic modifications [5]. The main function of all epigenetic alterations is to modulate gene expression with same DNA &nbsp;sequences. Means these changes never effect main basal sequence oF DNA [6], which remain same in&nbsp;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_division">cell division</a> [7].</p>
 <p>Many different types of cancers contains large number of epigenetic alterations, the most important of these are epigenetic alterations that occurs in DNA repair genes. These DNA repair genes drive slow expression of DNA&nbsp; proteins. These abnormalities cause <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome_instability">genetic</a> unreliability, which is mainly considered as characteristic of various cancers [8,9].&nbsp;</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="1857"> <givenname locale="en_US">Riffat</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mehboob</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Lahore Medical Research Center LLP, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>mehboob.riffat@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">275</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.346.g275</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1471"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Baylin SB, Ohm JE. Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer–a mechanism for early oncogenic pathway addiction?. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2006 Feb;6(2):107-16.</citation> <citation>Bedi GC, Westra WH, Gabrielson E, Koch W, Sidransky D. Multiple head and neck tumors: evidence for a common clonal origin. Cancer research. 1996 Jun 1;56(11):2484-7.</citation> <citation>Novak K. Epigenetics Changes in Cancer Cells: Highlights of the American Association for Cancer Research Special Conference on Chromatin, Chromosomes, and Cancer Epigenetics; November 10-14, 2004; Waikoloa, Hawaii. Medscape General Medicine. 2004;6(4).</citation> <citation>Suzuki K, Yamaji H, Kobashigawa S, Kawauchi R, Shima K, Kodama S, Watanabe M. Epigenetic gene silencing is a novel mechanism involved in delayed manifestation of radiation-induced genomic instability in mammalian cells. Radiation research. 2011 Apr;175(4):416-23. https://doi.org/10.1667/RR2391.1.</citation> <citation>Kanwal R, Gupta K, Gupta S. Cancer epigenetics: an introduction. Cancer epigenetics. 2015:3-25.</citation> <citation>Horsthemke B. Epimutations in human disease. DNA methylation: Development, genetic disease and cancer. 2006:45-59. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-31181-5_4.</citation> <citation>Macfarlane GJ, Boyle P, Scully C. Oral cancer in Scotland: changing incidence and mortality. British Medical Journal. 1992 Nov 7;305(6862):1121-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6862.1121.</citation> <citation>Kunderfranco P, Mello-Grand M, Cangemi R, Pellini S, Mensah A, Albertini V, Malek A, Chiorino G, Catapano CV, Carbone GM. ETS transcription factors control transcription of EZH2 and epigenetic silencing of the tumor suppressor gene Nkx3. 1 in prostate cancer. PloS one. 2010 May 10;5(5):e10547. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010547.</citation> <citation>Iribarren C, Tekawa IS, Sidney S, Friedman GD. Effect of cigar smoking on the risk of cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cancer in men. New England Journal of Medicine. 1999 Jun 10;340(23):1773-80. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejm199906103402301.</citation> </citations> <pages>01-01</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-03-13" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="307" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">307</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1264" created_at="2022-03-13" date_created="" file_id="746" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-03-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Rana islam peads 001.docx</name> <file id="746" filesize="88851" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/307/622dc8dfc5d84.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1297" created_at="2022-03-16" date_created="" file_id="746" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1264" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Rana islam peads 001.docx</name> <file id="746" filesize="88851" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/307/622dc8dfc5d84.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1483" created_at="2022-03-31" date_created="" file_id="746" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-31" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1297" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Rana islam peads 001.docx</name> <file id="746" filesize="88851" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/307/622dc8dfc5d84.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1484" created_at="2022-03-31" date_created="" file_id="746" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-31" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1483" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Rana islam peads 001.docx</name> <file id="746" filesize="88851" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/307/622dc8dfc5d84.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1597" created_at="2022-04-06" date_created="" file_id="1113" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-04-06" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">152-155.pdf</name> <file id="1113" filesize="978198" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/307/624d9073a9402.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1617" url_path="" seq="0" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">307</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.307</id> <title locale="en_US">Culture and Sensitivity Patterns of Various Bacteriological Agents among Children Admitted in Pediatric Department</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The Culture of numerous contaminated fluids of the body are commonly used to determine the aetiology of infection and to help medicine specialists and pediatricians to select the suitable antimicrobial treatment. The objective of this analysis is to govern the culture and sensitivity patterns to bacteriological agents’ grownup in children. <strong>Methods:</strong> This descriptive cross-sectional study was held at the Paediatric Medicine department of Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi, for one-year duration from November 2020 to November 2021. All ≤15-year-old children who met the criteria for sepsis and systemic inflammatory response syndrome were included in the study. Any body fluids or blood were cultivated in the suitable medium as specified. The sensitivity pattern and profile of the cultured microorganisms were recorded and documented in a pre-designed data sheet. SPSS v.22 was applied for data analysis. <strong>Results:</strong> Of the 300 patients enrolled, 51 (17%) developed multiple organisms in culture and these have been described in more detail. Of these 51 patients with positive culture, 47.1% were male with a M:F ratio of 1.3: 1. Of the 51 patients, 21 (41.2%) were less than one- year old, and 14 (27.5%) were one to five years old, 9 (17.6%) was between 5 and 10 years old and 7 (13.7%) were 10 to 15 years of age. Twenty-three patients (45.1%) showed an increase in microorganisms in the blood smear. Throat swab, tracheal secretions and sputum cultures were positive in 11 patients (21.6%), CSF cultures were positive in 13 (25.5%), and urine cultures in 10 (19.6%), Swabs (ear and skin) cultures were positive in 7 (13.7%) and 3 (5.9%) have positive pleural fluid cultures. The most frequently isolated microorganism is Salmonella spp. (17.6%), Klebsiella spp. (15.7%), Escherichia coli (11.8%), Acinetobacter (9.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (7.8%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.7%), Streptococcus pyogenes (7.8%), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3.9%) and Enterobacter spp. (7.23%). <strong>Conclusions:</strong> The most frequently isolated microorganisms were Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp., E coli and Streptococcus pyogenes. The antibiotics resistance in various cultures is a warning in contradiction of overuse of antibiotics.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Blood, culture, pus, urine, antibiotics</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="1613"> <givenname locale="en_US">Riffat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Farrukh </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pediatrics, Karachi Medical and Dental College and Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>riffatfarrukh15@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="1614"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shaheen </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Masood </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pediatrics, Karachi Medical and Dental College and Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>shaheentaqi1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="1615"> <givenname locale="en_US">Farhina </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nasir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pathology, Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>farhina.nasir@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="1616"> <givenname locale="en_US">Qamar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rizvi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pharmacology, Jinnah Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>dr_qamar@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="1617"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ibrahim </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shakoor</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pediatrics, Karachi Medical and Dental College and Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>ishakoor@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="0" id="1618"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amber </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Naseer</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pediatrics, Karachi Medical and Dental College and Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>splendid_dr06@yahoo.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">310</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.307.g310</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1597"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Yadav NS, Sharma S, Chaudhary DK, Panthi P, Pokhrel P, Shrestha A, Mandal PK. Bacteriological profile of neonatal sepsis and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates admitted at Kanti Children's Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. BMC research notes. 2018 Dec;11(1):1-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3394-6</citation> <citation>Moges F, Eshetie S, Yeshitela B, Abate E. Bacterial etiologic agents causing neonatal sepsis and associated risk factors in Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC pediatrics. 2017 Dec;17(1):1-0.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-017-0892-y</citation> <citation>Mulu W, Abera B, Yimer M, Hailu T, Ayele H, Abate D. Bacterial agents and antibiotic resistance profiles of infections from different sites that occurred among patients at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC research notes. 2017 Dec;10(1):1-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-017-2584-y</citation> <citation>Bhuyan GS, Hossain MA, Sarker SK, Rahat A, Islam MT, Haque TN, Begum N, Qadri SK, Muraduzzaman AK, Islam NN, Islam MS. Bacterial and viral pathogen spectra of acute respiratory infections in under-5 children in hospital settings in Dhaka city. PloS one. 2017 Mar 27;12(3):e0174488.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0174488</citation> <citation>Mohammed A, Seid ME, Gebrecherkos T, Tiruneh M, Moges F. Bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of wound infections among inpatients and outpatients attending the University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. International journal of microbiology. 2017 Mar 12;2017.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8953829</citation> <citation>Ung L, Bispo PJ, Shanbhag SS, Gilmore MS, Chodosh J. The persistent dilemma of microbial keratitis: Global burden, diagnosis, and antimicrobial resistance. Survey of ophthalmology. 2019 May 1;64(3):255-71.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.12.003</citation> <citation>Chiyangi H, Muma JB, Malama S, Manyahi J, Abade A, Kwenda G, Matee MI. Identification and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacterial enteropathogens from children aged 0-59 months at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia: a prospective cross sectional study. BMC infectious diseases. 2017 Dec;17(1):1-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2232-0</citation> <citation>Bernabe KJ, Langendorf C, Ford N, Ronat JB, Murphy RA. Antimicrobial resistance in West Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2017 Nov 1;50(5):629-39.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.07.002</citation> <citation>Pouladfar G, Basiratnia M, Anvarinejad M, Abbasi P, Amirmoezi F, Zare S. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of uropathogens among children with urinary tract infection in Shiraz. Medicine. 2017 Sep;96(37).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000007834</citation> <citation>Rutter WC, Burgess DR, Burgess DS. Increasing incidence of multidrug resistance among cystic fibrosis respiratory bacterial isolates. Microbial Drug Resistance. 2017 Jan 1;23(1):51-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2016.0048</citation> <citation>Agyepong N, Govinden U, Owusu-Ofori A, Essack SY. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections in a teaching hospital in Ghana. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control. 2018 Dec;7(1):1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0324-2</citation> <citation>Mohsen L, Ramy N, Saied D, Akmal D, Salama N, Abdel Haleim MM, Aly H. Emerging antimicrobial resistance in early and late-onset neonatal sepsis. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control. 2017 Dec;6(1):1-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-017-0225-9</citation> <citation>Fuchs A, Bielicki J, Mathur S, Sharland M, Van Den Anker JN. Reviewing the WHO guidelines for antibiotic use for sepsis in neonates and children. Paediatrics and international child health. 2018 Dec 21;38(sup1):S3-15.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/20469047.2017.1408738</citation> <citation>Bitew A, Molalign T, Chanie M. Species distribution and antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacterial uropathogens among patients complaining urinary tract infections. BMC infectious diseases. 2017 Dec;17(1):1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-017-2743-8</citation> <citation>Sharifipour E, Shams S, Esmkhani M, Khodadadi J, Fotouhi-Ardakani R, Koohpaei A, Doosti Z, Ej Golzari S. Evaluation of bacterial co-infections of the respiratory tract in COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU. BMC infectious diseases. 2020 Dec;20(1):1-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05374-z</citation> <citation>Ahmed SS, Shariq A, Alsalloom AA, Babikir IH, Alhomoud BN. Uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns: Relationship with urinary tract infections. International Journal of Health Sciences. 2019 Mar;13(2):48.</citation> <citation>Ahmed SS, Shariq A, Alsalloom AA, Babikir IH, Alhomoud BN. Uropathogens and their antimicrobial resistance patterns: Relationship with urinary tract infections. International Journal of Health Sciences. 2019 Mar;13(2):48.</citation> <citation>Chiotos K, Tamma PD, Flett KB, Naumann M, Karandikar MV, Bilker WB, Zaoutis T, Han JH. Multicenter study of the risk factors for colonization or infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in children. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy. 2017 Dec 1;61(12):e01440-17.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01440-17</citation> <citation>Shane AL, Sánchez PJ, Stoll BJ. Neonatal sepsis. The lancet. 2017 Oct 14;390(10104):1770-80.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31002-4</citation> <citation>Morency-Potvin P, Schwartz DN, Weinstein RA. Antimicrobial stewardship: how the microbiology laboratory can right the ship. Clinical microbiology reviews. 2017 Jan;30(1):381-407.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00066-16</citation> <citation>Qasim A, Turcotte M, De Souza RJ, Samaan MC, Champredon D, Dushoff J, Speakman JR, Meyre D. On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations. Obesity Reviews. 2018 Feb;19(2):121-49.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12625</citation> <citation>Jain SK, Barman R. Bacteriological profile of diabetic foot ulcer with special reference to drug-resistant strains in a tertiary care center in North-East India. Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2017 Sep;21(5):688.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/ijem.IJEM_546_16</citation> </citations> <pages>152-155</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-03-11" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="302" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">302</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1237" created_at="2022-03-11" date_created="" file_id="712" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-03-11" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 598 (1).docx</name> <file id="712" filesize="30326" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/302/622b5367a206b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="705" filesize="31053" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/302/622afe6bd3469.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1294" created_at="2022-03-16" date_created="" file_id="712" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1237" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 598 (1).docx</name> <file id="712" filesize="30326" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/302/622b5367a206b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1331" created_at="2022-03-19" date_created="" file_id="712" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1294" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 598 (1).docx</name> <file id="712" filesize="30326" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/302/622b5367a206b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1332" created_at="2022-03-19" date_created="" file_id="712" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1331" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 598 (1).docx</name> <file id="712" filesize="30326" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/302/622b5367a206b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1337" created_at="2022-03-19" date_created="" file_id="1040" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1040" filesize="674929" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/302/6244d5710ee6d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="1039" filesize="674929" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/302/6244d54b4248e.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="843" filesize="686032" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/302/6235bab5e5ff6.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1594" url_path="" seq="14" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">302</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.302</id> <title locale="en_US">Analysis and outcome of single coronary artery detected on CCTA</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Coronary Artery Detected on coronary computed tomography angiography</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>A congenital abnormality known as a single coronary artery (SCA) is usually discovered by coincidence. SCA is thought to affect as little as 0.024% to 0.066% of people who have routine coronary artery catheterization. <strong>Objectives: </strong>TSingle coronary arteries found on coronary angiography are the major focus of this investigation on coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA).<strong> Material and methods: </strong>The Rai Medical College in Bangalore conducted a cross-sectional study between April 2021 and November 2021. Pre-cardiac surgery assessment, evaluation of a coronary stent or graft, evaluation of cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease, and evaluation of syncope were the most prevalent reasons for CCTA. These were followed by chest discomfort to rule out coronary artery disease. <strong>Results: </strong>Significant differences were seen in SBP, DBP, PP, and BMI between the control and SCA groups (P0.05). Neither group differed substantially from the other in terms of age, FBG, TG, TC, HDL-C, or LDL-C (P0.05). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the course an abnormal artery takes, SCA can be divided into several unique subgroups for better understanding.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>CCTA, Artery, Patients, Signi</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="14" id="1594"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ammar Abdul </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rahman</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rai Medical College</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>ammar425@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="14" id="1595"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amna </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zainab</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="14" id="1596"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ayesha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Siddiqa</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="14" id="1597"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Zarrar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arif Butt</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">236</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.302.g236</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1337"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 689-701.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70104-6</citation> <citation>Zhang WW. Advances in Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Chin J Cerebrovascular Disease (Electronic Version), 2008; 2 (4): 272-277.</citation> <citation>Schmidtke K, Hüll M. Cerebral small vessel disease: how does it progress? J Neurol Sci 2005;2(30):13-20.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2004.11.048</citation> <citation>Bjallmark A, Lind B, Peolsson M, et a1. Ultrasonographic strain imaging is superior to conventional non-invasive measures of vascular stiffness in the detection of age-dependent differences in the mechanical properties of the common carotid artery. Eur J Echocardiography, 2010; 11: 630-636.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ejechocard/jeq033</citation> <citation>Wang JH, Wang YH, Wu CL, et al. Quantitative evaluation of carotid elasticity in normal adults by echo tracking technique. Chin J Ultrasonogr, 2005;14(4):292-294.</citation> <citation>Wen CY, Zhuang D. Assessment of common carotid artery function in patients with systemic sclerosis by quality arterial stiffness. Journal of Clinical Ultrasound in Medicine, 2011;13(6):388-391.</citation> <citation>Lipton M. J., Barry W. H., Obrez I., Silverman J. F., Wexler L. Isolated single coronary artery: diagnosis, angiographic classification, and clinical significance. Radiology. 1979;130(1):39-47.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1148/130.1.39</citation> <citation>Al Umairi R. S., Al Kindi F., Al Busaidi F. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery: the role of multislice computed tomography (MSCT) Oman Medical Journal. 2016;31(5):387-389.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2016.77</citation> <citation>Zukic F., Miljko M., Vegar-Zubovic S., Behmen A., Arapovic A. K. Prevalence of coronary artery anomalies detected by coronary CT angiography in Canton Sarajevo, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. Psychiatria Danubian. 2017;29(4):830-834.</citation> <citation>Smettei O. A., Sayed S., Abizaid R. M. The prevalence of coronary artery anomalies in Qassim province detected by cardiac computed tomography angiography. Journal of the Saudi Heart Association. 2017;29(2):84-89.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsha.2016.07.006</citation> <citation>Sirasapalli C. N., Christopher J., Ravilla V. Prevalence and spectrum of coronary artery anomalies in 8021 patients: a single-center study in south India. Indian Heart Journal. 2018;70(6):852-856.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2018.01.035</citation> <citation>Gräni C., Benz D. C., Schmied C., et al. Prevalence and characteristics of coronary artery anomalies detected by coronary computed tomography angiography in 5634 consecutive patients in a single center in Switzerland. Swiss Medical Weekly. 2016;146</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2016.14294</citation> <citation>Graidis C., Dimitriadis D., Karasavvidis V., et al. Prevalence and characteristics of coronary artery anomalies in an adult population undergoing multidetector-row computed tomography for the evaluation of coronary artery disease. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2015;15(1):p. 112.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-015-0098-x</citation> <citation>Fujimoto S., Kondo T., Orihara T., et al. Prevalence of anomalous origin of coronary artery detected by multi-detector computed tomography at one center. Journal of Cardiology. 2011;57(1):69-76.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjcc.2010.10.006</citation> <citation>Soon K. H., Selvanayagam J., Bell K. W., et al. Giant single coronary system with coronary cameral fistula diagnosed on MSCT. International Journal of Cardiology. 2006;106(2):276-278.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.12.093</citation> <citation>Shrivastava S., Mohan J. C., Mukhopadhyay S., Rajani M., Tandon R. Coronary artery anomalies in tetralogy of Fallot. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology. 1987;10(4):215-218.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02593873</citation> <citation>Said S. A., De Voogt W. G., Bulut S., et al. Coronary artery disease in the congenital single coronary artery in adults: a Dutch case series. World Journal of Cardiology. 2014;6(4):196-204. DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i4.196.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v6.i4.196</citation> <citation>Poynter J. A., Williams W. G., McIntyre S., et al. Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery: a report from the congenital heart surgeons society registry. World Journal for Pediatric and Congenital Heart Surgery. 2014;5(1):22-30.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/2150135113516984</citation> <citation>Ermis E., Demirelli S., Korkmaz A. F., Sahin B. D., Kantarci A. An isolated single L-II type coronary artery anomaly: a rare coronary anomaly. Intractable & Rare Diseases Research. 2015;4(4):203-206.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5582/irdr.2015.01025</citation> <citation>Mahapatro, A.K.; Patro, A.S.; Sujatha, V.; Sinha, S.C. Isolated single coronary artery presenting as acute coronary syndrome: Case report and review. Int. J. Angiol. 2014, 23, 143-146.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1363496</citation> <citation>Ermis, E.; Demirelli, S.; Korkmaz, A.F.; Sahin, B.D.; Kantarci, A. An isolated single L-II type coronary artery anomaly: A rare coronary anomaly. Intractable Rare Dis. Res. 2015, 4, 203-206.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5582/irdr.2015.01025</citation> </citations> <pages>84-87</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-03-11" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="301" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">301</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1236" created_at="2022-03-11" date_created="" file_id="704" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-03-11" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 597 (1).docx</name> <file id="704" filesize="25420" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/301/622afd1401db5.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1293" created_at="2022-03-16" date_created="" file_id="704" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1236" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 597 (1).docx</name> <file id="704" filesize="25420" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/301/622afd1401db5.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1329" created_at="2022-03-19" date_created="" file_id="704" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1293" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 597 (1).docx</name> <file id="704" filesize="25420" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/301/622afd1401db5.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1330" created_at="2022-03-19" date_created="" file_id="704" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1329" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">paper 597 (1).docx</name> <file id="704" filesize="25420" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/301/622afd1401db5.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1336" created_at="2022-03-19" date_created="" file_id="1052" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1052" filesize="662500" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/301/6244dcc2f0194.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="1038" filesize="662500" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/301/6244d41e4a11b.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="842" filesize="661784" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/301/6235ac217fbea.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1590" url_path="" seq="13" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">301</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.301</id> <title locale="en_US">Awareness and practice of oral hygiene and its relation to socio-demographic factors among patients attending general OPD</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Oral Hygiene & its Relation to Socio-Demographic Factors</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Oral illness is a public health concern due to its high prevalence and huge societal effect. <strong>Objectives: </strong>Oral hygiene knowledge and practise, as well as oral hygiene's association to socio-demographic variables, will be assessed among patients who visit the hospital's general outpatient department.<strong> Material and methods: </strong>The results of this cross-sectional study were presented at Azra Naheed Medical College from July 2021 to December 2021. Participants in the research had to be over the age of 12 and able to verbally agree, comprehend and complete questions. Those with diabetes who refused to participate in the research were omitted from the results. <strong>Results: </strong>The data was acquired from 112 patients who visited the outpatient section of the hospital. 33.23 x 10.98 = the average age of individuals who answered the survey (mean x standard deviation). There was a statistically significant difference (P 0.05) in the brushing behaviours of females and males when it came to oral health knowledge and behaviour. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>To summarise, dental caries was found to be common among patients and that awareness of dental caries among the general population was a major predictor of dental caries among those who participated, as well as educational attainment and oral hygiene habits and residency and monthly income.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="13" id="1590"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tusneem</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Haider</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Azra Naheed Medical College</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tusneemhaider123@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="13" id="1591"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zeeshan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Yousaf</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Lahore Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="13" id="1592"> <givenname locale="en_US">Abdul Ghaffar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">IMO Zed Sawans</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="13" id="1593"> <givenname locale="en_US">Saman </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fatima</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Bakhtawar Amin Medical and Dental College</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">235</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.301.g235</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1336"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Wondemagegn M, Tazebew D, Mulat Y, Kassaw M, Bayeh A. Dental caries and associated factors among primary school children in Bahir Dar city: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:949</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-949</citation> <citation>Paul, B., Basu, M., Dutta, S., Chattopadhyay, S., Sinha, D., & Misra, R. (2014). Awareness and Practices of Oral Hygiene and its Relation to Sociodemographic Factors among Patients attending the General Outpatient Department in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Kolkata, India. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 3(2), 107-111. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.137611</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.137611</citation> <citation>Garkoti PD, Rawat CMS, Singh RK, Rawat V, Bartwal J. Pattern of dental diseases among patients attending OPD of dental: a hospital based Cross- sectional study. NJMR 2015; 5: 212-16.</citation> <citation>Shah SMA, Luby SP, Rahbar M, Khan AW & McCormick J (2001b) Prevalence and determinants of hypertension among adults aged 18 years and over in high mountain rural villages of North Pakistan. Journal of Human Hypertension 15, 107-112.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001131</citation> <citation>Keys A (1980) Seven Countries: A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674497887</citation> <citation>Ohlson LO, Larsson B, Svardsudd K et al. (1985) The influence of body fat distribution on the incidence of diabetes mellitus: 13.5 years of follow-up of the participants in the study of men born in 1913. Diabetes 34, 329-334.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.34.10.1055</citation> <citation>Shah SMA, Arif A, Delclos G, Khan AR & Khan A (2001a) Prevalence and correlates of smoking on the roof of the world. Journal of Tobacco Control 10, e1</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.10.1.e1</citation> <citation>Jayant K & Deo MG (1986) Oral cancer and cultural practices in relation to betel quid and tobacco chewing and smoking. Cancer Detection and Prevention 9, 207-213</citation> <citation>Schlecht NF, Franco EL, Pinto J et al. (1999) Interaction between tobacco and alcohol consumption and the risk of cancers of the upper aero-digestive tract in Brazil. American Journal of Epidemiology 150, 1129-1137.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009938</citation> <citation>M. Okada, M. Kawamura, Y. Kaihara, Y. Matsuzaki, S. Kuwahara, H. Ishidori, et al.Influence of parents' oral health behaviour on oral health status of their school children: an exploratory study employing a causal modelling technique Int J Paediartr Dent, 12 (2002), pp. 101-108</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-263X.2002.00338.x</citation> <citation>Singh M, Saini A, Saimbi CS, Bajpai AK. Prevalence of dental diseases in 5- to 14-year-old school children in rural areas of the Barabanki district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Indian J Dent Res 2011; 22: 396-99.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-9290.87060</citation> <citation>World Health Organization. Oral Health Promotion through Schools. WHO Information Series on School Health. Document 11. Geneva: World Health Organization 2003.</citation> <citation>Rohr IM, Bagramian RA. Oral Health-Related Quality of Life. Chicago: Quintessence, 2002.</citation> <citation>Al-Subait AA, Alousaimi M, Geeverghese A. Oral health knowledge, attitude and behavior among students of age 10-18 years old attending Jenadriyah festival Riyadh; a cross-sectional study. Saudi J dent Res 2016; 7: 45-50.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjdr.2015.05.001</citation> <citation>Kwan SYL, Peterson PE, Pine CM, Borutta A. Health promoting schools: an opportunity for oral health promotion. Bull World Health Organ 2005; 83 (9): 677- 685</citation> <citation>WHO. Population nutrient intake goals for preventing diet-related chronic diseases. Available online at http://www.who.int/nutrition/topics/5_population_ nutrition/en/index18.html/; 2011</citation> <citation>: Guracho TT, Atomssa EM, Megersa OA, Tolossa T (2021) Determinants of dental caries among adolescent patients attending Hospitals in West Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia: A casecontrol study. PLoS ONE 16(12): e0260427. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260427</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260427</citation> <citation>Bernabe E., et al., Global, Regional, and National Levels and Trends in Burden of Oral Conditions from 1990 to 2017: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2017 Study. J Dent Res, 2020. 99(4): p. 362-373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520908533 PMID: 32122215</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034520908533</citation> <citation>Mulu W., et al., Dental caries and associated factors among primary school children in Bahir Dar city: a cross-sectional study. BMC research notes, 2014. 7(1): p. 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7- 949 PMID: 25540044</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-7-949</citation> <citation>Astatkie A., et al., Oral symptoms significantly higher among long-term khat (Catha edulis) users in Ethiopia. Epidemiol Health, 2015. 37: p. e2015009. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015009 PMID: 25773437 22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4178/epih/e2015009</citation> <citation>Senait M., Determinante factors of dental caries in Ethiopian military pers;on.Addis Ababa University, in Public Health. 2005, Addis Ababa University: Addis Ababa. p. 80. 23.</citation> <citation>Kazeminia M., et al., Dental caries in primary and permanent teeth in children's worldwide, 1995 to 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Head & Face Medicine, 2020. 16(1): p. 22. https://doi. org/10.1186/s13005-020-00237-z PMID: 33023617</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13005-020-00237-z</citation> </citations> <pages>80-83</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-03-09" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="297" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">297</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1221" created_at="2022-03-09" date_created="" file_id="711" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-03-11" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">cardio article dr zeeshan new.docx</name> <file id="711" filesize="35223" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/297/622b51a8147c0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="665" filesize="35901" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/297/62284ac8d5a30.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1291" created_at="2022-03-16" date_created="" file_id="711" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-03-16" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1221" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">cardio article dr zeeshan new.docx</name> <file id="711" filesize="35223" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/297/622b51a8147c0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1335" created_at="2022-03-19" date_created="" file_id="711" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1291" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">cardio article dr zeeshan new.docx</name> <file id="711" filesize="35223" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/297/622b51a8147c0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1338" created_at="2022-03-19" date_created="" file_id="1076" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-04-04" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1076" filesize="669850" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/297/624ac28aa5e3b.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="1042" filesize="670305" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/297/6244d67bbd6bb.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="1041" filesize="670305" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/297/6244d65768ccc.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="909" filesize="668502" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/297/6241c03a29def.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="844" filesize="668562" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/297/6235d850e976e.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1572" url_path="" seq="15" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">297</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.297</id> <title locale="en_US">Identification of Patients having Pre-ACS Pain Impending Cardiac Events & Their Risk Management</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Pre-ACS Pain Impending Cardiac Events & Their Risk Management</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>If you're experiencing angina (UA), an acute myocardial infarction (AMI), or sudden cardiac death, you're suffering from an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Southeast Asia, particularly Pakistan, has seen a dramatic rise in the prevalence of the disease. We aimed to identify incidence of Pre-ACS pain and to find out its association with future risk of any cardiac events. <strong>Methods:</strong> Islamabad's KRL hospital hosted this Cross-Sectional Study from November 2021 to February 2022. All the patients presenting with the diagnosis of ACS for the first time were included in our study. Inferential statistics were performed using SPSS version 23 and the Chi square test. <strong>Results: </strong>There were 72.7% men and 27.3% women. The average age was 57.12years. NSTMI was found in 30% of patients, followed by Anterior Wall MI in 20% and Acute Coronary Syndrome in 14.7%. Of the total population, 28% were in the normal BMI range and 49% were overweight or obese. BMI, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, fast food eating, smoking and exercise all have a significant p value when it comes to predicting cardiac events in patients. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>About 80% to 90% of people who experience acute chest syndrome (ACS) do so for no apparent reason. Consistent medical investigations are required to rule out the possibility of underlying ischemic heart disease. To identify the communities at risk, a grading approach is required.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="15" id="1572"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zeeshan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">KRL Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>zeeshan.dr@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="15" id="1573"> <givenname locale="en_US">Abdul Ghaffar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">BHU Thathi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>agkhanniazi1838@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="15" id="1574"> <givenname locale="en_US">Usman </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Bahria International Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>uali8820@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="15" id="1575"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hassan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mumtaz </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Maroof International Hospital, Islamabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>hassanmumtaz.dr@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="15" id="1588"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ismail</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Dow University of Health Science, Karachi, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">237</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.297.g237</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1338"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Susilo C, Qomaruddin MB, Fahrera MP. Acute Coronary Syndrome and patient behavior factors in overcoming the event of chest pain in pre hospital phase. J Public Health Res. 2020 Jul 2;9(2):1810. doi: 10.4081/jphr.2020.1810. PMID: 32728556; PMCID: PMC7376453.</citation> <citation>DeVon HA, Ryan CJ. Chest pain and associated symptoms of acute coronary syndromes. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 2005 Jul-Aug;20(4):232-8. doi: 10.1097/00005082-200507000-00006. PMID: 16000908.</citation> <citation>Butt Z, Shahbaz U, Hashmi AT, Naseem T, Khan MM, Bukhari MH. Frequency of conventional risk factors in patients with acute coronary syndrome in males and females. Annals of King Edward Medical University. 2010;16(1):56</citation> <citation>Ayachandra S, Agnihotram G, Rao RP, Murthy CV. Risk factor profile for coronary artery disease among young and elderly patients in Andhra Pradesh. Heart India. 2014;2(1):11</citation> <citation>Fanaroff AC, Rymer JA, Goldstein SA, Simel DL, Newby LK. Does This Patient With Chest Pain Have Acute Coronary Syndrome?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review. JAMA. 2015 Nov 10;314(18):1955-65. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.12735. PMID: 26547467.</citation> <citation>Post F, Giannitsis E, Riemer T, Maier LS, Schmitt C, Schumacher B, Heusch G, Mudra H, Voigtländer T, Erbel R, Darius H, Katus H, Hamm C, Senges J, Gori T, Münzel T. Pre- and early in-hospital procedures in patients with acute coronary syndromes: first results of the "German chest pain unit registry". Clin Res Cardiol. 2012 Dec;101(12):983-91. doi: 10.1007/s00392-012-0487-4. Epub 2012 Jul 25. PMID: 22829016.</citation> <citation>Yan AT, Yan RT, Huynh T, Casanova A, Raimondo FE, Fitchett DH, Langer A, Goodman SG; Canadian Acute Coronary Syndrome Registry 2 Investigators. Understanding physicians' risk stratification of acute coronary syndromes: insights from the Canadian ACS 2 Registry. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Feb 23;169(4):372-8. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2008.563. PMID: 19237721.</citation> <citation>Kyaw K, Latt H, Aung SSM, Tun NM, Phoo WY, Yin HH. Atypical Presentation of Acute Coronary Syndrome and Importance of Wellens' Syndrome. Am J Case Rep. 2018 Feb 22;19:199-202. doi: 10.12659/ajcr.907992. PMID: 29467360; PMCID: PMC5829624.</citation> <citation>Cervellin G, Rastelli G. The clinics of acute coronary syndrome. Ann Transl Med. 2016 May;4(10):191. doi: 10.21037/atm.2016.05.10. PMID: 27294087; PMCID: PMC4885904.</citation> <citation>E A Amsterdam, J D Kirk, D A Bluemke, D Diercks, M E Farkouh, J L Garvey, et al. Testing of Low-Risk Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Chest Pain. Circulation. 2010;122:1756–1776. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181ec61df</citation> <citation>U Ralapanawa, P V R Kumarasiri, K P Jayawickreme, P Kumarihamy , Y Wijeratne , M Ekanayake , et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of patients with types of acute coronary syndrome presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019. Oct 21;19(1):229. doi: 10.1186/s12872-019-1217-x.</citation> <citation>Reuter, PG., Pradeau, C., Huo Yung Kai, S. et al. Predicting acute coronary syndrome in males and females with chest pain who call an emergency medical communication centre. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med 27, 92 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13049-019-0670-y</citation> <citation>TIMI Risk Score for UA/NSTEMI. MD+CALC. https://www.mdcalc.com/timi-risk-score-ua-nstemi</citation> <citation>F Beygui, M Castren, N D Brunetti, F R-Ortiz, M Christ, U Zeymer, et al. Pre-hospital management of patients with chest pain and/ or dyspnoea of cardiac origin. ACCA study group on pre-hospital care, Pre-hospital management of patients with chest pain and/or dyspnoea of cardiac origin. A position paper of the Acute Cardiovascular Care Association (ACCA) of the ESC., European Heart Journal. Acute Cardiovascular Care, Volume 9, Issue 1_suppl, 1 March 2020, Pages 59-81, https://doi.org/10.1177/2048872615604119</citation> <citation>Ekelund, U., Akbarzadeh, M., Khoshnood, A. et al. Likelihood of acute coronary syndrome in emergency department chest pain patients varies with time of presentation. BMC Res Notes 5, 420 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0500-5-420</citation> <citation>Om Parkash, Aysha Almas, Aamir Hameed, Muhammad Islam. Comparison of Non Cardiac Chest Pain (NCCP) and Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients presenting to a tertiary care center. J Pak Med Assoc Vol. 59, No. 10, October 2009</citation> </citations> <pages>88-91</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-03-01" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="286" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">286</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1161" created_at="2022-03-01" date_created="" file_id="627" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-03-01" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">salman javed formatted.doc</name> <file id="627" filesize="138752" extension="doc"> <href src="journals/1/articles/286/621e1c820dcd4.doc" mime_type="application/msword"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1192" created_at="2022-03-03" date_created="" file_id="627" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-03-03" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1161" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">salman javed formatted.doc</name> <file id="627" filesize="138752" extension="doc"> <href src="journals/1/articles/286/621e1c820dcd4.doc" mime_type="application/msword"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1397" created_at="2022-03-25" date_created="" file_id="627" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1192" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">salman javed formatted.doc</name> <file id="627" filesize="138752" extension="doc"> <href src="journals/1/articles/286/621e1c820dcd4.doc" mime_type="application/msword"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1398" created_at="2022-03-25" date_created="" file_id="627" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1397" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">salman javed formatted.doc</name> <file id="627" filesize="138752" extension="doc"> <href src="journals/1/articles/286/621e1c820dcd4.doc" mime_type="application/msword"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1405" created_at="2022-03-25" date_created="" file_id="3256" stage="proof" updated_at="2024-04-01" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="riffat" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Comparative Effect of Intrathecal Hyperbaric 0.5% (1).pdf</name> <file id="3256" filesize="5839503" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/286/660aaf9811f30.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="3210" filesize="5911890" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/286/65f7f535090ca.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="1058" filesize="684503" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/286/6245a24b0b98f.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="893" filesize="676944" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/286/623defa93b7ca.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1485" url_path="" seq="27" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">286</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.286</id> <title locale="en_US">Comparative Effect of Intrathecal Hyperbaric 0.5% Bupivacaine Alone and With Addition of Dexemedetomidine in Post-Operative Care Unit Following Elective Cesarean Section in association to Body Mass Index and Duration of Analgesia </title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Bupivacaine & Dexemedetomidine in Analgesia </subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>For patients undergoing elective cesarean, spinal anesthesia has been considered a preferred method of anesthesia. Conventionally, Bupivacaine was used but now dexemetomidine, a newer drug as compared to Bupivacaine is being used. Due to short usage tenure of dexemetomidine as a spinal anesthesia, data regarding its afficacy is lacking in Pakistan<strong>.Objectives:  </strong>To compare the mean duration of spinal anasthesia between hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% alone versus hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% with dexmedetomidine on first analgesic request for women undergoing elective cesarean section alongwith examining the affect of BMI on Dexemedetomidine. <strong>Methods: </strong>Spinal anesthesia was administered in the sitting position under sterile conditions with 25G pencil point needle. Patient was positioned in a supine position tilting towards left after successful intra thecal injection. Group A cases received hyperbaric 0.5% BPV (2.25ml) with 5ug DXM (0.25ml) and those in Group B received only 0.5% BPV (2.25ml) with 0.25ml normal saline under full aseptic measures. These patients underwent cesarean section and were assessed in post-operative time after every 30 minutes to first request of analgesia which were given if there was pain of 4 or more on visual analogue scale. <strong>Results:</strong> In Group A, mean and SDs for duration of analgesia was 359.73<u>+</u>8.021 minutes. In Group B, mean and SDs for duration of analgesia was 182.30<u>+</u>7.720 minutes. Results depicted mean and SD for BMI of the patients to be 25.66<u>+</u>1.52. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>In this study, hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% with DXM in spinal anesthesia for patients undergoing caesarean section significantly prolonged the duration of analgesia in normal to slightly overweight individuals.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Dexmedetomidine, Hyperbaric bupivacaine, Spinal anesthesia</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="1485"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shahid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>shahidanesthetis@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="1501"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mujahid Ul </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Islam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="1502"> <givenname locale="en_US">Imtiaz</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="1503"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sayed Shah</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hassanain</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Lady Reading Hospital, Peshwar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="1504"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Haseeb Moin ud din</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Baloch</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Lady Reading Hospital, Peshwar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="1505"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mohammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shafiq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="1506"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ahsan</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shabir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="1507"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="27" id="1508"> <givenname locale="en_US">Faizan Ahmad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">261</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.286.g261</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1405"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Pogatzki-Zahn E, Segelcke D, Zahn P. Mechanisms of acute and chronic pain after surgery: update from findings in experimental animal models. CurrOpinAnaesthesiol. 2018;31(5):575-585. doi: 10.1097/ACO.0000000000000646.</citation> <citation>Reynolds F. General anesthesia is unacceptable for elective cesarean section. Int J ObstetAnesth. 2010;19(2):212–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2009.10.003</citation> <citation>Heesen M, Stewart A, Fernando R. Vasopressors for the treatment of maternal hypotension following spinal anesthesia for elective caesarean section: past, present and future. Anaesthesia.2015;70(3):252–257. doi: 10.1111/anae.13007</citation> <citation>Onish E, Murakami M, Hashimoto K, Kaneko M. Optimal intrathecal hyperbaric bupivacaine dose with opioids for cesarean delivery: a prospective double blinded randomized trial. Int J ObstetAnesth. 2017;31:68-73.doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2017.04.001</citation> <citation>Sia HAT, Tan KH, Sng BL, Lim Y, Chan E.S.Y, Siddiqui FJ. Hyperbaric versus plain bupivacaine for spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. AnesthAnalg.2015;120(1):132–40. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000000443</citation> <citation>Furqan A, Mohsin M, Sattar M, Ali A. Intravenous dexmedetomidine has synergistic effect on subarachnoid block with hyperbaric bupivacaine. Cureus. 2019;11(11):e6051. doi: 10.7759/cureus.6051</citation> <citation>Kavya UR, Laxmi S, Ramkumar V. Effect of intravenous dexmedetomidine administered as bolus or as bolus-plus-infusion on subarachnoid anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2018;34:46-50. doi: 10.4103/joacp.JOACP_132_16</citation> <citation>Al-Mustafa MM, Badran IZ, Abu-Ali HM, et al. Intravenous dexmedetomidine prolongs bupivacaine spinal analgesia. Middle East J Anaesthesiol 2009; 20: 225–231.</citation> <citation>Kamat SD, Puram NN, Dhumal PR, Agrawal PI, Ramanand JB, Bhosale RR. Comparative study of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine and hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine with low dose dexmedetomidine in spinal anaesthesia. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2017;6:410-3.doi: 10.4103/aer.AER_163_17</citation> <citation>Kan RK, Lew E, Yeo SW, Thomas E. General Anaesthesia for cesarean section in a Singapore maternity hospital: a restrospective survey. Int J ObstetAnesth. 2004;13:221–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijoa.2004.04.007</citation> <citation>Sia ATH, Fun WL, Tan TU. The ongoing challenges of regional and general anesthesia. Best prac Res Clin Obstetrics Gyn. 2009;24:303–12. doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2009.12.001</citation> <citation>Maronge L, Bogod D. Complications in obstetric anesthesia. Anaesthesia. 2018;73 :61-66. doi: 10.1111/anae.14141.</citation> <citation>Bucklin BA, Hawkins JL, Anderson JR, Ullrich FA. Obstetric Anesthesia Workforce Survey. Twenty year update. Anesthesiology. 2005;103:645–53.</citation> <citation>Metodiev Y, Mushambi M. Supraglottic airway devices for Caesarean delivery under general anaesthesia: for all, for none, or for some? Br J Anaesth. 2020;125(1):e7-e11. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.02.012.</citation> <citation>Väänänen AJ, Kainu JP, Eriksson H, Lång M, Tekay A, Sarvela J. Does obesity complicate regional anesthesia and result in longer decision to delivery time for emergency cesarean section? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2017 Jul;61(6):609-618. doi: 10.1111/aas.12891.</citation> <citation>Cortínez LI, Anderson BJ, Holford NH, Puga V, de la Fuente N, Auad H, Solari S, Allende FA, Ibacache M. Dexmedetomidine pharmacokinetics in the obese. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 2015 Dec;71(12):1501-8.</citation> <citation>Sharma M, Chandak A. A Comparative Study Of An Intrathecal 2.5 Μg Dexmedetomidine And The Fentanyl 25 Μgas Adjuvants To Bupivacaine 2.5 Mg For Labour Analgesia. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine.;7(11):2020.</citation> <citation>Bansal P, Sood D. Effect of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to ropivacaine in ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane block for post-operative pain relief in cesarean section. Journal of Obstetric Anaesthesia and Critical Care. 2018 Jul 1;8(2):79.</citation> <citation>Liu L, Qian J, Shen B, Xiao F, Shen H. Intrathecal dexmedetomidine can decrease the 95% effective dose of bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia for cesarean section: A prospective, double-blinded, randomized study. Medicine. 2019 Mar;98(9).</citation> <citation>Kamat SD, Puram NN, Dhumal PR, Agrawal PI, Ramanand JB, Bhosale RR. Comparative study of hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine and hyperbaric 0.5% bupivacaine with low dose dexmedetomidine in spinal anaesthesia. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2017;6:410-3.doi: 10.4103/aer.AER_163_17</citation> </citations> <pages>143-146</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-28" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="285" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">285</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1156" created_at="2022-02-28" date_created="" file_id="623" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-28" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">SURVEY ON PREVALANCE ppdpt article (1) (1).docx</name> <file id="623" filesize="31925" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/285/621c97cbb3936.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1191" created_at="2022-03-03" date_created="" file_id="623" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-03-03" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1156" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">SURVEY ON PREVALANCE ppdpt article (1) (1).docx</name> <file id="623" filesize="31925" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/285/621c97cbb3936.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1255" created_at="2022-03-12" date_created="" file_id="623" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-12" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1191" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">SURVEY ON PREVALANCE ppdpt article (1) (1).docx</name> <file id="623" filesize="31925" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/285/621c97cbb3936.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1256" created_at="2022-03-12" date_created="" file_id="623" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-12" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1255" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">SURVEY ON PREVALANCE ppdpt article (1) (1).docx</name> <file id="623" filesize="31925" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/285/621c97cbb3936.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1341" created_at="2022-03-19" date_created="" file_id="1043" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1043" filesize="629539" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/285/6244d7664ea0d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="847" filesize="628874" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/285/623609d7bc2ac.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1484" url_path="" seq="16" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">285</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.285</id> <title locale="en_US">Survey on Prevalance & Comparison of Back Pain Among Surgeons</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Survey on Prevalence & Comparison of Back Pain Among Surgeons</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The objective was to determine the prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) and comparison of lower back pain among surgeons of different specialties. <strong>METHODS: <br></strong>For this research 100 surgeons sample size was estimated. A self-prepared questionnaire having 25 items was distributed in respondents to gather data about the prevalence of lower back pain in surgeons of&nbsp; &nbsp;different specialties. Using SPSS V-19 data was analyzed having quantitative and qualitative variables. <strong>RESULT: </strong>It was noted that out of 10, general (4), cardiac (2), plastic (2), ENT(4),&nbsp; trauma(6), pediatric(4), and orthopedic(7), neuro (2), urology(2) and gynecology (6) specialty felt lower back pain during surgeries. Out of 100 surgeons of diverse specialty 43 surgeons have lower back pain during the surgery. Out of 100 diverse specialty surgeons’ 25 surgeons have LBP in region of lumbar, thoracic region (2 surgeons) and 29 in their region of lower lumbar. <strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>It was concluded that Gyne &amp; Obs and ENT surgeons are more prone to lower back pain (LBP) as compare to the surgeons of other specialties. The reason of the lower back pain was tough routine, lengthy standing time during surgeries of patients, adaptation of abnormal postures and due to less rest time.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Otolaryngology, Gynecologist & Obstetrician surgeons, Lower back pain</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="1478"> <givenname locale="en_US">Javeria </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Shalamar Medical and Dental College, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="1479"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Imran</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nawaz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Gulab Devi Institute of Physical Therapy, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="1480"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Ahmed</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sajjad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Syeda Khatoon-E-Jannat Hospital and Special Education Center</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="1481"> <givenname locale="en_US">Memoona</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ibadat International University, Islamabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="1482"> <givenname locale="en_US">Iqra</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Naz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ibadat International University, Islamabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="1483"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ramsha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Masood</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ibadat International University, Islamabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="1484"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ibraheem </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zafar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>ibraheemzafar113@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="16" id="1554"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kashaf</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nadeem </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">240</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.285.g240</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1341"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Hartvigsen J, Hancock MJ, Kongsted A, Louw Q, Ferreira ML, Genevay S, et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet 2018;391:2356-67.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X</citation> <citation>Urits I, Burshtein A, Sharma M, Testa L, Gold PA, Orhurhu V, et al. Low Back Pain, a Comprehensive Review: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2019;23:1-10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-019-0757-1</citation> <citation>Kant IJ, de Jong LC, van RijssenMoll M, Borm PJ. A survey of static and dynamic work postures of operating room staff. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1992;63:423-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00386939</citation> <citation>Darvishi E, Khotanlou H, Khoubi J, Giahi O, Mahdavi N. Prediction effects of personal, psychosocial, and occupational risk factors on low back pain severity using artificial neural networks approach in industrial workers. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2017;40:486-93.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2017.03.012</citation> <citation>Govindu NK, Babski-Reeves KL. Effects of personal, psychosocial and occupational factors on low back pain severity in workers. Int J Ind Ergon 2014;44:335-41.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2012.11.007</citation> <citation>Lorusso A, Bruno S, L'Abbate N. A review of low back pain and musculoskeletal disorders among Italian nursing personnel. Ind Health 2007;45:637-44.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.45.637</citation> <citation>Bin Homaid M, Abdelmoety D, Alshareef W, Alghamdi A, Alhozali F, Alfahmi N, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of low back pain among operation room staff at a tertiary care center, makkah, Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Ann Occup Environ Med 2016;28:1</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40557-016-0089-0</citation> <citation>Cassidy JD, Côté P, Carroll LJ, Kristman V. Incidence and course of low back pain episodes in the general population. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30:2817-23.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000190448.69091.53</citation> <citation>Al Wassan K, Almas K, Al Shethri SE, Al-Qahtani MQ (2001) Back & neck problems among dentists and dental auxiliaries. J Contemp Dent Pract 2: 1730.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-2-3-1</citation> <citation>Taguchi TJ (2003) Low back pain in young and middle-aged people. JMAJ 46: 417-423. Link:</citation> <citation>Alexopoulos EC, Stathi IC, Charizani FJB (2004) Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in dentists. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 5: 16.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-5-16</citation> <citation>Falavigna A, Teles AR, Mazzocchin T, de Braga GL, Kleber FD, et al. (2011) Increased prevalence of low back pain among physiotherapy students compared to medical students. Eur Spine J 20: 500-505.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-010-1646-9</citation> <citation>Ali AA, Haq N, Hussain A, Rafi que M, MR MI, et al. (2021) Assessment of Frequent Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders in Patients Visiting the Physiothrapy OPD of Civil Hospital Quetta, Pakistan: A Cross Sectional Survey. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy - An International Journal 15: 91.</citation> <citation>Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C: Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2012, 379:482-91.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60610-7</citation> <citation>Allegri M, Montella S, Salici F, et al.: Mechanisms of low back pain: a guide for diagnosis and therapy. F1000Res.</citation> <citation>Koes BW, van Tulder MW, Thomas S: Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. BMJ. 2006, 332:1430-4.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7555.1430</citation> <citation>Hoy D, March L, Brooks P, et al.: The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014, 73:968-74.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204428</citation> <citation>Babar-Craig H, Banfield G, Knight J. J Laryngol Otol. 2003 Dec;117(12):979-82. PMID: 14738610.Department of Otolaryngology, St George's Hospital, London, UK.Humerababar1@AOL.com</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1258/002221503322683885</citation> <citation>Mohseni-Bandpei MA1, Ahmad-Shirvani M, Golbabaei N, Behtash H, Shahinfar Z, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C. Prevalence and risk factors associated with low back pain in Iranian surgeons. Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Mohseni_Bandpei@yahoo.com</citation> <citation>Back and Neck Pain in Gynecologists. Daniel M. Avery, Jr., MD Daniel M. Aver</citation> </citations> <pages>92-94</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-22" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="276" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">276</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1099" created_at="2022-02-22" date_created="" file_id="632" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-03-02" viewable="false" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article docx.docx</name> <file id="632" filesize="50549" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/276/621f632270fe7.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="599" filesize="49154" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/276/6214cd10a24cf.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1174" created_at="2022-03-02" date_created="" file_id="632" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-03-02" viewable="true" source_submission_file_id="1099" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article docx.docx</name> <file id="632" filesize="50549" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/276/621f632270fe7.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1249" created_at="2022-03-11" date_created="" file_id="632" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-11" viewable="true" source_submission_file_id="1174" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article docx.docx</name> <file id="632" filesize="50549" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/276/621f632270fe7.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1250" created_at="2022-03-11" date_created="" file_id="632" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-11" viewable="true" source_submission_file_id="1249" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article docx.docx</name> <file id="632" filesize="50549" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/276/621f632270fe7.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1346" created_at="2022-03-21" date_created="" file_id="1047" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1047" filesize="716685" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/276/6244d99a28f2a.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="853" filesize="714144" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/276/62387af3db139.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1426" url_path="" seq="20" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">276</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.276</id> <title locale="en_US">Comparison of combined isotonic and deep friction soft tissue techniques on pain and function in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Patient with chronic lateral epicondylitis</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>To determine the effects of combined isotonic and deep friction soft tissue techniques on pain and function in patient with chronic lateral epicondylitis. <a name="_Toc47628480"></a><strong>Study Design: </strong>Quasi Experimental study.&nbsp;<strong>Place and Duration of study: </strong>Data was collected from Mednic clinic and services hospital Lahore, for 6 months of duration after the approval of synopsis.&nbsp;<strong>Method:</strong> Quasi Experimental study was conducted on twenty-two patients of chronic lateral epicondylitis. Participants were allocated to either combined isotonic technique group and deep friction soft tissue technique group, both groups were treated for 12 sessions in 4 weeks. NPRS and PRTEE scale were used to measure the treatment effect before and after treatment of 3 session per week, total 12 sessions in 4 weeks to each participant. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21.&nbsp;<a name="_Toc47628481"></a><strong>Results:</strong> Total participants 22 were classified into two groups, Group A (combined isotonic technique) and Group B (deep friction soft tissue technique group). Minimum age was 30, maximum age was 46, mean age 37 and standard deviation was ±4.93. The significance was greater than 0.05 which mean the data is normally distributed as the value of Shapiro wilk test for NPRS .88 and for PTREE was .208, therefore parametric test (paired and independent T test) was applied. The significance values for all statistical tests were set to 0.05. Paired sample T test for NPRS mean difference reading for group A was 2.63 ±.9244 and group B was 1.09 ±.3015 and for PRTEE mean difference for group A was 14.09 ±7.8288 and group B was 5.81 ±3.945 showed that although in both group changes were significant but difference of mean was greater in Combined isotonic technique group. Independent T test comparison of mean score of NPRS and PRTEE between Group A and Group B showed that there was significant difference in value, pretreatment NPRS mean difference was .011 and post treatment NPRS score was 1.54. pretreatment PRTEE mean difference was 1.90 and post treatment NPRS score was 6.36 so combined isotonic technique showed greater mean difference after treatment. <a name="_Toc47628482"></a><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study concluded that combined isotonic exercises group showed better results than deep friction soft tissue technique group for improvement of pain and functional disability in lateral epicondylitis patients</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Lateral epicondylitis, deep friction soft tissue technique, combined isotonic technique.</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="1425"> <givenname locale="en_US">Aleena </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Bashir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Clinical Physiotherapist Mednic Clinic</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>alinabashir38@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="1426"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sana </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hafeez</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Riphah College of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sana.hafeez@riphah.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="1427"> <givenname locale="en_US">Khurram </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sarfraz </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Riphah College of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>khurram.sarfraz@riphah.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="1428"> <givenname locale="en_US">Anum </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Bashir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Clinical Physiotherapist Mednic Clinic</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>anumbashirawan@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="1429"> <givenname locale="en_US">Samra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Anwar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Manual Therapist Johar Hospital Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>piewelfareorganization@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="20" id="1430"> <givenname locale="en_US">Farwa</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Asad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Clinical Physiotherapist Jinnah Hospital </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>farwahasad@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">243</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.276.g243</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1346"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Lai WC, Erickson BJ, Mlynarek RA, Wang D. Chronic lateral epicondylitis: challenges and solutions. Open access journal of sports medicine. 2018;9:243.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2147/OAJSM.S160974</citation> <citation>Jobe FW, Ciccotti MG. Lateral and medial epicondylitis of the elbow. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 1994;2(1):1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-199401000-00001</citation> <citation>Haahr J, Andersen J. Physical and psychosocial risk factors for lateral epicondylitis: a population based case-referent study. Occupational and environmental medicine. 2003;60(5):322-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.60.5.322</citation> <citation>Levin D, Nazarian LN, Miller TT, O'Kane PL, Feld RI, Parker L, et al. Lateral epicondylitis of the elbow: US findings. Radiology. 2005;237(1):230-4.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2371040784</citation> <citation>Shiri R, Viikari-Juntura E, Varonen H, Heliövaara M. Prevalence and determinants of lateral and medial epicondylitis: a population study. American journal of epidemiology. 2006;164(11):1065-74.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj325</citation> <citation>Tang H, Fan H, Chen J, Yang M, Yi X, Dai G, et al. Acupuncture for lateral epicondylitis: a systematic review. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. 2015;2015.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/861849</citation> <citation>Salib PI. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis: try it, what do you lose? Journal of surgical orthopaedic advances. 2004;13(1):49.</citation> <citation>Uygur E, Aktaş B, Özkut A, Erinc S, Yilmazoglu EG. Dry needling in lateral epicondylitis: a prospective controlled study. International orthopaedics. 2017;41(11):2321-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-017-3604-1</citation> <citation>Ko J-Y, Chen H-S, Chen L-M. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis of the elbow with shock waves. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research (1976-2007). 2001;387:60-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-200106000-00008</citation> <citation>Reyhan AC, Sindel D, Dereli EE. The effects of Mulligan's mobilization with movement technique in patients with lateral epicondylitis. Journal of back and musculoskeletal rehabilitation. 2020;33(1):99-107.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-181135</citation> <citation>Joshua Ezhil Selvan J. Comparision of the Effectiveness of Bracing [COUNT'R-Force Forearm Brace] Vs. Tapping [MACDONALD] in Patients with Lateral Epicondylitis: Nandha College of Physiotherapy, Erode; 2012.</citation> <citation>Sevier TL, Wilson JK. Treating lateral epicondylitis. Sports Medicine. 1999;28(5):375-80.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199928050-00006</citation> <citation>Hong QN, Durand M-J, Loisel P. Treatment of lateral epicondylitis: where is the evidence? Joint Bone Spine. 2004;71(5):369-73.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2003.05.002</citation> <citation>Saroja G, Aseer PAL, Venkata Sai P. Diagnostic accuracy of provocative tests in lateral epicondylitis. Int J Physiother Res. 2014;2(6):815-23.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.16965/ijpr.2014.699</citation> <citation>Walton MJ, Mackie K, Fallon M, Butler R, Breidahl W, Zheng MH, et al. The reliability and validity of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of chronic lateral epicondylitis. The Journal of hand surgery. 2011;36(3):475-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2010.11.040</citation> <citation>VCIII D, Grimmer K, Milanese S, Kumar S. The sensitivity of the provocation tests in replicating pain on the lateral elbow area of participants with lateral epicondylalgia. J Case Rep Clin Res Stud. 2014;1(1):1.</citation> <citation>Yi R, Bratchenko WW, Tan V. Deep friction massage versus steroid injection in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis. Hand. 2018;13(1):56-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/1558944717692088</citation> <citation>Kim B-R, Yi D-H, Yim J-E. Effect of the combined isotonic technique for proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and taping on pain and grip strength in patients with lateral epicondylitis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of exercise rehabilitation. 2019;15(2):316.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1938078.039</citation> <citation>Cho Y-T, Hsu W-Y, Lin L-F, Lin Y-N. Kinesio taping reduces elbow pain during resisted wrist extension in patients with chronic lateral epicondylitis: a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over study. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2018;19(1):1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-018-2118-3</citation> <citation>Puri J, Ahmed N. EFFECTS OF DEEP FRICTION MASSAGE ON TENDINITIS (LATERAL EPICONDYLITIS) IN COMPARISON TO ULTRASOUND THERAPY. Pakistan Journal of Rehabilitation. 2014;3(2):36-40.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.36283/pjr.zu.3.2/008</citation> </citations> <pages>110-114</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-22" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="274" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">274</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1097" created_at="2022-02-22" date_created="" file_id="611" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-23" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PULP final paper.docx</name> <file id="611" filesize="51101" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/274/621619bf07031.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="597" filesize="51978" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/274/6214a99981a0f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1110" created_at="2022-02-23" date_created="" file_id="611" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-23" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1097" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PULP final paper.docx</name> <file id="611" filesize="51101" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/274/621619bf07031.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1111" created_at="2022-02-23" date_created="" file_id="611" stage="final" updated_at="2022-02-23" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1110" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PULP final paper.docx</name> <file id="611" filesize="51101" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/274/621619bf07031.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1112" created_at="2022-02-23" date_created="" file_id="611" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-02-23" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1111" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PULP final paper.docx</name> <file id="611" filesize="51101" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/274/621619bf07031.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1327" created_at="2022-03-18" date_created="" file_id="1036" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1036" filesize="713889" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/274/6244d2d8a6771.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="851" filesize="707291" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/274/62385974c5c5a.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="850" filesize="53398" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/274/6238594572c08.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="840" filesize="707983" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/274/6234bff25b59b.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1411" url_path="" seq="11" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">274</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.274</id> <title locale="en_US">Evaluation of the Two Commonly Used Pulp Tests for Assessing Pulp Vitality and Sensitivity</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Assessing Pulp Vitality and Sensitivity</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Hard tissue boundaries are limited to pulp tissue and cannot be inspected directly for health evaluation so most of its evaluations are based on sensitivity testing. It is believed that electric pulp test (EPT) has some limitations in determining the vitality of the pulp. Therefore the objective in the current study was to see how well the electric pulp test and the cold test agreed in evaluating pulp vitality and sensitivity. <strong>Study Design, Place and Duration: </strong>This Observational/Retrospective study was carried from 1<sup>st</sup> March, 2021 to 31<sup>st</sup> December, 2021 at the Department of Dental Materials, Sardar Begum Dental College, Gandhara University, Peshawar.&nbsp;<strong>Methods: </strong>Total one hundred and eighteen patients of both genders had pulpits because of dental caries were included in this study. A range of ages were represented from 18 to 50 years old. As part of the informed written consent process, each patient was asked to provide demographic information such as their age, gender, and the type of teeth they had. Patients were equally categorized into two groups, Group I received electric pulp test and group II received cold test. Teeth were classified as vital if there was tingling or pain, and non-vital if there was no tingling or discomfort. Outcomes among both groups were calculated in terms of absence or presence of tingling sensation. Visual analog scale was used to determine pain score among enrolled cases. We used SPSS 23.0 version to analyze the data.&nbsp;<strong>Results: </strong>Among 118 patients, 67 (56.8%) were males and majority of the cases 60 (50.8%) were aged between 26-35 years, followed by age group 18-25 in 35 (29.7%) cases and 23 (19.5%) cases were between age group 36-45 years. Mandibular incisors were the most common tooth found in 47 (39.8%) cases followed by maxillary incisors 32 (27.1%) cases. By using visual analogue scale<strong> (</strong>VAS), we found that most of the patients had severe pain 90 (76.3%). The rate of vital teeth in group I was 45 (76.3%) and in group II vital teeth found in 41 (69.5%) while remaining tooth were necrotic among both groups 14 (23.7%) and 18 (30.5%). By Kappa’s statistics we found that overall frequency of vital teeth among all cases was 86 (72.9%).&nbsp;<strong>Conclusion: </strong>In assessing pulp viability and sensitivity, EPT and cold testing showed great concordance, according to this study. Electric pulp testers and cold testing currently satisfy the majority of the criteria for an ideal testing procedure and are still widely utilized diagnostic tools. When EPT and Endo frost are used together, a more precise assessment of pulp vitality can be made.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Cold Testing, Electric Pulp Testing, Pulp Vitality</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="1411"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nighat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shafiq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Oral Biology, Khyber College of Dentistry, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>nighatbds@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="1412"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sadia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Akram</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Science of Dental Materials, Abbottabad Institute of Medical and Dental sciences, Abbottabad </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="1413"> <givenname locale="en_US">Junaid</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Ahmed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="1414"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Amer </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">KMU-Institute of Dental Sciences, Kohat</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="1415"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amna Ajmal </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Kayani</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute of Public Health and Social Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="1416"> <givenname locale="en_US">Umar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nasir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">KMU- Institute of Dental Sciences, Kohat</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="1462"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mohammad Shiraz</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Alam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Oral Biology, Rehman College of Dentistry, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="11" id="1417"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tahir Ali </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department Dental Materials, Sardar Begum Dental College, Gandhara University, Peshawar </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">233</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.274.g233</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1327"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Rowe AH, Pitt Ford TR. The assessment of pulpal vitality. International Endodontic Journal. 1990;23(2):77–83.</citation> <citation>Ehrmann EH. Pulp testers and pulp testing with particular reference to the use of dry ice. Australian Dental Journal. 1977;22(4):272–279.</citation> <citation>Chambers IG. The role and methods of pulp testing in oral diagnosis: a review. International Endodontic Journal. 1982;15(1):1–15.</citation> <citation>Gopikrishna V, Pradeep G, Venkateshbabu N (2009) Assessment of pulp vitality: a review. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 19, 3– 15.</citation> <citation>Zadik D, Chosack A, Eidelman E (1979) The prognosis of traumatized permanent anterior teeth with fracture of the enamel and dentin. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology 47, 173– 5.</citation> <citation>Bhaskar SN, Rappaport HM (1973) Dental vitality tests and pulp status. Journal of the American Dental Association 86, 409– 1</citation> <citation>Jafarzadeh H. Laser Doppler flowmetry in endodontics: a review. Int Endod J. 2009;42(6):476–90</citation> <citation>Udoye CI, Jafarzadeh H, Okechi UC, Aguwa EN. Appropriate electrode placement site for electric pulp testing of anterior teeth in Nigerian adults: a clinical study. J Oral Sci. 2010;52(2):287–92</citation> <citation>Alghaithy RA, Qualtrough AJE. Pulp sensibility and vitality tests for diagnosing pulpal health in permanent teeth: a critical review. Int Endod J. 2017;50(2):135–42.</citation> <citation>Weisleder R, Yamauchi S, Caplan DJ, Trope M, Teixeira FB. The validity of pulp testing: a clinical study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140(8):1013–7.</citation> <citation>Wilson BL, Broberg C, Baumgartner JC, Harris C, Kron J. Safety of electronic apex locators and pulp testers in patients with implanted cardiac pacemakers or cardioverter/defibrillators. Journal of Endodontics. 2006;32(9):847–852.</citation> <citation>Strobl H, Gojer G, Norer B, Emshoff R. Assessing revascularization of avulsed permanent maxillary incisors by laser Doppler flowmetry. Journal of the American Dental Association. 2003;134(12):1597–1603.</citation> <citation>Petersson K, Soderstrom C, Kiani-Anaraki M, Levy G. Evaluation of the ability of thermal and electrical tests to register pulp vitality. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1999;15(3):127–31.</citation> <citation>Gerald N, Glickman L, Jordan L, et al. Endodontic diagnosis. Chicago: American Association of Endodontistswwwaaeorg/colleagues; 2013.</citation> <citation>Gerald NGL, Jordan L, et al. AAE consensus conference recommended diagnostic terminology. www.aae.org/colleagues. J Endodont; 2009.</citation> <citation>Tazeen Zehra, Fazal-Ur-Rehman Qazi, Yawar Ali Abidi, Shehbaz Ahmed Jat, Saima Khalili, Juzer Saifee. Agreement between Two Commonly Used Pulp Tests in Determining Pulp Vitality. PAKISTAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE AND DENTISTRY 2020, VOL. 9 (02)</citation> <citation>Farid H, Khan FR, Pasha L, Shinwari MS. Are pulp sensibility tests still sensible? J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2015;27(4):874–7.</citation> <citation>Jespersen JJ, Hellstein J, Williamson A, Johnson WT, Qian F. Evaluation of dental pulp sensibility tests in a clinical setting. J Endod. 2014;40(3):351–4.</citation> <citation>Barczak K, Palczewska-Komsa M, Wilk A, Nowicka A, Buczkowska-Radlinska J, Wiszniewska B, et al. Pulp sensibility to electric stimuli in the Caucasian population. Aust Endod J. 2019.</citation> <citation>Calil E, Caldeira CL, Gavini G, Lemos EM. Determination of pulp vitality in vivo with pulse oximetry. Int Endod J. 2018;41(9):741–6.</citation> <citation>Farac RV, Morgental RD, de Pontes Lima RK, Tiberio D, dos Santos MT. Pulp sensibility test in elderly patients. Gerodontol. 2017;29(2):135-9.</citation> <citation>Lin J, Chandler NP. Electric pulp testing: a review. Int Endod J. 2008;41(5):365–74.</citation> <citation>Jafarzadeh H, Abbott PV. Review of pulp sensibility tests. Part II: electric pulp tests and test cavities. Int Endod J. 2010;43(11):945–58.</citation> <citation>Fuss Z, Trowbridge H, Bender IB, Rickoff B, Sorin S. Assessment of reliability of electrical and thermal pulp testing agents. J Endod.</citation> <citation>Pantera EAJ, Anderson RW, Pantera CT. Reliability of electric pulp testing after pulpal testing with dichlorodifluoromethane. J Endod.</citation> <citation>Kalhoro FA, Rajput F, Sangi L. Selecting the appropriate electrode placement-site for electrical pulp testing of molar teeth. JPDA. 2016;20(03).</citation> </citations> <pages>72-76</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-16" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="266" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">266</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1063" created_at="2022-02-16" date_created="" file_id="574" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">research changes.docx</name> <file id="574" filesize="140337" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/266/620cf53a2baf3.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1127" created_at="2022-02-25" date_created="" file_id="574" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1063" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">research changes.docx</name> <file id="574" filesize="140337" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/266/620cf53a2baf3.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1165" created_at="2022-03-01" date_created="" file_id="574" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-01" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1127" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">research changes.docx</name> <file id="574" filesize="140337" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/266/620cf53a2baf3.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1166" created_at="2022-03-01" date_created="" file_id="574" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-01" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1165" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">research changes.docx</name> <file id="574" filesize="140337" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/266/620cf53a2baf3.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1342" created_at="2022-03-21" date_created="" file_id="1046" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1046" filesize="858667" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/266/6244d8f114b5e.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="848" filesize="803346" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/266/6238546e74975.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1355" url_path="" seq="19" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">266</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.266</id> <title locale="en_US">Comparative Effect of Ginger and Vitamin E Supplements on Pain and Quality of Life among Females with Dysmenorrhea-A Randomized Controlled Trial </title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Effect of Ginger and Vitamin E Supplements on Pain and Quality of Life</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Menstruation is the frequent discharge of blood into the cervix and out of the vagina from the uterus, and it is often called a' period.’ Dysmenorrhea is characterized as the occurrence during menstruation of aching cramps in uterus that arise and is one of the most general causes of menstrual disorder and pelvic pain. <strong>Objectives:</strong> To compare the effect of ginger and vitamin E on pain Severity among females with dysmenorrhea. To compare the effect of ginger and vitamin E on quality of life among females with dysmenorrhea-A randomized controlled trial. <strong>Methods: </strong>A randomized controlled trial was carried out in the Gynae and obstetrics departments at Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore for 9 months. 90 patients divided into 3 groups (Vitamin E, Ginger Tea and Placebo) were selected through non probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected through Pre tested questionnaire, Visual analogue scale and Quality of life questionnaire. The data was tabulated and analyzed by SPSS version 21.0. <strong>Results:</strong> The results shows that there is a significant correlation in the results of Vas scale throughout the study. The level of significance indicates that the VAS scale of pain showed various results in the pain levels of patients having ginger tea and vitamin E capsules for the pain management of menstruation of females. There is also a significance noticed in the placebo group which may lead us to believe that the mental satisfaction of patients also matters a lot. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> It is concluded that Ginger tea and vitamin E supplements have a large effect on pain and Quality of Life among the females with Dysmenorrhea.&nbsp;</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Females, Menstruation, Dysmenorrhea, vitamin E capsules, ginger tea</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="1354"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maryam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Naveed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Human Nutrition and Dietetics, University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="1355"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Imran</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>mic_1661@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="1356"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sidra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khalid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="1357"> <givenname locale="en_US">Inaba Shujaat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Qureshi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Bio-Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="1358"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ishtiaque </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Dairy Technology, University of veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="1359"> <givenname locale="en_US">Saima</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Inayat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Dairy Technology, University of veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore-Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="19" id="1368"> <givenname locale="en_US">Faiza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Imtiaz </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Chemistry, The university of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>faizaimtiaz85@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">241</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.266.g241</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1342"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Aziato L, Dedey F, Clegg-Lamptey JN. The experience of dysmenorrhoea among Ghanaian senior high and university students: pain characteristics and effects. Reprod Health 2014;26;11:58. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-4755-11-58</citation> <citation>Zannoni L, Giorgi M, Spagnolo E, Montanari G, Villa G, Seracchioli R. Dysmenorrhea, absenteeism from school, and symptoms suspicious for endometriosis in adolescents. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol 2014;27:258-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2013.11.008</citation> <citation>Vincenzo De Sanctis M, Soliman A, Bernasconi S, Bianchin L, Bona G, Bozzola M, Buzi F, De C, Sanctis MD, Tonini G, Rigon10 F. Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents: prevalence, impact and recent knowledge. Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews (PER). 2015 Dec;13(2):465-73.</citation> <citation>Kumar KH, Elavarasi P. Definition of pain and classification of pain disorders. Journal of Advanced Clinical and Research Insights. 2016 May 1;3(3):87-90. https://doi.org/10.15713/ins.jcri.112</citation> <citation>Lindh I, Ellström AA, Milsom I. The effect of combined oral contraceptives and age on dysmenorrhoea: an epidemiological study. Human reproduction. 2012 Jan 17;27(3):676-82. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/der417</citation> <citation>Bernardi M, Lazzeri L, Perelli F, Reis FM, Petraglia F. Dysmenorrhea and related disorders. F1000Research. 2017;6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11682.1</citation> <citation>Shehata N, Arafa A, El Wahed H, Fahim A, Hussein G. Epidemiology of Dysmenorrhea among University Students in Egypt. Int J Womens Health Wellness. 2018;4(1):073. https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-1353/1510073</citation> <citation>Vincenzo De Sanctis M, Soliman A, Bernasconi S, Bianchin L, Bona G, Bozzola M, Buzi F, De C, Sanctis MD, Tonini G, Rigon10 F. Primary dysmenorrhea in adolescents: prevalence, impact and recent knowledge. Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews (PER). 2015 Dec;13(2).</citation> <citation>Shahbazi F, Eslampanah Z, Niaparast M. Prevalence of symptoms and medication use among female medical students and pharmacy clients with premenstrual syndrome: a cross‐sectional study in Iran. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Research. 2020 Feb;50(1):55-60.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/jppr.1609</citation> <citation>Barcikowska Z, Rajkowska-Labon E, Grzybowska ME, Hansdorfer-Korzon R, Zorena K. Inflammatory Markers in Dysmenorrhea and Therapeutic Options. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2020 Jan;17(4):1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041191</citation> <citation>Naz MS, Kiani Z, Fakari FR, Ghasemi V, Abed M, Ozgoli G. The Effect of Micronutrients on Pain Management of Primary Dysmenorrhea: a Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Journal of Caring Sciences. 2020 Mar;9(1):47. https://doi.org/10.34172/jcs.2020.008</citation> <citation>Pellow J, Nienhuis C. Medicinal plants for primary dysmenorrhoea: A systematic review. Complementary therapies in medicine. 2018 Apr 1;37:13-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2018.01.001</citation> <citation>Crasta S, Fernandes P, Paul S. Ginger Tea on Dysmenorrhoea Among Nursing Students. Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU. 2019;9(02):64-75. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700705</citation> <citation>Singh P, Nageshwar V, Krishnaveni R. A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Ginger Remedy in Reduction of Dysmenorrhea among Adolescent Girls. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development. 2017 Apr 1;8(2). https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2017.00110.3</citation> <citation>Gustin, Trio. "Tamarind and Ginger Decoction as an Effort to Reduce Dysmenorrhea." Faletehan Health Journal, vol. 6, no. 1, Mar. 2019, pp. 11-15. https://doi.org/10.33746/fhj.v6i1.23</citation> <citation>Shirvani MA, Motahari-Tabari N, Alipour A. The effect of mefenamic acid and ginger on pain relief in primary dysmenorrhea: a randomized clinical trial. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics. 2015 Jun 1;291(6):1277-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-014-3548-2</citation> <citation>Kashefi F, Khajehei M, Tabatabaeichehr M, Alavinia M, Asili J. Comparison of the effect of ginger and zinc sulfate on primary dysmenorrhea: a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Pain Management Nursing. 2014 Dec 1;15(4):826-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2013.09.001</citation> <citation>Pakniat H, Chegini V, Ranjkesh F, Hosseini MA. Comparison of the effect of vitamin E, vitamin D and ginger on the severity of primary dysmenorrhea: a single-blind clinical trial. Obstetrics & gynecology science. 2019 Nov 1;62(6):462-8. https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2019.62.6.462</citation> </citations> <pages>104-109</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-13" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="262" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">262</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1025" created_at="2022-02-13" date_created="" file_id="557" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article cervical radiculopthy.docx</name> <file id="557" filesize="51338" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/262/62090483c8197.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1026" created_at="2022-02-13" date_created="" file_id="557" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-03-02" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1025" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article cervical radiculopthy.docx</name> <file id="557" filesize="51338" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/262/62090483c8197.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1175" created_at="2022-03-02" date_created="" file_id="557" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-02" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1026" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article cervical radiculopthy.docx</name> <file id="557" filesize="51338" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/262/62090483c8197.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1176" created_at="2022-03-02" date_created="" file_id="557" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-02" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1175" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article cervical radiculopthy.docx</name> <file id="557" filesize="51338" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/262/62090483c8197.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1328" created_at="2022-03-18" date_created="" file_id="1037" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1037" filesize="639152" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/262/6244d35a69294.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="841" filesize="641682" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/262/6234c0c827f7a.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1323" url_path="" seq="12" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">262</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.262</id> <title locale="en_US">Effectiveness of Maitland And Mulligan Mobilization In Cervical Radiculopathy Patients</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Maitland and Mulligan Mobilization</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The objective of the study is to differentiate the effectiveness of Mulligan and Maitland mobilization in cervical radiculopathy. <strong>Methods: </strong>200 patients were selected and divided by lottery method into two groups. <em>In one group i.e., Group A Maitland mobilization and in group B Mulligan mobilization was given. </em>Patients were followed till 2 weeks. <strong>Results: </strong>There were 124(62%) male and 76(38%) female cases in study. The average age in group-A and group-B was 38.90 ± 6.97 years and 42.07±7.03 years, p-value 0.085. Before treatment the mean of pain in both group were calculated. So, in group-A was 7.40±1.45 and in group-B was 7.63±1.27 respectively, with insignificant difference. After treatment the mean pain in group-A was 3.40±1.73 and group-B was 2.53±1.57 respectively, P-value&lt; 0.05 with significantly much less pain in group-B. The difference of pain represents in group-A and group-B was 3.77±2.18 and 4.90±1.83 while group A shows better results with, p-value &lt; 0.05.  Before treatment range of motion was restricted in all patients, while after treatment 80% of cases achieved normal range of movement in group-A while in group-B 92% cases achieved normal movement range. The improvement in both study groups was significantly higher at 2<sup>nd</sup> week of treatment, but in group B the improvement was higher when compared to group-A, p-value. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study concluded “Mulligan technique is much more effective than Maitland technique in terms of less pain and normal range of motion for cervical radiculopathy patients”.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Neck pain, cervical radiculopathy, pain, range of motion, physiotherapy, manual therapy. </keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="12" id="1323"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mehwish</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Niaz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">CMH Medical College, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>mehwishniaz2011@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="12" id="1324"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amirah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zafar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">CMH Medical College, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>amirahzafar89@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="12" id="1325"> <givenname locale="en_US">Umar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sadiq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">CMH Medical College, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>umar.sadiq89@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="12" id="1326"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hassan Bin </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Adil</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">CMH Medical College, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>hassanbinadil007@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="12" id="1327"> <givenname locale="en_US">Saad Kamal </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Akhtar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">MIHS Multan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>skak86@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">234</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.262.g234</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1328"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Githens PB WS. Study of acute prolapsed cervical intervertebral disc. . J Bone Joint Surg 1987;66:103-14.</citation> <citation>Kelsey JL. Prolapsed cervical intervertebral disc. Pain 2009; 66: 320-34.</citation> <citation>Schoenfeld AJ, George AA, Bader JO, Caram Jr PM. Incidence and epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy in the United States military: 2000 to 2009. Clinical Spine Surgery 2012;25(1):17-22. https://doi.org/10.1097/BSD.0b013e31820d77ea</citation> <citation>Kobayashi N, Asamoto S, Doi H, Ikeda Y, Matusmoto K. Spontaneous regression of herniated cervical disc. The Spine Journal 2003;3(2):171-3.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S1529-9430(02)00556-9</citation> <citation>Reddy P, Sathyanarayana S, Nanda A. MRI-documented spontaneous regression of cervical disc herniation: a case report and review of the literature. The Journal of the Louisiana State Medical Society: official organ of the Louisiana State Medical Society 2003;155(2):97.</citation> <citation>Bush K, Hillier S. Outcome of cervical radiculopathy treated with periradicular/epidural corticosteroid injections: a prospective study with independent clinical review. European Spine Journal 1996;5(5):319-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00304347</citation> <citation>Saal JS, Saal JA, Yurth EF. Nonoperative management of herniated cervical intervertebral disc with radiculopathy. Spine 1996;21(16):1877-83.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199608150-00008</citation> <citation>Solomon J, Simotas A, Moley P, Lutz C. Aggressive nonoperative treatment for cervical radiculopathy due to HNP utilizing transforminal cervical epidural injections: a prospective outcome study. Abstract</citation> <citation>L E. Peripheral mobilizations with movement. . Man Ther 1996;1:118-26. https://doi.org/10.1054/math.1996.0259</citation> <citation>Mulligan BR. Manual Therapy "Nags", "Snags", "Mwm", etc, 4th ed. Wellington, NZ: Plane View Series Ltd; 1999. .</citation> <citation>Foster NE, Thompson KA, Baxter GD, Allen JM. Management of nonspecific low back pain by physiotherapists in Britain and Ireland: a descriptive questionnaire of current clinical practice. Spine 1999;24(13):1332. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199907010-00011</citation> <citation>Young IA, Michener LA, Cleland JA, Aguilera AJ, Snyder AR. Manual therapy, exercise, and traction for patients with cervical radiculopathy: a randomized clinical trial. Physical Therapy 2009;89(7):632-42. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080283</citation> <citation>Foster NE, Thompson KA, Baxter GD, Allen JM. Management of nonspecific low back pain by physiotherapists in Britain and Ireland: a descriptive questionnaire of current clinical practice. Spine 1999;24(13):1332. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199907010-00011</citation> <citation>Fukui S, Ohseto K, Shiotani M, Ohno K, Karasawa H, Naganuma Y, et al. Referred pain distribution of the cervical zygapophyseal joints and cervical dorsal rami. Pain 1996;68(1):79-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3959(96)03173-9</citation> <citation>Nakano KK: Neck pain. In Kelley WN, Harris ED Jr, Ruddy S, Sledge CB (eds): Textbook of Rheumatology, 5th ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1997, p 394.</citation> <citation>Cassidy J, Hiltner A, Baer E. Hierarchical structure of the intervertebral disc. Connective tissue research 1989;23(1):75-88.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/03008208909103905</citation> <citation>Nakano KK: Neck pain. In Ruddy S, Harris ED Jr, Sledge CB (eds): Kelley's Textbook of Rheumatology, 6th ed. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 2001, p 458 [Figs. 34-1A, 34-1B].</citation> <citation>Douglass AB, Bope ET. Evaluation and treatment of posterior neck pain in family practice. J o Am Board Fam P 2004;17(suppl 1):S13-S22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.17.suppl_1.S13</citation> <citation>Jette AM, Delitto A. Physical therapy treatment choices for musculoskeletal impairments. Physical therapy 1997;77(2):145-54.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/77.2.145</citation> <citation>Douglass AB, Bope ET. Evaluation and treatment of posterior neck pain in family practice. J Am Board Fam P 2004;17(suppl 1):S13-S22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.17.suppl_1.S13</citation> <citation>Radhakrishnan K, Litchy WJ, O'Fallon WM, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. Brain 1994;117(2):325-35.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/117.2.325</citation> </citations> <pages>77-79</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-09" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="255" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">255</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="991" created_at="2022-02-09" date_created="" file_id="536" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">ARTICLE, Fa - for merge.docx</name> <file id="536" filesize="74456" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/255/62039ed2e997f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1017" created_at="2022-02-13" date_created="" file_id="536" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-13" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="991" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">ARTICLE, Fa - for merge.docx</name> <file id="536" filesize="74456" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/255/62039ed2e997f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1141" created_at="2022-02-25" date_created="" file_id="536" stage="final" updated_at="2022-02-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1017" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">ARTICLE, Fa - for merge.docx</name> <file id="536" filesize="74456" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/255/62039ed2e997f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1142" created_at="2022-02-25" date_created="" file_id="536" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-02-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1141" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">ARTICLE, Fa - for merge.docx</name> <file id="536" filesize="74456" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/255/62039ed2e997f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1326" created_at="2022-03-18" date_created="" file_id="1035" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1035" filesize="674853" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/255/6244d25d67575.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="839" filesize="667526" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/255/6234beea45233.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1283" url_path="" seq="10" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">255</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.255</id> <title locale="en_US">Perception of Physiotherapists of Lahore, Pakistan about the effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Short and Long Term Pain Management</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>To determine the knowledge about TENS usage among professional physical therapists of Lahore city. <strong>Methods: </strong>In this study cross sectional survey was conducted in Physiotherapy department of UOL Teaching Hospital, CMH, Ghurki Teaching Hospital and Social Security Hospital, Lahore. The sample size of 117physical therapist participated in this study. Questionnaire was used to determine response of participants. <strong>Results: </strong>117 questionnaires were filled by physical therapists, using electrotherapy (TENS) in their setup. Only 81.2% physical therapist found TENS effective as a sole treatment for acute pain, while 36.8% founds it effective as a sole treatment for chronic pain. Physical therapists 70% in Lahore prefer using gels/lotions with TENS about for prolonged relief. Majority of physical therapists (84.6%) were satisfied with the effectiveness of TENS applying with other modalities. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>TENS is frequently used among Physical Therapist aged more than 26 years. Most of physical therapist found it effective for both short and long term care. Physical therapist were frequently using it for the management of frozen shoulder pain.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Physical therapy, TENS, Electrotherapy, Private clinics</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="1283"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiz Rana Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arslan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Allied Health Sciences University of South Asia Cantt Campus Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>arslan.physio@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="1345"> <givenname locale="en_US">Faiza</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Islam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">CMH Medical College, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="1285"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Saad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hassan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rawal Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="1286"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiza Neelam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Muneeb</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Riphah College of Rehabilitation Sciences, Riphah International University Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="1287"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ali </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zubair</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rawal Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences Islamabad, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="10" id="1284"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Faizan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hamid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Allied Health Sciences University of South Asia Cantt Campus Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">232</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.255.g232</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1326"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Bonica JJ. The need of a taxonomy.Pain. (1979); 6(3):247-8. DOI: 10.1016/0304-3959(79)90046-0</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(79)90046-0</citation> <citation>Winlow W, Holden AV.(1984) The neurobiology of pain, p. 106. doi: 10.11%4&/#.$#bio.s.20140201.11</citation> <citation>Raj PP, (2007) The Handbook of Chronic Pain. Nova Biomedical Books. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60202-9</citation> <citation>Breivik H, Borchgrevink PC,(2008) Allen SM, Rosseland LA, Romundstad L, Hals EK, Kvarstein G, Stubhaug A. Assessment of pain. Br J Anaesth, 101(1):17-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/bja/aen103</citation> <citation>Eisenberger, N. I., & Lieberman, M. D. (2005). Why it hurts to be left out. The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying, 109-127.</citation> <citation>Straus BN. Chronic pain of spinal origin: the costs of intervention. Spine. 2002 Nov 15;27(22):2614-9. DOI: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000032228.10152.F3</citation> <citation>Shealy CN: The pain patient. Am Fam Physician 9(3):131-136, 1974 Shealy CN: The pain patient. Am Fam Physician 9(3):131-136, 1974</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4610.1973.hed1303131.x</citation> <citation>Wolf SL: Perspectives on central nervous system responsiveness to transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Phys Ther 58:1443-1449, 1978</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/58.12.1443</citation> <citation>Rushton DN: Electrical stimulation in the treatment of pain. Disability and Rehabilitation, 01 May 2002, 24(8):407-415</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280110108832</citation> <citation>Rushton DN: Electrical stimulation in the treatment of pain. Disability and Rehabilitation, 01 May 2002, 24(8):407-415</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280110108832</citation> <citation>Paxton SL. (1980) Clinical uses of TENS, a survey of physiotherapists. Physical therapist Jan;60(1):38.44. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/60.1.38</citation> <citation>Wright A. Nurs Times (2012) Mar 13-19; 108(11):20-3 Review. Exploring the evidence for using TENS to relieve pain</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0b013e32832fbdf1</citation> <citation>Wright A. Exploring the evidence for using TENS to relieve pain. Nursing times. 2012;108(11):20-3.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/ACO.0b013e32832fbdf1</citation> <citation>Maayah M, Al-Jarrah M. J (2010) Evaluation of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation as treatment of neck pain due to musculoskeletal disorders, May 19;2(3):127-36. https://doi.org/10.4021/jocmr2010.06.370e</citation> <citation>Leah JD, et al: Potentiated expression of FOS protein in the rat spinal cord following bilateral noxious cutaneous stimulation. Neuroscience 48: 525-532, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(92)90399-M</citation> <citation>Melzack R: Phantom limb pain: implications for treatment of pathologic pain. Anesthesiology 35: 409-419, 1971. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-197110000-00018</citation> <citation>Chipchase LS, Williams MT, Robertson VJ. A national study of the availability and use of electrophysical agents by Australian physiotherapists. Physiotherapy theory and practice. 2009 Aug 8;25(4):279-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593980902782611</citation> <citation>Winnem MF et al: Treatment of phantom limb pain with transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Pain 12: 299-300, 1982.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(82)90162-2</citation> <citation>Shealy CN: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation for control of pain. Clin Neurosurg 21: 269-277, 1974.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/neurosurgery/21.CN_suppl_1.269</citation> <citation>Kawamura H, Ito K, Yamamoto M, Yamamoto H, Ishida K, Kawakami T, Tani T, Kaho K. The transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation applied to contralateral limbs for the phantom limb pain. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 2001 Jan 1;9(2):71-6 https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.9.71</citation> </citations> <pages>68-71</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-07" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="251" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">251</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="957" created_at="2022-02-07" date_created="" file_id="514" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-07" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article. Risk factor associated with ankle sprain among undergraduate femaale students.docx</name> <file id="514" filesize="40730" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/251/6200cd919297f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1001" created_at="2022-02-10" date_created="" file_id="514" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-10" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="957" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article. Risk factor associated with ankle sprain among undergraduate femaale students.docx</name> <file id="514" filesize="40730" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/251/6200cd919297f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1079" created_at="2022-02-18" date_created="" file_id="583" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-02-18" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article. Risk factor associated with ankle sprain among undergraduate femaale students.docx</name> <file id="583" filesize="44025" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/251/620f5fdc27db7.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1324" created_at="2022-03-18" date_created="" file_id="1033" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1033" filesize="720041" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/251/6244d085c9d01.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="837" filesize="713134" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/251/6234bd5784505.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1268" url_path="" seq="8" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">251</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.251</id> <title locale="en_US">Risk Factors Causing Ankle Sprain among undergraduate female students</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>High heeled shoes align the foot in planter flexion, modifying the relative orientation of the skeletal structures of ankle, metatarsal, and metatarsophalangeal joints, and alter the insertion angles of the foot and gliding joint muscles, therefore increasing the risk factor for ankle sprain. <strong>Objective:</strong> Study conducted to determine Risk Factors Causing Ankle Sprain among undergraduate female students. <strong>Methods:</strong> Cross-Sectional study was conducted among 500 female students (Between ages 18-26 years) at Sargodha Medical College and completed in 06 months (June 2019-December 2019). Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to collect data and then entered to SPSS-25 for further statistical analysis. <strong>Result:</strong> Among 500 participants, Age 19.65±1.416 years. Mean height (m) 1.61±0.073, mean weight (kg) 57.37±10.4, Mean BMI was 22.02±3.6. Female experience ankle sprain (54%), not experienced ankle sprain (46%) Significant association found between Ankle Sprain and body mass index (BMI) as the P value was 0.014 which was &lt;0.05. Female wearing high heel have 1.082 times greater chance of developing ankle sprain (OR 1.082). Female wearing high heel for long duration (4-6 hrs.) have 1.271 times greater chance of developing ankle sprain (OR 1.271), female wearing high heel (3-4 inches) have 1.072 times greater chance of developing ankle sprain (OR 1.072), female using Pencil heel have 1.281 times greater chance of developing ankle sprain (OR 1.281). <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Significant association found between Ankle Sprain and body mass index (BMI). Female wearing, high heel for long duration (4-6 hrs.), high heel (3-4 inches height), using Pencil heel have greater chance of developing ankle sprain.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="1268"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiz Rana Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arslan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of South Asia, Cantt Campus, Lahore.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>arslan.physio@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="1269"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ali Hammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Subhani</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Department, ARK Campus Mughalpura, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="1270"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hamza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shahzad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ehsan Rehab Physiotherapy and Sports Injury Clinic, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="1271"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sumbal </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Salik</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Johar Instituted of Professional Studies Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="1272"> <givenname locale="en_US">Laila Niaz </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Johar Instituted of Professional Studies Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="1273"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fatima </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tariq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University of Management and Technology Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="8" id="1344"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bushra</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ijaz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Hussain College of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">230</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.251.g230</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1324"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Yu J, Cheung JT, Wong DW, Cong Y, Zhang M. Biomechanical simulation of high-heeled shoe donning and walking. J Biomech. 2013; 46:2067-74. doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.05.009</citation> <citation>Williams CM, Haines TP. An exploration of emergency department presentations related to high heel footwear in Victoria, Australia, 2006–2010. Journal of foot and ankle research. 2014;7(1):4. doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-7-4</citation> <citation>Busey S. The influence of the constant use of high-heeled French shoes upon the health and form of the female, and upon the relation of the pelvic organs. Trans Am Gynecol Soc. 1882;7:261-3. doi.org/10.2190/GA2M-FLA2-17FB-V5PE</citation> <citation>Farrag A, Elsayed W. Habitual Use of High-Heeled Shoes Affects Isokinetic Soleus Strength More Than Gastrocnemius in Healthy Young Females. Foot Ankle Int. 2016; 37:1008-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1071100716649172</citation> <citation>Frey C, Thompson F, Smith J, Sanders M, Horstman H. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society women's shoe survey. Foot & ankle. 1993;14(2):78-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110079301400204</citation> <citation>Beynnon BD, Renström PA, Alosa DM, Baumhauer JF, Vacek PM. Ankle ligament injury risk factors: a prospective study of college athletes. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 2001;19(2):213-20.</citation> <citation>Cooke M, Lamb S, Marsh J, Dale J. A survey of current consultant practice of treatment of severe ankle sprains in emergency departments in the United Kingdom. Emergency medicine journal. 2003;20(6):505-7. doi: 10.1136/emj.20.6.505</citation> <citation>Basmajian J, Bentzon J. An electromyographic study of certain muscles of the leg and foot in the standing position. Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics. 1954;98(6):662. doi: 10.3827/faoj.2010.0303.0001</citation> <citation>Jackson LA, Von Eye A, Fitzgerald HE, Witt EA, Zhao Y. Internet use, videogame playing and cell phone use as predictors of children’s body mass index (BMI), body weight, academic performance, and social and overall self-esteem. Computers in Human Behavior. 2011;27(1):599-604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.10.019</citation> <citation>Hu P, Hu Y. Soft-Tissue Nail Fold Arc Resection Combined with a Shaped Dressing for Ingrown Toenails. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association. 2020;110(4). https://doi.org/10.7547/17-199</citation> <citation>Mishra E, Jena S, Bhoi C, Arunachalam T, Panda SK. Effect of high heel gait on hip and knee-ankle-foot rollover characteristics while walking over inclined surfaces—A pilot study. The Foot. 2019;40:8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2019.03.004</citation> <citation>Paterson KL, Kasza J, Hunter DJ, Hinman RS, Menz HB, Peat G, et al. The relationship between foot and ankle symptoms and risk of developing knee osteoarthritis: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.003</citation> <citation>Jabbar S, Sabir S, Irum S, Raza H, Wassi A, Subazwari AB. Prevalence of Forefoot Pain among High Heel Wearing Female Teachers and Students of Different Universities in Faisalabad. Health Science Journal. 2020;14(2):1-4. DOI:10.36648/1791-809X.14.2.710</citation> <citation>Afzal F, Manzoor S. Prolong wearing of high heeled shoes can cause low back pain. J Nov Physiother. 2017;7(356):2. DOI: 10.4172/2165-7025.1000356</citation> <citation>Frey C, Coughlin MJ. Women's shoe wear: An orthopaedist's advice. J Womens Health.1999; 8:45-9. http://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.1999.8.45</citation> <citation>Gefen A, Megido-Ravid M, Itzchak Y, Arcan M. Analysis of muscular fatigue and foot stability during high-heeled gait. Gait Posture. 2002; 15:56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00180-1</citation> <citation>Han D. Muscle activation of paraspinal muscles in different types of high heels during standing. J Phys Ther Sci . 2015; 27:67-9. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.67</citation> <citation>Cowley EE, Chevalier TL, Chockalingam N. The effect of heel height on gait and posture: a review of the literature. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2009; 99:512-8. https://doi.org/10.7547/0990512</citation> <citation>Ko DY, Lee HS. The changes of COP and foot pressure after one hour's walking wearing high-heeled and flat shoes. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013; 25:1309-12. doi.org/10.1589/jpts.25.1309</citation> <citation>Kuorinka I, Jonsson B, Kilbom A, Vinterberg H, et al. Standardised Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Applied ergonomics. 1987; 18:233-7. doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(87)90010-X</citation> </citations> <pages>59-63</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-06" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="249" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">249</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="954" created_at="2022-02-06" date_created="" file_id="511" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-06" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">aroojshahzad article (1).docx</name> <file id="511" filesize="59454" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/249/61ffe846a5e6f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1000" created_at="2022-02-10" date_created="" file_id="511" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-10" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="954" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">aroojshahzad article (1).docx</name> <file id="511" filesize="59454" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/249/61ffe846a5e6f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1117" created_at="2022-02-24" date_created="" file_id="511" stage="final" updated_at="2022-02-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1000" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">aroojshahzad article (1).docx</name> <file id="511" filesize="59454" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/249/61ffe846a5e6f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1118" created_at="2022-02-24" date_created="" file_id="511" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-02-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1117" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">aroojshahzad article (1).docx</name> <file id="511" filesize="59454" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/249/61ffe846a5e6f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1473" created_at="2022-03-30" date_created="" file_id="1025" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1025" filesize="675271" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/249/6244c86e53e63.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1250" url_path="" seq="24" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">249</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.249</id> <title locale="en_US">Effectiveness of soft tissue release of paracervical muscles on the cantho-limbal distance among young adults</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>To find out the effectiveness of soft tissue release of paracervical muscles on the cantho-limbal distance among young adults. <strong>Methods</strong>: A quasi-experimental study was carried out at Shalamar School of allied health sciences. A sample of 32 of reduced lateral cantho-limbal distance and neck pain was taken. A purposive sampling technique was used. Pre-test Cantho-limbal distance was measured by ABN tape in mm then technique of ischemic compression followed by stretching was applied and post-test cantho-limbal distance was a measure.<strong> Results:</strong> Results show that the cantho-limbal distance before treatment was 7.38±0.98mm and after treatment, it increases to 10.06±0.88mm. The difference between the effect of pre and post-treatment on cantho-limbal distance was statistically significant (p-value &lt;0.001). <strong>Conclusion:</strong> This study concluded that paracervical muscles and muscles of eyes have some neuronal and myofascial attachment so that soft tissue release of paracervical muscles has a significant and beneficial effect on reduced lateral cantholimbal distance.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Paracervical, range of motion, neck muscles, and cervical</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="24" id="1245"> <givenname locale="en_US">Arooj </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shahzad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">SHALAMAR SCHOOL OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, LAHORE, PAKISTAN</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="24" id="1246"> <givenname locale="en_US">Qurba </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Kiran</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">SHALAMAR INSTITUTE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, LAHORE, PAKISTAN</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="24" id="1247"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sheeza</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Imtiaz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ASIA, RAIWAND ROAD CAMPUS, LAHORE, PAKISTAN</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="24" id="1248"> <givenname locale="en_US">Anas </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RISING SUN INSTITUTE FOR SPECIAL CHILDREN, LAHORE, PAKISTAN</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="24" id="1249"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ali Hammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Subhani</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RISING SUN INSTITUTE FOR SPECIAL CHILDREN, LAHORE, PAKISTAN</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="24" id="1250"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sufian </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">SHALAMAR MEDICAL AND DENTAL COLLEGE, LAHORE, PAKISTAN</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sufianahmedghuman@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="24" id="1251"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ramsha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Masood</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">IBADAT INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">277</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.249.g277</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1473"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>AHN, J. & KIM, S.-H. J. C. J. O. O. 2016. Relationship between cantho-limbal distance and degree of head turn in a Korean population. 51, 30-33.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcjo.2015.09.007</citation> <citation>BAILEY, E., HENEGHAN, N. R., CASSIDY, N. J., FALLA, D. & RUSHTON, A. B. J. B. O. 2020. Clinical effectiveness of manipulation and mobilization interventions for the treatment of non-specific neck pain: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. 10, e037783.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037783</citation> <citation>BEHERA, P., MAJUMDAR, A., REVADI, G., SANTOSHI, J. A., NAGAR, V., MISHRA, N. J. J. O. F. M. & CARE, P. 2020. Neck pain among undergraduate medical students in a premier institute of central India: A cross-sectional study of prevalence and associated factors. 9, 3574.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_206_20</citation> <citation>CHIU, T., KU, W., LEE, M., SUM, W., WAN, M., WONG, C. & YUEN, C. J. J. O. O. R. 2002. A study on the prevalence of and risk factors for neck pain among university academic staff in Hong Kong. 12, 77-91.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015008513575</citation> <citation>CHOI, S. D., WOLETZ, T. J. J. O. S., HEALTH & RESEARCH, E. 2010. Do stretching programs prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders. 6, 1-19.</citation> <citation>COHEN, S. P. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neck pain. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 2015. Elsevier, 284-299.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.008</citation> <citation>DA SILVA, A. C., DE NORONHA, M., LIBERATORI-JUNIOR, R. M., AILY, J. B., GONÇALVES, G. H., ARRAIS-LIMA, C., DE ARAÚJO, L. M. S. M., MATTIELLO, S. M. J. J. O. M. & THERAPEUTICS, P. 2020. The effectiveness of ischemic compression technique on pain and function in individuals with shoulder pain: a systematic review.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2019.10.013</citation> <citation>DOMKIN, D., FORSMAN, M. & RICHTER, H. O. J. E. J. O. A. P. 2019. Effect of ciliary-muscle contraction force on trapezius muscle activity during computer mouse work. 119, 389-397.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-018-4031-8</citation> <citation>DOMKIN, D., FORSMAN, M., RICHTER, H. O. J. J. O. E. & KINESIOLOGY 2016. Ciliary muscle contraction force and trapezius muscle activity during manual tracking of a moving visual target. 28, 193-198.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2015.11.008</citation> <citation>FULLER, J. J. E. B. R. 1980. The dynamic neck-eye reflex in mammals. 41, 29-35.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00236676</citation> <citation>GAJDOSIK, R. L. & BOHANNON, R. W. J. P. T. 1987. Clinical measurement of range of motion: review of goniometry emphasizing reliability and validity. 67, 1867-1872.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/67.12.1867</citation> <citation>GASIBAT, Q., SIMBAK, N. B., AZIZ, A., PETRIDIS, L. & TRÓZNAI, Z. J. A. 2017. Stretching exercises to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A review article. 5, 27-37.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.12691/ajssm-5-2-3</citation> <citation>HEINTZ, M. M. & HEGEDUS, E. J. 2008. Multimodal Management of Mechanical Neck Pain Using a Treatment Based Classification System. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy, 16, 217-224.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1179/106698108790818260</citation> <citation>JAHRE, H., GROTLE, M., SMEDBRÅTEN, K., DUNN, K. M. & ØIESTAD, B. E. J. B. M. D. 2020. Risk factors for non-specific neck pain in young adults. A systematic review. 21, 1-12.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-020-03379-y</citation> <citation>KISILEWICZ, A., JANUSIAK, M., SZAFRANIEC, R., SMOTER, M., CISZEK, B., MADELEINE, P., FERNÁNDEZ-DE-LAS-PEÑAS, C. & KAWCZYŃSKI, A. J. J. O. H. K. 2018. Changes in muscle stiffness of the trapezius muscle after application of ischemic compression into myofascial trigger points in professional basketball players. 64, 35.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2018-0043</citation> <citation>RICHTER, H., ANDERSSON, J., SCHNEIDER, H. & LÅNGSTRÖM, B. J. E. J. O. N. 2005. Neuroanatomical correlates of voluntary inhibition of accommodation/vergence under monocular open‐loop viewing conditions. 21, 3077-3088.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04140.x</citation> <citation>RICHTER, H. & FORSMAN, M. J. N. 2011. Accommodation/vergence eye movements and neck/scapular muscular activation: gaze control with relevance for work-related musculoskeletal disorders. 5, 99-112.</citation> <citation>RICHTER, H. O. Neck pain brought in to focus.</citation> <citation>RICHTER, H. O., BÄNZIGER, T., ABDI, S. & FORSMAN, M. J. V. R. 2010. Stabilization of gaze: a relationship between ciliary muscle contraction and trapezius muscle activity. 50, 2559-2569.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.021</citation> <citation>ROLL, R., VELAY, J. & ROLL, J. J. E. B. R. 1991. Eye and neck proprioceptive messages contribute to the spatial coding of retinal input in visually oriented activities. 85, 423-431.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229419</citation> <citation>SHAH, N., SHAH, N. J. I. J. O. T. & RESEARCH, R. 2015. Comparison of two treatment techniques: Muscle energy technique and Ischemic compression on upper trapezius trigger point in subjects with non-specific neck pain. 4, 260.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5455/ijtrr.000000100</citation> <citation>VERNON, H., MIOR, S. J. J. O. M. & THERAPEUTICS, P. 1991. The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and validity.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1037/t35122-000</citation> <citation>YE, S., JING, Q., WEI, C. & LU, J. J. B. O. 2017. Risk factors of non-specific neck pain and low back pain in computer-using office workers in China: a cross-sectional study. 7, e014914.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014914</citation> <citation>YOUNG, I. A., CLELAND, J. A., MICHENER, L. A., BROWN, C. J. A. J. O. P. M. & REHABILITATION 2010. Reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness of the neck disability index, patient-specific functional scale, and numeric pain rating scale in patients with cervical radiculopathy. 89, 831-839.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e3181ec98e6</citation> </citations> <pages>128-131</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-04" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="248" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">248</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="944" created_at="2022-02-04" date_created="" file_id="498" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-04" viewable="false" genre="Other" uploader="ayesha_sadiqa" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Ethical approval.pdf</name> <file id="498" filesize="568246" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/248/61fcce0216bc2.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="945" created_at="2022-02-04" date_created="" file_id="499" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-04" viewable="false" genre="Other" uploader="ayesha_sadiqa" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">plagiarism Report.pdf</name> <file id="499" filesize="1302783" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/248/61fcce23aa27a.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="946" created_at="2022-02-04" date_created="" file_id="500" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-04" viewable="false" genre="Research Instrument" uploader="ayesha_sadiqa" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">sampling Questionnaire.docx</name> <file id="500" filesize="142650" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/248/61fcce44edf79.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="947" created_at="2022-02-04" date_created="" file_id="501" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-04" viewable="false" genre="Research Materials" uploader="ayesha_sadiqa" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Pain Managetment Booklet (English version).docx</name> <file id="501" filesize="1035315" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/248/61fcce5a0d1e0.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="948" created_at="2022-02-04" date_created="" file_id="502" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-04" viewable="false" genre="Research Materials" uploader="ayesha_sadiqa" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Pain Managetment Booklet (urdu version).docx</name> <file id="502" filesize="1299911" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/248/61fcce7804f14.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="953" created_at="2022-02-06" date_created="" file_id="508" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-06" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">final article.docx</name> <file id="508" filesize="66257" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/248/61ffd6db47f0b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1030" created_at="2022-02-13" date_created="" file_id="508" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-13" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="953" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">final article.docx</name> <file id="508" filesize="66257" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/248/61ffd6db47f0b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1119" created_at="2022-02-24" date_created="" file_id="508" stage="final" updated_at="2022-02-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1030" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">final article.docx</name> <file id="508" filesize="66257" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/248/61ffd6db47f0b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1120" created_at="2022-02-24" date_created="" file_id="508" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-02-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1119" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">final article.docx</name> <file id="508" filesize="66257" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/248/61ffd6db47f0b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1491" created_at="2022-03-31" date_created="" file_id="1100" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-04-06" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1100" filesize="716024" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/248/624d4c4d5c046.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="1060" filesize="717438" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/248/6245d8322640f.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1239" url_path="" seq="28" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">248</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.248</id> <title locale="en_US">Relevance of Preoperative Pain Education To The Cardiac Patients on Their Response To Postoperative Pain Therapy</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Preoperative Pain Education to the Cardiac Patients</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>To observe the effects of preoperative pain education on Coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) patients on postoperative pain management. <strong>Methods:</strong> A randomized control trial was performed from April-December 2019, after seeking ethical approval. Patients of Punjab institute of cardiology, Lahore, scheduled for CABG were selected after informed consent. Those with psychiatric illness, chronic pain/opioid addiction, or allergic to opioids, were excluded. The population was divided into control (received routine preoperative care) and interventional (received additional preoperative education via pain management booklet) groups, data was collected postoperatively via questionnaire and analyzed on SPSS. Chi-square was used as a statistical test and p-value &lt;0.05 was significant. <strong>Results:</strong> Eighty patients with 47 males and 33 females aged 50-80 years (mean=61.05±8.32) were recruited. The interventional group agreed to the significance of instant in-hospital notifying/managing pain and 38(95%) controls agreed to it, 39(98%) interventional patients were willing for a stronger pain-relief medicine if not cured by the initial dose, while 12(30%) controls were willing for it. 38(95%) interventional patients denied the fear of addiction to painkillers, contrarily 5(12.5%) controls negated this fear. All interventional patients rejected the concern of incurable nausea with pain-relief medicine, while 37(92.5%) controls were threatened with this concern. Constipation associated with pain-relief medicine was refused by all interventional patients, 25(62.5%) controls accepted it. All the differences between both groups were significant (p&lt;0.001).                                <strong>Conclusion:</strong> A significantly improved postoperative patient compliance/outcome (pain-related) was observed in the interventional group who preoperative received pain education compared to the control.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Preoperative, Postoperative, Pain, Education, and Cardiac patients</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="28" id="1240"> <givenname locale="en_US">Asma </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khalid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">New Advance College of Nursing</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>asmakhalid.asma@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="28" id="1241"> <givenname locale="en_US">Samina</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Kausar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute of Nursing, University of Health Sciences</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>saminamanzoor31@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="28" id="1239"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ayesha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sadiqa</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">CMH Lahore Medical College & IOD, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>ayesha_sadiqa@cmhlahore.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="28" id="1242"> <givenname locale="en_US">Asma </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Abid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">College of Nursing, Lahore General Hospital</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>abidasma497@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="28" id="1243"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sumera</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Jabeen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Shaikh Fatima Institute of Nursing</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sumerajbn1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">282</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.248.g282</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1491"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Ertürk, EB. & Ünlü, H. 2018. Effects of pre-operative individualized education on anxiety and pain severity in patients following open-heart surgery. International journal of health sciences, 12, 26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6040857/</citation> <citation>Micah, S., Barolia, R., Parpio, Y., Kumar, S. & Sharif, H. 2019. Factors associated with postoperative pain among patients after cardiac surgery in the tertiary care teaching hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. Pain research and treatment, 2019. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/prt/2019/9657109/</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9657109</citation> <citation>Kara, KA. & Caner, T. 2019. Comparison of pain in the early post-operative period using VAS score in patients after cardiac surgery who had minimally invasive incisions vs. full median sternotomy. Ann Ital Chir, 90, 3-9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30394365/</citation> <citation>Jain, P. & Bakshi, SG. 2021. Perioperative Pain Management for Onco-surgery. Textbook of Onco-Anesthesiology. Springer. Available from: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-0006-7_27</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0006-7_27</citation> <citation>Bjørnnes, AK., Parry, M., Lie, I., Fagerland, MW., Watt-Watson, J., Rustøen, T., Stubhaug, A. & Leegaard, M. 2017. The impact of an educational pain management booklet intervention on postoperative pain control after cardiac surgery. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 16, 18-27. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26846145/</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/1474515116631680</citation> <citation>Wang, X.-X., Dai, J., Hu, X.-G., Zhou, A.-G. & Pan, D.-B. 2021. Oral Pregabalin in Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. BioMed Research International, 2021. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2021/8835891/</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8835891</citation> <citation>Gräwe JS, Mirow L, Bouchard R, Lindig M, Hüppe M. 2010. Impact of preoperative patient education on postoperative pain in consideration of the individual coping style. Schmerz. 24(6):575-86. German. doi: 10.1007/s00482-010-0994-z. PMID: 21052731.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00482-010-0994-z</citation> <citation>Iuque Oliveros, M. & Morilla Romero De La Osa, R. 2021. Bupivacaine infiltration for acute postoperative pain management after cardiac surgery. Nursing in Critical Care. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33641253/</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/nicc.12614</citation> <citation>Watt-Watson, J., Stevens, B., Costello, J., Katz, J. & Reid, G. 2016. Impact of preoperative education on pain management outcomes after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: A pilot. Canadian Journal of Nursing Research Archive, 31. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11189670/</citation> <citation>Ingadóttir B, Zoëga S. 2017. Role of patient education in postoperative pain management. Nursing Standard. 6;32(2).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7748/ns.2017.e10939</citation> <citation>Edwards, P. K., Mears, S. C. & Barnes, C. L. 2017. Preoperative education for hip and knee replacement: never stop learning. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine, 10, 356-364. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28647838/</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12178-017-9417-4</citation> <citation>Rapp, A., Sun, M., Weissman, H., Perez-Cruet, M. J. & Fahim, D. K. 2021. Pre-operative patient education does not necessarily reduce length of stay or pain after spinal surgery. Interdisciplinary Neurosurgery, 24, 101044. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214751920306058</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inat.2020.101044</citation> <citation>Azizi, A., Khatibian, M., Mohamadian, A., Soltanian, A. & Salehzadeh Glonduz, F. 2020. Effect of Patient Education About Patient-controlled Analgesia Pump Preoperative on Severity of Pain, Nausea and Vomiting After Spinal Culumn Surgery. Avicenna Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Care, 27, 405-414. Available from: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effect-of-Patient-Education-About-Analgesia-Pump-on-Azizi-Khatibian/0c01ab834eac0a48b6386f8de78d44383081a316</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.30699/ajnmc.27.6.405</citation> <citation>Fink, C., Diener, M.K., Bruckner, T. et al. 2013. Impact of preoperative patient education on prevention of postoperative complications after major visceral surgery: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (PEDUCAT trial). Trials 14, 271 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-14-271</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-14-271</citation> <citation>Ramesh, C., Nayak, B. S., Pai, V. B., Patil, N. T., George, A., George, L. S. & Devi, E. S. 2017. Effect of preoperative education on postoperative outcomes among patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 32, 518-529. e2. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1089947216304221</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2016.11.011</citation> <citation>Mcdonald, S., Page, M. J., Beringer, K., Wasiak, J. & Sprowson, A. 2014. Preoperative education for hip or knee replacement. Cochrane database of systematic reviews. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24820247/</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003526.pub3</citation> <citation>Jones S, Alnaib M, Kokkinakis M, Wilkinson M, St Clair Gibson A, Kader D. Pre-operative patient education reduces length of stay after knee joint arthroplasty. 2011. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 93(1):71-5. doi: 10.1308/003588410X12771863936765. PMID: 21418755; PMCID: PMC3293278.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1308/003588410X12771863936765</citation> <citation>Agneta Aasa, Malin Hovbäck and Carina Berterö, 2013. The importance of preoperative information for patient participation in colorectal surgery care. Journal of Clinical Nursing, (22), 11-12, 1604-1612.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12110</citation> <citation>Burgess, L. C., Arundel, J. & Wainwright, T. W. The effect of preoperative education on psychological, clinical and economic outcomes in elective spinal surgery: a systematic review. Healthcare, 2019. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 48. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30901875/</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7010048</citation> <citation>Klaiber, U., Stephan-Paulsen, L. M., Bruckner, T., Müller, G., Auer, S., Farrenkopf, I., Fink, C., Dörr-Harim, C., Diener, M. K. & Büchler, M. W. 2018. Impact of preoperative patient education on the prevention of postoperative complications after major visceral surgery: the cluster randomized controlled PEDUCAT trial. Trials, 19, 1-12. Available from: https://trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13063-018-2676-6</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2676-6</citation> </citations> <pages>147-151</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-03" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="247" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">247</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="941" created_at="2022-02-03" date_created="" file_id="495" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-03" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="wajeeha_z" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Manuscript Hajra Mujahid.docx</name> <file id="495" filesize="63986" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/247/61fc015757567.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="999" created_at="2022-02-10" date_created="" file_id="495" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-10" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="941" uploader="wajeeha_z" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Manuscript Hajra Mujahid.docx</name> <file id="495" filesize="63986" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/247/61fc015757567.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1247" created_at="2022-03-11" date_created="" file_id="495" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-11" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="999" uploader="wajeeha_z" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Manuscript Hajra Mujahid.docx</name> <file id="495" filesize="63986" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/247/61fc015757567.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1248" created_at="2022-03-11" date_created="" file_id="495" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-11" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1247" uploader="wajeeha_z" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Manuscript Hajra Mujahid.docx</name> <file id="495" filesize="63986" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/247/61fc015757567.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1343" created_at="2022-03-21" date_created="" file_id="1053" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1053" filesize="714299" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/247/6244dd312d586.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="1045" filesize="714299" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/247/6244d885bbac5.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="849" filesize="707030" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/247/6238554094c28.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1235" url_path="" seq="18" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">247</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.247</id> <title locale="en_US">Comparison of Jacobson’s Progressive Relaxation Technique and Laura Mitchell’s Relaxation Technique on quality of life and sleep in COPD Patients.</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Quality of life and sleep in COPD Patients</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p><span style="font-size: 0.875rem;">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is progressive respiratory disease characterized by cough, sputum, and shortness of breath due to increased airway resistance. The prevalence rate for COPD is about 2.1% with population of age 40 years. Long term effects of different treatments lead to decrease the quality of life.  Relaxation techniques are simple and improve the relaxation of whole body. </span><strong>Objective:</strong> The objective was to compare the effects of Jacobson’s and Laura Mitchell’s technique on  the quality of life and sleep in COPD patients. <strong>Methods:</strong> It was a randomized clinical trial. Sample size of 68 was calculated by keeping 95% confidence internal and 0.05 margin of error. Patients were induced through convenient sampling technique and then allocated  by simple randomization process by opaque sealed envelope into group A and Group B. Group A was treated with Laura Mitchell Relaxation Technique and group B was treated with Jacobson’s Progressive Relaxation Technique for 5 sessions per week for 2 weeks. Post treatment evaluation was done by assessing sleep quality through Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire and quality of life via St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire. <strong>Results: </strong>Data analysis was done by using IBM-SPSS 25. Mean and Standard deviation of age and Body Mass Index (BMI) were as group A 40.13 + 5.06 years comparable to group B as 38.63 + 5.04 years. Body Mass Index (BMI) in group A was 23.86 + 4.139 kg/m2, and in group B was 23.80 + 4.130 kg/m2.It was determined that both methods of relaxation improved quality of life and sleep in COPD patients in which Laura Mitchell’s Relaxation Technique was clinically more significant as compared to  Jacobson’s Progressive Relaxation Technique. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was concluded that both Laura Mitchell’s Relaxation Technique and Jacobson’s Progressive Relaxation Technique were effective on quality of life and sleep quality in COPD patients among stage 3 and stage 4 individuals. But Laura Mitchell’s Technique has greater clinical effects as compared to other technique. </p></abstract> <source locale="en_US">no</source> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Quality of life, Relaxation Therapy, Sleep Hygiene.</keyword> </keywords> <agencies locale="en_US"> <agency>nil</agency> </agencies> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="1238"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hajra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mujahid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>hajiramujahid15@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="1235"> <givenname locale="en_US">Wajeeha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zia</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>wajeeha_z@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="1555"> <givenname locale="en_US">Anas</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Ali Hospital, Shalimar Link Road, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="1556"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mohtishim</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Johar Pain Relief Center, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="1557"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Shamoos</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Saqib</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">SpinaCure, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="1558"> <givenname locale="en_US">Abdul Majid</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shahid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Boston Physiotherapy and Wellness Clinic, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="18" id="1236"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Umer </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arshad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">AVICENA Medical Collage, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>omerkhushi0101@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">242</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.247.g242</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1343"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Ritchie AI, Wedzicha JA. Definition, Causes, Pathogenesis, and Consequences of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations. Clinics in chest medicine. 2020;41(3):421-38.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2020.06.007</citation> <citation>Selzler AM, Habash R, Robson L, Lenton E, Goldstein R, Brooks D. Self-efficacy and health-related quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis. Patient education and counseling. 2020;103(4):682-92.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2019.12.003</citation> <citation>Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, Anzueto A, Barnes PJ, Bourbeau J, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report. GOLD executive summary. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. 2017;195(5):557-82.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201701-0218PP</citation> <citation>Zamzam MA, Azab NY, El Wahsh RA, Ragab AZ, Allam EM. Quality of life in COPD patients. Egyptian journal of chest diseases and tuberculosis. 2012;61(4):281-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcdt.2012.08.012</citation> <citation>Balcells E, Gea J, Ferrer J, Serra I, Orozco-Levi M, de Batlle J, et al. Factors affecting the relationship between psychological status and quality of life in COPD patients. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2010;8(1):1-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-8-108</citation> <citation>Sharma K, Joshi S. Quality of life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Chitwan, Nepal: a pilot study report. International Journal of Medical Science and Public Health. 2015;4(9):1235-41.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5455/ijmsph.2015.25022015261</citation> <citation>Cecily HSJ, Alotaibi AA. Effectiveness of breathing exercises on pulmonary function parameters and quality of life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Health Sci Res. 2013;3(11):80-5.</citation> <citation>Perakam S, Devpura G, Manohar S, Kondapalli A. The Effect of Jacobson's Progressive Muscle Relaxation Technique on Depression in Diabesity Patients. Depression.7:8.</citation> <citation>Gosselink R. Breathing techniques in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Chronic respiratory disease. 2004;1(3):163-72.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1191/1479972304cd020rs</citation> <citation>Chegeni PS, Gholami M, Azargoon A, Pour AHH, Birjandi M, Norollahi H. The effect of progressive muscle relaxation on the management of fatigue and quality of sleep in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Complementary therapies in clinical practice. 2018;31:64-70.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.01.010</citation> <citation>Lan C-C, Huang H-C, Yang M-C, Lee C-H, Huang C-Y, Wu Y-K. Pulmonary rehabilitation improves subjective sleep quality in COPD. Respiratory care. 2014;59(10):1569-76.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.02912</citation> <citation>Ganesh B, Chodankar A, Parvatkar B. Comparative study of Laura Mitchell's Physiological Relaxation Technique versus Jacobson's Progressive Relaxation Technique on severity of pain and quality of life in primary dysmenorrhea: randomized clinical trial. J Med Sci Clin Res. 2017;5(7):25379-87.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.18535/jmscr/v5i7.177</citation> <citation>Yilmaz CK, Kapucu S. The effect of progressive relaxation exercises on fatigue and sleep quality in individuals with COPD. Holistic nursing practice. 2017;31(6):369-77.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/HNP.0000000000000234</citation> <citation>Mirbagher A N, Memarian R. The effects of rehabilitation techniques on the pulmonary function tests in moderate severity COPD patients. The Horizon of Medical Sciences. 2009;14(4):19-25.</citation> <citation>Avinash A, George SV. Effectiveness of different relaxation techniques. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences. 2018;8(5):222-32.</citation> <citation>Ozgundondu B, Gok Metin Z. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation combined with music on stress, fatigue, and coping styles among intensive care nurses. Intensive & critical care nursing. 2019;54:54-63.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iccn.2019.07.007</citation> <citation>Kang H. Sample size determination and power analysis using the G*Power software. Journal of educational evaluation for health professions. 2021;18:17.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3352/jeehp.2021.18.17</citation> <citation>Lahousse L, Verhamme KM, Stricker BH, Brusselle GG. Cardiac effects of current treatments of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 2016;4(2):149-64.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00518-4</citation> <citation>Akiki Z, Hallit S, Layoun N, Cherfane M, Sacre H, Waked M, et al. Validation of the St George's respiratory questionnaire and risks factors affecting the quality of life of Lebanese COPD and asthma patients. Journal of Asthma. 2019;56(11):1212-21.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/02770903.2018.1531996</citation> <citation>BELCHAMBER DC. THE MITCHELL METHOD. Payne's Handbook of Relaxation Techniques E-Book: A Practical Handbook for the Health Care Professional. 2021:149.</citation> <citation>Herawati I, Hapsari DO. The Effect of Jacobson's Relaxation Therapy on Shortness of Breath In Patients With Bronchitis Chronic.</citation> </citations> <pages>99-103</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-02-01" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="243" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">243</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="923" created_at="2022-02-01" date_created="" file_id="485" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-02" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article 2 Translating and Validating FADI.docx</name> <file id="485" filesize="57377" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/243/61fa5da461e8e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="478" filesize="64577" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/243/61f966423e4c9.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="979" created_at="2022-02-08" date_created="" file_id="485" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-08" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="923" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article 2 Translating and Validating FADI.docx</name> <file id="485" filesize="57377" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/243/61fa5da461e8e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1199" created_at="2022-03-07" date_created="" file_id="485" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-07" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="979" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article 2 Translating and Validating FADI.docx</name> <file id="485" filesize="57377" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/243/61fa5da461e8e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1200" created_at="2022-03-07" date_created="" file_id="485" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-07" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1199" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Article 2 Translating and Validating FADI.docx</name> <file id="485" filesize="57377" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/243/61fa5da461e8e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1323" created_at="2022-03-18" date_created="" file_id="1031" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1031" filesize="676733" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/243/6244cf2edb0af.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="867" filesize="669986" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/243/6239e863c80dd.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="836" filesize="669981" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/243/6234bc1f75036.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1214" url_path="" seq="7" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">243</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.243</id> <title locale="en_US">Translating And Validating of The Foot & Ankle Disability Index (FADI) Questionnaire In Urdu</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>To determine the translation and validation of questionnaire FADI into Urdu.<strong>METHODS:</strong>It was a cross cultural adaptation study. Data of 130 patients of age 16 to 50 year, was taken from hospital, general population or the people who are visiting orthopedic surgeon in the duration of 6 months. Guidelines of Gullimen F have been followed by researcher for this study. <strong>RESULTS:</strong>The results remained in the favor of Urdu translation. Value of the cronbach alpha coefficient (0.96-0.97) showed the excellent internal consistency. Composite reliability (CR) i.e 0.964 indicates excellent validity. Average variance extracts (AVE) (0.532) which indicates that all the items are having acceptable convergent validity. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) value (0.966) indicates the excellent consistency. P value of FADI index 1.000 and P value of Urdu score .059 showed that there is non-significant difference of mean Urdu score with English score. Kappa statistics of all the items are mentioned in statistical results.<strong>CONCLUSION:</strong>This study concluded that The FOOT &amp; ANKLE DISABILITY INDEX (FADI) QUESTIONNAIRE converted in Urdu have excellent internal consistency, high reliability of the items, excellent validity and acceptable convergent validity.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Validation, Translation, Cultural adaptation, Evaluation scale, Quality of life, FADI, Urdu</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="1214"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mukhlis ul </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rehman</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>ranamukhlisrehman@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="1215"> <givenname locale="en_US">Malaika</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Umer</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Physical Therapy Department, Jinnah Burn and Reconstructive Surgery Center Jinnah Hospital Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="1216"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammed Usman</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Riaz </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Physical Therapy Department, Fatima Memorial Hospital</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>usman.riaz@fmhcmd.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="1217"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zaheer</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Physical Therapy Department, NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maozaheer@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="1218"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tayyaba Mustafa</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Mian</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tayyaba.mustafa123@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="7" id="1219"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sana</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Altaf</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Physical Therapy Department, NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sana.altaf@niu.edu.pk</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">229</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.243.g229</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1323"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Guillemin F, Bombardier C, Beaton D. Cross-cultural adaptation of health-related quality of life measures: literature review and proposed guidelines. J Clin Epidemiol. 1993;46(12):1417-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(93)90142-N</citation> <citation>Herdman M, Fox-Rushby J, Badia X. A Model of Equivalence in the Cultural Adaptation of HRQoL Instruments: The Universalist Approach. Quality of Life Research. 1998;7(4):323-35. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008846618880</citation> <citation>Wang W-L, Lee H-L, Fetzer S. Challenges and Strategies of Instrument Translation. Western journal of nursing research. 2006;28:310-21.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0193945905284712</citation> <citation>Andrews S, Sorensen JL, Guydish J, Delucchi K, Greenberg B. Knowledge and Attitudes About Methadone Maintenance Among Staff Working in a Therapeutic Community. J Maint Addict. 2005;3(1):47-59. https://doi.org/10.1300/J126v03n01_05</citation> <citation>Duarte Bonini Campos JA, Dias do Prado C. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Portuguese version of the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment. Nutr Hosp. 2012;27(2):583-9.</citation> <citation>de Lima Barroso BI, Galvão CRC, da Silva LB, Lancman S. A Systematic Review of Translation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Instruments for the Selection of Assistive Technologies. Occup Ther Int. 2018;2018:4984170. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4984170</citation> <citation>Carcia CR, Martin RL, Drouin JM. Validity of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure in athletes with chronic ankle instability. J Athl Train. 2008;43(2):179-83. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-43.2.179</citation> <citation>Eechaute C, Vaes P, Van Aerschot L, Asman S, Duquet W. The clinimetric qualities of patient-assessed instruments for measuring chronic ankle instability: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2007;8:6-. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-8-6</citation> <citation>Rehman A, Jingdong L, Hussain I. The province-wise literacy rate in Pakistan and its impact on the economy. Pacific Science Review B: Humanities and Social Sciences. 2015;1(3):140-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psrb.2016.09.001</citation> <citation>Hale SA, Hertel J. Reliability and Sensitivity of the Foot and Ankle Disability Index in Subjects With Chronic Ankle Instability. J Athl Train. 2005;40(1):35-40.</citation> <citation>Leigheb M, Rava E, Vaiuso D, Samaila EM, Pogliacomi F, Bosetti M, et al. Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validation of the italian version of the Foot and Ankle Disability Index (FADI). Acta Biomed. 2020;91(4-S):160-6.</citation> <citation>Short, Communication, Haroon H. Cross cultural adaptation of shoulder pain and disability index from English into Urdu language: A study of linguistic validity. 2019.</citation> <citation>Farooq A, Rauf K. Translation and Adaptation of Subjective Job Stress Scale into Urdu. Pakistan Business Review. 2014;16:177-95.</citation> <citation>Ateef M, Kulandaivelan S, Alqahtani M. Cross-Cultural Validation of Urdu Version KOOS in Indian Population with Primary Knee Osteoarthritis. Int J Rheumatol. 2017;2017:1206706. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/1206706</citation> <citation>Amjad F, Mohseni-Bandpei MA, Gilani SA, Ahmad A, Waqas M, Hanif A. Urdu version of Oswestry disability index; a reliability and validity study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1):311. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04173-0</citation> <citation>Khan MN, Akhter M, Ayub M, Alam S, Laghari N. Translation and validation of Quality of life scale, the brief version. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons--Pakistan : JCPSP. 2003;13:98-100.</citation> <citation>Allana S, Ali T, Khowaja K, Khan AH, Moser DK. Validity and reliability testing: Urdu translated modified Response to Symptoms Questionnaire. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2013;23(6):383-7.</citation> <citation>Chaudhary FA, Ahmad B. The relationship between psychosocial distress and oral health status in patients with facial burns and mediation by oral health behaviour. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):172. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-021-01532-0</citation> <citation>Naeem F, Kingdon D, Saeed AA, Zaidi Q, Ayub M. Urdu translation of the ICD-10 chapter V (F), research diagnostic criteria (RDC): process and principles of translation. Transcult Psychiatry. 2011;48(4):484-95. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461511409282</citation> <citation>Salman M, Khan A, Sulaiman S, Saleem F, Asif N, Ul Mustafa Z, et al. Psychometric Validation of the Urdu Version of the Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire. Journal of Pharmacy Practice and Community Medicine. 2018;4:04-6. https://doi.org/10.5530/jppcm.2018.1.2</citation> <citation>Reichenheim ME, Moraes CL. [Operationalizing the cross-cultural adaptation of epidemiological measurement instruments]. Rev Saude Publica. 2007;41(4):665-73.</citation> <citation>Gjersing L, Caplehorn J, Clausen T. Cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments: Language, setting, time and statistical considerations. BMC medical research methodology. 2010;10:13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-10-13</citation> <citation>Lewthwaite M. A study of international students' perspectives on cross-cultural adaptation. International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling. 1996;19:167-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00114787</citation> <citation>Guillemin F. Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of health status measures. Scand J Rheumatol. 1995;24(2):61-3.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/03009749509099285</citation> <citation>Epstein J, Santo RM, Guillemin F. A review of guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation of questionnaires could not bring out a consensus. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2015;68(4):435-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2014.11.021</citation> <citation>De Noronha M, Refshauge KM, Kilbreath SL, Figueiredo VG. Cross-cultural adaptation of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT). Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30(26):1959-65. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638280701809872</citation> <citation>Analay Akbaba Y, Celik D, Ogut RT. Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, Reliability, and Validity of Turkish Version of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2016;55(6):1139-42. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2016.06.001</citation> <citation>Nauck T, Lohrer H. Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaption and Validation of the German Version of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure for Patients with Chronic Ankle Instability. British journal of sports medicine. 2009;45:785-90. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.067637</citation> <citation>Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation of Self-Report Measures. Spine. 2000;25(24). https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014</citation> <citation>Dijksterhuis A, Knippenberg A, Holland R. Evaluating Behavior Priming Research: Three Observations and a Recommendation. Social</citation> </citations> <pages>55-58</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-01-31" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="232" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">232</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="881" created_at="2022-01-31" date_created="" file_id="468" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-31" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Association of heavy bag lifting time with postural pain in secondary school students; a cross sectional survey.docx</name> <file id="468" filesize="37587" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/232/61f7cfa428877.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="974" created_at="2022-02-08" date_created="" file_id="468" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-08" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="881" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Association of heavy bag lifting time with postural pain in secondary school students; a cross sectional survey.docx</name> <file id="468" filesize="37587" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/232/61f7cfa428877.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1056" created_at="2022-02-15" date_created="" file_id="468" stage="final" updated_at="2022-02-15" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="974" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Association of heavy bag lifting time with postural pain in secondary school students; a cross sectional survey.docx</name> <file id="468" filesize="37587" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/232/61f7cfa428877.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1057" created_at="2022-02-15" date_created="" file_id="468" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-02-15" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1056" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Association of heavy bag lifting time with postural pain in secondary school students; a cross sectional survey.docx</name> <file id="468" filesize="37587" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/232/61f7cfa428877.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1325" created_at="2022-03-18" date_created="" file_id="1034" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1034" filesize="676548" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/232/6244d1c2984dd.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="838" filesize="668287" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/232/6234be36cf64d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1166" url_path="" seq="9" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">232</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.232</id> <title locale="en_US">Association of heavy bag lifting time with postural pain in secondary school students</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>To determine the association between heavy bag lifting with posture among secondary school students. <strong>METHODS</strong>: This study was a cross sectional survey. Based on sample of convenience, total 380 Students of both gendersbelonging to Beaconhouse School System, KIPS School System,Educators School and The Punjab School System were included with an age 14 to 17 years (school grade 9 to 12). The data was collected using the Reedco scale and Grimmer’s Questionnaire for assessment of posture and, use of heavy bags andits associated pain, respectively. <strong>RESULTS</strong>: The majority of participants in this consisted of young adults above 12 years (39%) and below 12years (34%) with male predominant (54%). 370 students out of 380 were carrying heavy bags. The types of bags they mostly carry were backpacks (51%), satchel (34%) and others (15%). 48% of these students never used lockers and 40% of them often use locker 55% of them never use waist belt to carry bag.  Most of the students 48% spend 11 to 20 minutes for carrying bag per day.61% of them carry extra load (water bottles, lunch boxes, guide books) with them also. Out of 380 students 246 had pain in different body regions due to heavy bags 64% had neck pain and 53% had upper back pain while 19% had shoulder pain. Out of 184 students that carry bag from 11 to 20 minutes, 115 had poor neck posture, 133 had poor shoulder posture 25 had poor head posture and 5 had poor upper back pain and that carry from 21 to 30 minutes out of 167 students 122 had bad neck posture and 132 had poor shoulder posture 50 had poor head posture 105 had poor upper back posture. <strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>There was found significant association between heavy bag lifting and poor posture with related pain in regions of cervical followed by upper back in secondary school students.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Posture, Schools, School Bag, Physical Therapy, backpack</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="9" id="1166"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zaheer</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Physical Therapy Department, NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maha.zaheer@niu.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="9" id="1167"> <givenname locale="en_US">Noor </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fatima</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Physical Therapy Department, NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>nurfatima192022@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="9" id="1168"> <givenname locale="en_US">Usman </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Riaz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Physical Therapy Department, NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>m.usman_711@live.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="9" id="1169"> <givenname locale="en_US">Narmeen </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Haseeb</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Physical Therapy Department, NUR International University, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>narmenhasib19@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">231</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.232.g231</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1325"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Barkhordari A, Ehrampoush MH, Barkhordari M, Derakhshi F, Barkhoradri M, Mirzaii M. Assessment of school backpack weight and other characteristics in elementary schools, Yazd, Iran. 2013.</citation> <citation>Robbins M, Johnson I, Cunliffe C. Encouraging good posture in school children using computers. Clinical Chiropractic. 2009;12(1):35-44.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clch.2009.03.003</citation> <citation>Cheong A. Why bother with posture?</citation> <citation>FAYYAZ A, SHOUKAT F, GILANI SA. Contribution of Bad Posture towards Development of 'Adolescent Scoliosis' among University Students. Journal of Fatima Jinnah Medical University. 2017;11(3).</citation> <citation>Nagymáté G, Takács M, Kiss RM. Does bad posture affect the standing balance? Cogent Medicine. 2018;5(1):1503778.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2018.1503778</citation> <citation>Rai A, Agarawal S. Back problems due to heavy backpacks in school children. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS). 2013;10(6):22-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-1062226</citation> <citation>Mitova S, Popova D, Gramatikova M. Postural disorders and spinal deformities in children at primary school age. System for screening, examination, prevention and treatment. Activities in physical education and sport, 4 (2). 2014:172-7.</citation> <citation>Lee J-H. Effects of forward head posture on static and dynamic balance control. Journal of physical therapy science. 2016;28(1):274-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.28.274</citation> <citation>Dianat I, Javadivala Z, Allahverdipour H. School bag weight and the occurrence of shoulder, hand/wrist and low back symptoms among Iranian elementary schoolchildren. Health promotion perspectives. 2011;1(1):76.</citation> <citation>Walicka-Cupryś K, Skalska-Izdebska R, Rachwał M, Truszczyńska A. Influence of the weight of a school backpack on spinal curvature in the sagittal plane of seven-year-old children. BioMed research international. 2015;2015.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/817913</citation> <citation>Turmo Vidal L, Márquez Segura E, Parrilla Bel L, Waern A, editors. Training Body Awareness and Control with Technology Probes: A Portfolio of Co-Creative Uses to Support Children with Motor Challenges. Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction; 2020.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1145/3374920.3375002</citation> <citation>Barkhordari A, Ehrampoush MH, Barkhordari M, Derakhshi F, Mirzaii M. Assessment of school backpack weight and other characteristics in elementary schools, Yazd-Iran. Journals of Community Health Research. 2013;2(1):2-7.</citation> <citation>Dugan JE. Teaching the body: A systematic review of posture interventions in primary schools. Educational Review. 2018;70(5):643-61.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/00131911.2017.1359821</citation> <citation>Rodríguez-Soto AE, Jaworski R, Jensen A, Niederberger B, Hargens AR, Frank LR, et al. Effect of load carriage on lumbar spine kinematics. Spine. 2013;38(13):E783-E91.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182913e9f</citation> <citation>Helmy AA, Mohammed AA, Yossif HAE-G. Knowledge and Practices of School Children and Teachers Regarding Musculoskeletal Problems: An Educational Intervention. 2019.</citation> <citation>Matlabi H, Behtash HH, Rasouli A, Osmani N. Carrying heavy backpacks and handbags amongst elementary students: Causes and solutions. Science. 2014;4:305-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjph.20140204.20</citation> <citation>Kamat S, Zula NM, Rayme N, Shamsuddin S, Husain K, editors. The ergonomics body posture on repetitive and heavy lifting activities of workers in aerospace manufacturing warehouse. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering; 2017: IOP Publishing.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/210/1/012079</citation> <citation>Khandan M, Vosoughi S, Poursadeghiyan M, Azizi F, Ahounbar E, Koohpaei A. Ergonomic assessment of posture risk factors among Iranian Workers: An alternative to conventional methods. Iranian Rehabilitation Journal. 2018;16(1):11-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.29252/nrip.irj.16.1.11</citation> <citation>Farhood HF. Low back pain in schoolchildren: the role of school bag weight and carrying way. J Nat Sci Res. 2013;3(8):156-64.</citation> <citation>Dockrell S, Simms C, Blake C. Schoolbag weight limit: can it be defined? Journal of School Health. 2013;83(5):368-77.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12040</citation> </citations> <pages>64-67</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-01-29" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="229" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">229</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="869" created_at="2022-01-29" date_created="" file_id="464" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-29" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PATTERN OF PRESENTATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS OF METASTATIC CARCINOMA PROSTATE IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRY.docx</name> <file id="464" filesize="29534" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/229/61f5573a056e5.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="972" created_at="2022-02-08" date_created="" file_id="464" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-08" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="869" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PATTERN OF PRESENTATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS OF METASTATIC CARCINOMA PROSTATE IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRY.docx</name> <file id="464" filesize="29534" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/229/61f5573a056e5.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1054" created_at="2022-02-15" date_created="" file_id="464" stage="final" updated_at="2022-02-15" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="972" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PATTERN OF PRESENTATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS OF METASTATIC CARCINOMA PROSTATE IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRY.docx</name> <file id="464" filesize="29534" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/229/61f5573a056e5.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1055" created_at="2022-02-15" date_created="" file_id="464" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-02-15" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1054" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PATTERN OF PRESENTATIONS AND MANAGEMENT OF COMPLICATIONS OF METASTATIC CARCINOMA PROSTATE IN UNDERDEVELOPED COUNTRY.docx</name> <file id="464" filesize="29534" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/229/61f5573a056e5.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1322" created_at="2022-03-18" date_created="" file_id="1032" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1032" filesize="664296" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/229/6244cfb9dbe5f.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="835" filesize="660739" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/229/6234bb9e49246.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1262" url_path="" seq="6" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">229</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.229</id> <title locale="en_US">Pattern of Presentations and Management of Complications of Metastatic Carcinoma Prostate in Underdeveloped Country</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Complications of Metastatic Carcinoma Prostate</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>To share our experience of presentations and management of  metastatic carcinoma prostate and its complications in tertiary care hospital in underdeveloped country.<strong>Methods:</strong>This is retrospective study conducted  in institute of kidney diseases Peshawar from January 2017 to December 2020 .Patients were sampled through non probability randomized method mode of presentation ,diagnosis and management of metastatic  carcinoma prostate complications  were evaluated and analyzed .<strong>Results:</strong>There were 80 patients in the study ,63 patients opted for medical castration while in  17 patients   bilateral orchidectomies done for androgen blockade . Docetoxil  added long with ADT for androgen blockade in 12 patients who were labeled castrate resistant  .12 patients present with urinary retention and channel TURP performed on them and 2 patients have hematuria due to mets in urinary bladder and 4 patients have skeletal metastasis and were managed in respective department. <strong>Conclusion:</strong>This study concludes that in under developed countries like Pakistan mostly patients of carcinoma prostate  present in metastatic stage with multiple complications and most of  complications can be managed in urology department in close collaboration with other specialized units.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Peptic Ulcers, Helicobacter pylori, Drugs therapy, Vomiting, abdominal pain</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1152"> <givenname locale="en_US">Naqib</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Ullah</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Urology, Rehman Medical Institute, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>naqibullah009@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1262"> <givenname locale="en_US">Qaiser </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Iqbal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Urology, Kohat Medical College, Kohat</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1263"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shaman </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Urology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1264"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tauheed</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Fareed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Urology, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1265"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mati ur </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rehman</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Urology, Pak International Medical College, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="1266"> <givenname locale="en_US"> Mehboob ul </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Wahab</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Urology, Institute of Kidney Diseases, Peshawar</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">228</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.229.g228</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1322"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Brawley OW. Prostate carcinoma incidence and patient mortality: the effects of screening and early detection. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 1997 Nov 1;80(9):1857-63.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19971101)80:9<1857::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-3</citation> <citation>Potosky AL, Miller BA, Albertsen PC, Kramer BS. The role of increasing detection in the rising incidence of prostate cancer. Jama. 1995 Feb 15;273(7):548-52.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.273.7.548</citation> <citation>Hugosson J, Carlsson S. Overdetection in screening for prostate cancer. Current opinion in urology. 2014 May 1;24(3):256-63.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/MOU.0000000000000054</citation> <citation>Hernandez DJ, Nielsen ME, Han M, Partin AW. Contemporary evaluation of the D'amico risk classification of prostate cancer. Urology. 2007 Nov 1;70(5):931-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2007.08.055</citation> <citation>Liu, Lei et al. Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences vol. 47,4 (2015): 597-600.</citation> <citation>Soos G, Tsakiris I, Szanto J, Turzo C, Haas PG, Dezso B. The prevalence of prostate carcinoma and its precursor in Hungary: an autopsy study. European urology. 2005 Nov 1;48(5):739-44.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2005.08.010</citation> <citation>Miller DC, Hafez KS, Stewart A, Montie JE, Wei JT. Prostate carcinoma presentation, diagnosis, and staging: an update from the National Cancer Data Base. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 2003 Sep 15;98(6):1169-78.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11635</citation> <citation>Garnick MB. Prostate cancer: screening, diagnosis, and management. Annals of internal medicine. 1993 May 15;118(10):804-18.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-10-199305150-00008</citation> <citation>Dall'Era MA, Cooperberg MR, Chan JM, Davies BJ, Albertsen PC, Klotz LH, Warlick CA, Holmberg L, Bailey Jr DE, Wallace ME, Kantoff PW. Active surveillance for early‐stage p rostate cancer: review of the current literature. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 2008 Apr 15;112(8):1650-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.23373</citation> <citation>Boccon-Gibod L, Bertaccini A, Bono AV, Höltl W, Mottet N, Tunn U, Zamboglou N. Management of locally advanced prostate cancer: a European consensus. International journal of clinical practice. 2003 Apr 1;57(3):187-94.</citation> <citation>Body A, Pranavan G, Tan TH, Slobodian P. Medical management of metastatic prostate cancer. Australian prescriber. 2018 Oct;41(5):154.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.18773/austprescr.2018.046</citation> <citation>Saad F, Hotte SJ. Guidelines for the management of castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Canadian Urological Association Journal. 2010 Dec;4(6):380.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.10167</citation> <citation>Kim JS, Park YY, Shim BS. The Effect of Palliative Transurethral Resection of Prostate (Channel TURP) for Acute Urinary Retention in Patients with Metastatic Prostatic Cancer. Journal of the Korean Continence Society. 2006 Dec 31;10(2):116-20.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5213/jkcs.2006.10.2.116</citation> <citation>Pollen JJ, Schmidt JD. Bone pain in metastatic cancer of prostate. Urology. 1979 Feb 1;13(2):129-34.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(79)90280-2</citation> <citation>Paul AB, Love C, Chisholm GD. The management of bilateral ureteric obstruction and renal failure in advanced prostate cancer. British journal of urology . 1994 Nov;74(5):642-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.1994.tb09198.x</citation> <citation>Pandya M, Lal J, Karunakaran R. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor in a case of metastatic carcinoma prostate with penile prosthesis implant. Indian journal of urology: IJU: journal of the Urological Society of India. 2019 Oct;35(4):301.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/iju.IJU_144_19</citation> <citation>Williams BJ, Fox BD, Sciubba DM, Suki D, Tu SM, Kuban D, Gokaslan ZL, Rhines LD, Rao G. Surgical management of prostate cancer metastatic to the spine. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 2009 May 1;10(5):414-22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3171/2009.1.SPINE08509</citation> <citation>Elhony A, Darat TE, Elkawafi R, Ramse W, Alzaghad AI, Sheriff DS. Gross Hematuria and Prostatic Cancer in Libyan Patients. Journal of Advances in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2019 Aug 20:1-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.9734/jamps/2019/v21i230128</citation> </citations> <pages>51-54</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-01-23" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="222" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">222</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="797" created_at="2022-01-23" date_created="" file_id="529" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-02-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">peptit ulcer.docx</name> <file id="529" filesize="79805" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/222/62036772045bc.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="509" filesize="79399" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/222/61ffe16231938.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="441" filesize="140139" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/222/61ecd92e31c04.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="984" created_at="2022-02-09" date_created="" file_id="529" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-02-09" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="797" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">peptit ulcer.docx</name> <file id="529" filesize="79805" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/222/62036772045bc.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1096" created_at="2022-02-21" date_created="" file_id="529" stage="final" updated_at="2022-02-21" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="984" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">peptit ulcer.docx</name> <file id="529" filesize="79805" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/222/62036772045bc.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1318" created_at="2022-03-17" date_created="" file_id="1029" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1029" filesize="789370" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/222/6244cd0d24a5e.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="832" filesize="711087" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/222/623456d9156ef.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="812" filesize="711712" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/222/623371da63046.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1109" url_path="" seq="4" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">222</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.222</id> <title locale="en_US">Rational Drug Therapy of Peptic Ulcer Disease In Patients Admitted To Gastroenterology Ward of LRH Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The present study was conducted from 12 Sep.2019 to 10 Nov. 2019 at the Gastroenterology ward, Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar Pakistan, aiming to accurately investigate the Peptic Ulcer Disease state, signs and symptoms, to ensure complete information about drug therapy and patients response. Peptic ulcer disease is defined as an upper gastric mucosal rupture due to acid hat results in the formation of ulcers that extend beyond the muscular mucosa to the submucosa. Peptic ulcer is characterized by abdominal pain, change in appetite, unexplained weight loss, nausea, vomiting, heart burn and dark, tarry stools. Spicy and acidic foods, Stress and restless lifestyle were considered to be the leading causes of peptic ulcer. However the Helicobacter pyloribacterium is responsible for up to 60% stomach ulcers. Frequent use of painkillers, old age, obesity<em> Smoking,&nbsp;excessive alcohol use, too little sleep,&nbsp;type O blood and chronic </em>stress, are the risk factors of peptic ulcers. Acute peptic ulcers results from taking aspirin or anti-inflammatory drugs. Chronic peptic ulcer represents a profound loss of substance. Data from a total of10 patients (6 female and 4 male)of all age, having various peptic ulcer diseases were involved in this study. It was concluded that most of the female patients (60%) were having peptic ulcers as compared to male patient (40%). It was found that 30-40 years old peptic ulcer patient percentage was 20%.Moreover it was observed that frequent use of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs has been found to be the main causes of peptic ulcers</p></abstract> <source locale="en_US">no</source> <rights locale="en_US">.</rights> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>PEPTIC ULCER DISEASE</keyword> <keyword>infection Rate</keyword> <keyword>drug therapy</keyword> </keywords> <agencies locale="en_US"> <agency>.</agency> </agencies> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="1163"> <givenname locale="en_US">Farrah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shams</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Dow University of Health Science, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="1463"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nawaz</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Samoo</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Medicine, CPSP Pakistan, Batterjee Medical College, Saudi Arabia</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="1109"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fawad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biotechnology, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda, KPK, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>fawadali@wumardan.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="1164"> <givenname locale="en_US">Faiza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nawaz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, UAE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="1165"> <givenname locale="en_US">Uzma</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Asif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Biochemistry, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, Saudia Arabia</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="1464"> <givenname locale="en_US">Alia</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Gul</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Departmet of Botany, Hazara University Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">224</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.222.g224</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1318"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Lee, Y.Y., S. Mahendra Raj, and D.Y. Graham, Helicobacter pylori infection-a boon or a bane: lessons from studies in a low‐prevalence population. Helicobacter, 2013. 18(5): p. 338-346. doi: 10.1111/hel.12058.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12058</citation> <citation>Bertleff, M.J., et al., Randomized clinical trial of laparoscopic versus open repair of the perforated peptic ulcer: the LAMA Trial. World journal of surgery, 2009. 33(7): p. 1368-1373. doi: 10.1007/s00268-009-0054-y.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-009-0054-y</citation> <citation>Ali, M., et al., Soil and water conservation practices in district Swabi, KP, Pakistan. Adv Crop Sci Tech, 2018. 6(366): p. 2. doi: 10.4172/2329-8863.1000366</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-8863.1000366</citation> <citation>Taha, A.S., et al., Famotidine for the prevention of peptic ulcers and oesophagitis in patients taking low-dose aspirin (FAMOUS): a phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 2009. 374 (9684): p. 119-125. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61246-0.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61246-0</citation> <citation>Cichoke, A.J., The complete book of enzyme therapy. A Complete and Up-To-Date Reference to Effective Remedies. 1999: Penguin.</citation> <citation>Avery, A.J., et al., A pharmacist-led information technology intervention for medication errors (PINCER): a multicentre, cluster randomised, controlled trial and cost-effectiveness analysis. The Lancet, 2012. 379(9823): p. 1310-1319. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61817-5</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61817-5</citation> <citation>Sung, J., E. Kuipers, and H. El‐Serag, Systematic review: the global incidence and prevalence of peptic ulcer disease. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 2009. 29(9): p. 938-946. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03960.x</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.03960.x</citation> <citation>Wang, C.-H., et al., High-dose vs non-high-dose proton pump inhibitors after endoscopic treatment in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Archives of internal medicine, 2010. 170(9): p. 751-758. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.100.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.100</citation> <citation>Israel, D.A., et al., Helicobacter pylori strain-specific differences in genetic content, identified by microarray, influence host inflammatory responses. The Journal of clinical investigation, 2001. 107(5): p. 611-620. doi: 10.1172/JCI11450.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI11450</citation> <citation>Schaffer, D., et al., Risk of serious NSAID‐related gastrointestinal events during long‐term exposure: a systematic review. Medical journal of Australia, 2006. 185(9): p. 501-506. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00665.x.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2006.tb00665.x</citation> <citation>Roderick, P., et al., Cost-effectiveness of population screening for Helicobacter pylori in preventing gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease, using simulation. Journal of Medical Screening, 2003. 10(3): p. 148-156. doi: 10.1177/096914130301000310.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/096914130301000310</citation> <citation>Kahi, C.J., et al., Endoscopic therapy versus medical therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer with adherent clot: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology, 2005. 129(3): p. 855-862. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.070.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.070</citation> <citation>Ng, F.H., et al., Famotidine is inferior to pantoprazole in preventing recurrence of aspirin-related peptic ulcers or erosions. Gastroenterology, 2010. 138(1): p. 82-88. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.063.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2009.09.063</citation> <citation>Fallah, M.S., F. Mansour-Ghanaei, and A. Shafaghi, Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in duodenal ulcer disease tetracycline & furazolidone vs. metronidazole & amoxicillin in omeprazole based triple therapy. Medical Science Monitor, 2002. 8(3): p. PI27-PI30.</citation> <citation>Lanza, F.L., A guideline for the treatment and prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers. The American journal of gastroenterology, 1998. 93(11): p. 2037. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00588.x.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.1998.00588.x</citation> <citation>Graham, D., et al., Campylobacter pylori detected noninvasively by the 13C-urea breath test. The Lancet, 1987. 329(8543): p. 1174-1177. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(87)92145-3.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92145-3</citation> <citation>Yuan, Y., I.T. Padol, and R.H. Hunt, Peptic ulcer disease today. Nature Clinical Practice Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 2006. 3(2): p. 80-89. doi: 10.1038/ncpgasthep0393.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpgasthep0393</citation> <citation>Genovese, M.C., et al., Interleukin‐6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs: the tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Official Journal of the American College of Rheumatology, 2008. 58(10): p. 2968-2980. doi: 10.1002/art.23940.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/art.23940</citation> <citation>Jain, S., M. Umesh, and H. Nandeesh, A study on prescription pattern of drugs used in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease in a tertiary care hospital.</citation> <citation>Singh, G. and G. Triadafilopoulos, Appropriate choice of proton pump inhibitor therapy in the prevention and management of NSAID‐related gastrointestinal damage. International journal of clinical practice, 2005. 59(10): p. 1210-1217. doi: 10.1111/j.1368-5031.2005.00660.x.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1368-5031.2005.00660.x</citation> </citations> <pages>42-46</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-01-20" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="219" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">219</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="761" created_at="2022-01-20" date_created="" file_id="423" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-20" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">biomed 3.docx</name> <file id="423" filesize="31598" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/219/61e95a11a1e0f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="906" created_at="2022-01-31" date_created="" file_id="423" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-31" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="761" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">biomed 3.docx</name> <file id="423" filesize="31598" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/219/61e95a11a1e0f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1307" created_at="2022-03-17" date_created="" file_id="423" stage="final" updated_at="2022-03-17" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="906" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">biomed 3.docx</name> <file id="423" filesize="31598" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/219/61e95a11a1e0f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1308" created_at="2022-03-17" date_created="" file_id="423" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-03-17" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="1307" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">biomed 3.docx</name> <file id="423" filesize="31598" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/219/61e95a11a1e0f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1316" created_at="2022-03-17" date_created="" file_id="1030" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1030" filesize="666194" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/219/6244ce1927155.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="833" filesize="662079" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/219/62345798490fd.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="810" filesize="661472" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/219/6233706cd3607.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1100" url_path="" seq="5" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">219</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.219</id> <title locale="en_US">Association of Health-Related Quality of Life and Depression Among Undergraduate Nursing Students</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Relation Between Health And Depression Among Nursing Students</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Depression is greatly affect the health related quality of life inundergraduate nursing students and the prevalence of depression is extended day by day, as thenursing students have to face variety of problems and issue likehealth related issue, poor qualityof life, difficulty in focusing, feeling embraced and death anxiety because of their poor academicsystem and clinical performance. During the clinical practice the nursing students have to takedecision that how to give proper care and attention to patient, so the lack of confidence andanxiety result into stress and depression. The educational institutes should make better strategiesto improve the poor academic and clinical practice and then automatically depression decreasesaswell asthe healthrelatedissuesresolve. <strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of the study is to determine the association of health related quality oflifeand depression among undergraduate nursing students.&nbsp;<strong>Methods: </strong>This was observational study conducted on both female and male students at ShalimarTeaching Hospital, Lahore. A sample of 187 students was selected using non probabilitypurposive sampling. Students were selected by using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria.After taking permission letter from the Hospital each student fill the Beck Depression Inventoryand SF (36) questionnaire. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version-21.0. Mean and standarddeviation were calculated for quantitative variables and data was presented in the form offrequency and percentage. <strong>Results: </strong>The result is evaluated by applying chi-square test which shows that there is strongassociation between physical health and depression because the (p&lt;0.05) and p value is 0.00,there is no association between mental health and depression among undergraduate nursingstudentsbecause the (p&gt;0.05) and in thegiven result the p value is0.13.&nbsp;<strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study concluded that their association of health related quality of life anddepression among undergraduate nursing student from the two variables of QoL, the physicalhealthisstronglyaffectedwithdepressionbutthementalhealthisnotaffectedwithdepression</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="1098"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sara </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khawar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy (UIPT), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sara.kbutt48@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="1099"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hamna</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Ilyas</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Physiotherapist, Shalamar Hospital, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="1100"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sana</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tauqeer</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy (UIPT), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sana.tauqeer@uipt.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="1101"> <givenname locale="en_US">Arfa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khawar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy (UIPT), Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>arfakbutt05.ab@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="1102"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiza Iqra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rubab</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">MS Riphah International University Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="1103"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shakeel</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Physiotherapist Muhammadi Medical Trust Hospital Lahore </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">222</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.219.g222</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1316"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Souza IMDM, ParoHBMdS, Morales RR, Pinto RdMC, Silva CHMd. Health-related quality of life and depressive symptoms in undergraduate nursing students. Revistalatino-americana de enfermagem.2012;20(4):736-43. doi: 10.1590/s0104-11692012000400014.</citation> <citation>Moreira DP, Furegato ARF. Stress and depression among students of the last semester in two nursing courses. Revistalatino-americana de enfermagem.2013;21(SPE):155-62. doi:10.1590/S0104-11692013000700020</citation> <citation>Paro HB, Morales NM, Silva CH, Rezende CH, Pinto RM, Morales RR, et al. Health‐related quality of life of medical students. Medical education. 2010;44(3):227-35. Doi:10.2298/VSP1408751L</citation> <citation>Jimenez C, Navia‐Osorio PM, Diaz CV. Stress and health in novice and experienced nursing students. Journal of Advanced Nursing.2010;66(2):442-55. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05183.x</citation> <citation>Song Y, Lindquist R. Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on depression, anxiety, stress and mindfulness in Korean nursing students. Nurse education today.2015;35(1):86-90. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2014.06.010</citation> <citation>Aradilla-HerreroA, Tomás-SábadoJ, Gómez BenitoJ. Associations between emotional intelligence, depression and suicide risk in nursing students. Nurse education today.2014;34(4):520-5. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2013.07.001</citation> <citation>Goff AM. Stressors, academic performance, and learned resourcefulness in baccalaureate nursing students. International journal of nursing education scholarship.2011;8(1):1-22. doi:10.2202/1548-923X.2114</citation> <citation>Ross R, Zeller R, Srisaeng P, Yimmee S, Somchid S, Sawatphanit W. Depression, stress, emotional support, and self-esteem among baccalaureate nursing students in Thailand. International Journal of Nursing Education Scholarship. 2005;2(1):1-17. doi:10.2202/1548-923X.1165</citation> <citation>Hamasha AA-H, Kareem YM, Alghamdi MS, Algarni MS, Alahedib KS, Alharbi FA. Risk indicators of depression among medical, dental, nursing, pharmacology, and other medical science students in Saudi Arabia. International Review of Psychiatry. 2019;31(7-8):646-52. doi: 10.1080/09540261.2019.1584095</citation> <citation>Wu H, Ge CX, Sun W, Wang JN, Wang L. Depressive symptoms and occupational stress among Chinese female nurses: the mediating effects of social support and rational coping. Research in nursing &health.2011;34(5):401-7. doi: 10.1002/nur.20449.</citation> <citation>Chen CJ, Chen YC, Sung HC, Hsieh TC, Lee MS, Chang CY. The prevalence and related factors of depressive symptoms among junior college nursing students: a cross‐sectional study. Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing. 2015;22(8):590-8. doi:10.1111/jpm.12252</citation> <citation>Armoon B, Mokhayeri Y, Haroni J, Karimy M, Noroozi M. How is the Quality of Life of Students?:The Role of Depression, Anxiety and Stress. Polish Psychological Bulletin.2019;50(1):43-8. doi:10.24425/PPB.2019.126017</citation> <citation>Zeng Y, Wang G, Xie C, Hu X, Reinhardt JD. Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety and symptoms of stress in vocational college nursing students from Sichuan, China: a cross-sectional study. Psychology, health & medicine. 2019:1-14. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2019.1574358</citation> <citation>Hawker CL. Physical activity and mental well-being in student nurses. Nurse education today.2012;32(3):325-31. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2011.07.013</citation> <citation>King S. An Analysis of Stress in Undergraduate Nursing Students at the University of Maine.2019.</citation> <citation>Njim T, Mbanga C, Mouemba D, Makebe H, Toukam L, Kika B, Mulango I. Determinants of depression among nursing students in Cameroon: a cross-sectional analysis. BMC nursing. 2020;19(1):1-6. doi:10.1186/s12912-020-00424-y</citation> <citation>Kwan MY, Brown D, MacKillop J, Beaudette S, Van Koughnett S, Munn C. Evaluating the impact of Archway: a personalized program for 1st year student success and mental health and wellbeing. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1-7. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-10057-0</citation> <citation>Mollon L, Bhattacharjee S. Health related quality of life among myocardial infarction survivors in the United States: a propensity score matched analysis. Health and quality of life outcomes. 2017;15(1):1-10. doi: 10.1186/s12955-017-0809-3</citation> <citation>Smith KW, Avis NE, Assmann SF. Distinguishing between quality of life and health status in quality of life research: a meta-analysis. Quality of life research. 1999;8(5):447-59. doi: 10.1023/A:1008928518577</citation> <citation>Alsubaie MM, Stain HJ, Webster LA, Wadman R. The role of sources of social support on depression and quality of life for university students. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth. 2019;24(4):484-96. doi:10.1080/02673843.2019.1568887</citation> </citations> <pages>47-50</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-01-16" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="210" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">210</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="730" created_at="2022-01-16" date_created="" file_id="412" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-16" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Abdullah Article (pak bmj).docx</name> <file id="412" filesize="34942" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/210/61e42dae1b68b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="731" created_at="2022-01-16" date_created="" file_id="412" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-16" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="730" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Abdullah Article (pak bmj).docx</name> <file id="412" filesize="34942" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/210/61e42dae1b68b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="858" created_at="2022-01-29" date_created="" file_id="412" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-29" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="731" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Abdullah Article (pak bmj).docx</name> <file id="412" filesize="34942" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/210/61e42dae1b68b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="859" created_at="2022-01-29" date_created="" file_id="412" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-29" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="858" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Abdullah Article (pak bmj).docx</name> <file id="412" filesize="34942" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/210/61e42dae1b68b.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1340" created_at="2022-03-19" date_created="" file_id="1044" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1044" filesize="667878" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/210/6244d806a53fa.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="846" filesize="665894" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/210/623608b441cbc.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="1046" url_path="" seq="17" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">210</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.210</id> <title locale="en_US">Association of Neck Pain With Hand Grip Strength in Private School Teachers of Lahore</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Neck Pain with Hand Grip Strength in Private School Teachers</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Neck pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorderand getting persistently developing all through the world.It is seen in different sorts of Professions, for instance, Dentists, Physiotherapists, Teachers, etc.Assessment of hand grip strength is compulsory for the assessment of upper limb disabilities and successful exercise treatment.The present investigation design to discover the relationship of neck pain as estimated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Neck Disability as estimated by Neck Disability Index (NDI) with hand grasping strength estimated by digital hand dynamometer in lb. (Unit). <strong>Objective:</strong>To find the association of neck pain with hand grip strength in private school teachers of Lahore. <strong>Methods: </strong>210 school teachers were selected. Data was collected from different schools of Lahore. Data was collected through self-made questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS version 24.0. Data was completed in a span of 11 visits. <strong>Results:</strong>The prevalence of neck pain was 20.3%.Among 210 instructors, the pervasiveness of NPD and hand grasp quality was 48.7% and 45.6% individually. There was critical relationship between the degree of Neck pain and Hand grip strength. The association was found between them, NPD index and hand grip strength among selected participants is hundred percent. The above P value chi square value is 0.03 which is less than 0.05 which shows that there is association between and neck pain and Hand grip strength. <strong>Conclusion:</strong>This research shows the association of neck pain with hand grip strength in school teachers.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Spondylosis, disc herniation, NDI , Dynamometer</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="1045"> <givenname locale="en_US">Abdullah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Omer</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Consultant Physiotherapist, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="1046"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bazal `</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Bukhari</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>bazal.bukhari@uipt.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="1047"> <givenname locale="en_US">Narmeen</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Haseeb</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University of south Asia, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="1048"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zirwa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Afzal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Physical Therapy, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="1049"> <givenname locale="en_US">Adnan </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hashim</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Consultant Physiotherapist, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="17" id="1050"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sarwat </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Consultant Physiotherapist, Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">239</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.210.g239</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1340"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Marras WS, Cutlip RG, Burt SE, Waters TR: National occupational research agenda (NORA) future directions in occupational musculoskeletal disorder health research. ApplErgon 2013, 40(1):15-22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2008.01.018</citation> <citation>Erick PN, Smith DR: A systematic review of musculoskeletal disorders among school teachers. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2013, 12:260.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-12-260</citation> <citation>Maguire M, O'Connell T: Ill-health retirement of schoolteachers in the Republic of Ireland. Occup Med 2013, 57(3):191-193.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqm001</citation> <citation>Hagberg M, Wegman D: Prevalence rates and odds2013, 40(1):15</citation> <citation>Harcombe H, McBride D, Derrett S, Gray A: Prevalence and impact of musculoskeletal disorders in New Zealand nurses, postal workers and office workers. Aust N Z J Public Health 2013 3(5):437-441.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.2009.00425.x</citation> <citation>Harcombe H, McBride D, Derrett S, Gray A: Physical and psycho-social risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in New Zealand nurses, postal workers and office workers. InjPrev: J IntSoc Child and AdolesInjPrev 2013,16(2):96-100.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2009.021766</citation> <citation>Bosman EA. Cutaneous and trans-dermal delivery-processes and systems of delivery effectiveness. Routledge; 2013 Mar 27.</citation> <citation>Robb J, Harris OJ, editors. The body in history: Europe from the Paleolithic to the future. Cambridge University Press; 2013 Sept 2.</citation> <citation>Wilson D. 'Make Dry Bones Live': Scientists' Responses to Changing Cultural Representation of Tissue Culture in Britain, 2014. The University of Manchester (United Kingdom); 2014</citation> <citation>Flynn GL. Cutaneous and trans-dermal delivery-processes and systems of delivery. Modern pharmaceutics. 2014;3:239-98.</citation> <citation>BidjaMansi, Mishra Neeti, Mishra Anil. A STUDY ON CORRELATION BETWEEN NECK PAIN AND HAND GRIP STRENGTH AND ITS EFFECT ON QoL AMONG FEMALE BEAUTICIANS; 2020 May 24</citation> <citation>Ehsani F, Mohseni-Bandpei MA, Fernández-De-Las-Peñas C, Javanshir K. Neck pain in Iranian school teachers: Prevalence and risk factors. Journal of bodywork and movement therapies. 2018;22(1):64-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.04.003</citation> <citation>Preckel K, Scheele D, Kendrick KMF, Maier W, Hurlemann R. Oxytocin facilitates social approach behavior in women. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 2014;8:191.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00191</citation> <citation>Yeun YR, Han S-J. Factors associated with neck/shoulder pain in young adults. 2017.</citation> <citation>Ehsani F, Aminianfar A, Bakhtiary AH. Prevalence and associate risk factors of upper limb disorders in school teachers in Semnan (Iran). Koomesh. 2016:880-7.</citation> <citation>Ng YM, Voo P, Maakip I. Psychosocial factors, depression, and musculoskeletal disorders among teachers. BMC public health. 2019;19(1):234.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6553-3</citation> <citation>Fayez, Eman. The Correlation between Neck Pain and Hand Grip Strength of Dentists; 2014 Jan 01.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6879.1000185</citation> <citation>Silver EL. The Tincture of Time: A Parent's Memoir of (Medical) Uncertainty: Penguin; 2017.</citation> <citation>Shanahan C. Deep nutrition: Why your genes need traditional food: Flatiron Books; 2017.</citation> <citation>Shakeel MK, Docherty NM. Confabulations in schizophrenia. Cognitive neuropsychiatry. 2015;20(1):1-13.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2014.940886</citation> </citations> <pages>95-98</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-01-06" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="202" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">202</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="668" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="390" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Use of favipiravir against Covid-19 A Review.docx</name> <file id="390" filesize="42811" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/202/61d6c570a82e8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="687" created_at="2022-01-07" date_created="" file_id="390" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-07" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="668" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Use of favipiravir against Covid-19 A Review.docx</name> <file id="390" filesize="42811" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/202/61d6c570a82e8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="750" created_at="2022-01-19" date_created="" file_id="390" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="687" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Use of favipiravir against Covid-19 A Review.docx</name> <file id="390" filesize="42811" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/202/61d6c570a82e8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="751" created_at="2022-01-19" date_created="" file_id="390" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-19" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="750" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Use of favipiravir against Covid-19 A Review.docx</name> <file id="390" filesize="42811" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/202/61d6c570a82e8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1254" created_at="2022-03-12" date_created="" file_id="1021" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1021" filesize="679699" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/202/6244c53344ef0.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="740" filesize="780546" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/202/622dbce65149c.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="726" filesize="780546" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/202/622c94e9a8d05.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="998" url_path="" seq="4" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">202</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.202</id> <title locale="en_US">Use of favipiravir against Covid-19: A Review</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Use of Favipiravir Against Covid-19: A Review</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) emerged as a global challenge for the world healthcare community. The use of favipiravir against COVID-19 was studied in various studies but its efficacy and side effects remain uncertain. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the use of favipiravir in patients suffering from coronavirus.The literature search was done by using several databases including MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, and Science Direct. To ensure the credibility and accuracy of the included articles we include only those studies that were published in indexed journals.&nbsp; Furthermore, in this current review, we mainly include only those studies published from January 2015 to September2021. We included all the review and research articles published in the English language.The review of currently available literature suggests the use of favipiravir showed both some utility and side effects in patients diagnosed with coronavirus-19. Moreover, the use of this antiviral drug may show a promising role in mild to moderate COVID-19 patients and it may reduce the need for prolonged hospital stay and mechanical ventilation. But there is still a need to confirm the side effects and favipiravir efficacy in the patients suffering from this fatal disease.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Covid-19, Favipiravir, Coronavirus, Pandemic</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="998"> <givenname locale="en_US">Eiman </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Syed </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>eiman.syed@riphah.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="999"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mati</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Ullah</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Government College University, Faisalabad</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="1000"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ataul </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mustafa</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Government College University, Faisalabad</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="4" id="1001"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sana </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ashiq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Centre for Applied Molecular Biology, University of the Punjab, Lahore-Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sanaashiq72@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">197</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.202.g197</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1254"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Khanna RC, Cicinelli MV, Gilbert SS, Honavar SG, Murthy GV. COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons learned and future directions. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(5):703.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_843_20</citation> <citation>Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, et al. The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak-an update on the status. Mil Med Res. 2020;7(1):1-0.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0</citation> <citation>Chan JF, To KK, Tse H, Jin DY, Yuen KY. Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds. Trends Microbiol. 2013;21(10):544-55.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2013.05.005</citation> <citation>Pal M, Berhanu G, Desalegn C, Kandi V. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): an update. Cureus. 2020;12(3).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7423</citation> <citation>Zheng J. SARS-CoV-2: an emerging coronavirus that causes a global threat. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1678.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45053</citation> <citation>Chan JF, Kok KH, Zhu Z, Chu H, To KK, Yuan S, Yuen KY. Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan. Emerg Microbes & Infect. 2020;9(1):221-36.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1719902</citation> <citation>Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):450-2.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9</citation> <citation>Morawska L. Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection?. Indoor air. 2006;16(5):335-47.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00432.x</citation> <citation>Ashiq K, Ashiq S, Bajwa MA, Tanveer S, Qayyum M. Knowledge, attitude and practices among the inhabitants of Lahore, Pakistan towards the COVID-19 pandemic: an immediate online based cross-sectional survey while people are under the lockdown. Bangladesh J Medical Sci. 2020;19:S69-76.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v19i0.48169</citation> <citation>Yuki K, Fujiogi M, KoutsogiannakiS. COVID-19 pathophysiology: A review. Clinical immunology (Orlando, Fla.). 2020;215:108427.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2020.108427</citation> <citation>Zeouk I, Bekhti K, Lorenzo-Morales J. From Wuhan to COVID-19 pandemic: An up-to-date review of its pathogenesis, potential therapeutics, and recent advances. Microorganisms. 2020;8(6):850.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8060850</citation> <citation>Hossain MF, Hasana S, Al Mamun A, Uddin MS, Wahed MI, Sarker S, et al. COVID-19 outbreak: pathogenesis, current therapies, and potentials for future management. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.563478</citation> <citation>Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7):e00127-20.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00127-20</citation> <citation>Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med. 2020;14(2):185-192.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11684-020-0754-0</citation> <citation>Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, Ren R, Leung KS, Lau EH, Wong JY, Xing X. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316</citation> <citation>Tu YF, Chien CS, Yarmishyn AA, Lin YY, Luo YH, Lin YT, et al. A review of SARS-CoV-2 and the ongoing clinical trials. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(7):2657.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072657</citation> <citation>Lee IC, Huo TI, Huang YH. Gastrointestinal and liver manifestations in patients with COVID-19. J Chin Med Assoc. 2020. 83(6), 521-523.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000319</citation> <citation>Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of theCytokineStorm'in COVID-19. J Infect. 2020;80(6):607-13.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037</citation> <citation>Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y, Liu Z, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3</citation> <citation>Lu X, Zhang L, Du H, Zhang J, Li YY, Qu J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1663-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2005073</citation> <citation>Yuan W, Liu S, Lu L, Feng J, He X. Clinical interventions for severe and critical COVID-19: what are the options. Am J Transl Res. 2020;12(5):2110.</citation> <citation>Furuta Y, Takahashi K, Kuno-Maekawa M, Sangawa H, Uehara S, Kozaki K, Nomura N, Egawa H, Shiraki K. Mechanism of action of T-705 against influenza virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(3):981-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.49.3.981-986.2005</citation> <citation>Furuta Y, Komeno T, Nakamura T. Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B. 2017;93(7):449-63.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.93.027</citation> <citation>Furuta Y, Gowen BB, Takahashi K, Shiraki K, Smee DF, Barnard DL. Favipiravir (T-705), a novel viral RNA polymerase inhibitor. Antiviral Res. 2013;100(2):446-54.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.09.015</citation> <citation>Dong L, Hu S, Gao J. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug DiscovTher. 2020;14(1):58-60.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5582/ddt.2020.01012</citation> <citation>Cai Q, Yang M, Liu D, Chen J, Shu D, Xia J, et al. Experimental treatment with favipiravir for COVID-19: an open-label control study. Engineering. 2020;6(10):1192-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.007</citation> <citation>Xuan Y. Initial clinical results announced for favipiravir treatment of novel coronavirus pneumonia-viral clearance in four days. Biodiscover. 2020.</citation> <citation>Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res. 2020;30(3):269-71.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0</citation> <citation>Chen C, Huang J, Cheng Z, Wu J, Chen S, Zhang Y, Chen B, Lu M, Luo Y, Zhang J, Yin P. Favipiravir versus arbidol for COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial. MedRxiv. 2020.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.03.17.20037432</citation> <citation>Choy KT, Wong AY, Kaewpreedee P, Sia SF, Chen D, Hui KP, et al. Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro. Antiviral Res. 2020;178:104786.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104786</citation> <citation>Chinello P, Petrosillo N, Pittalis S, Biava G, Ippolito G, Nicastri E, INMI Ebola Team. QTc interval prolongation during favipiravir therapy in an Ebolavirus-infected patient.PLOS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(12), e0006034.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006034</citation> <citation>Mishima E, Anzai N, Miyazaki M, Abe T. Uric acid elevation by favipiravir, an antiviral drug. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2020;251(2):87-90.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.251.87</citation> <citation>Nagata T, Lefor AK, Hasegawa M, Ishii M. Favipiravir: a new medication for the Ebola virus disease pandemic. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2015;9(1):79-81.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2014.151</citation> <citation>Delang L, Abdelnabi R, Neyts J. Favipiravir as a potential countermeasure against neglected and emerging RNA viruses. Antiviral Res. 2018;153:85-94.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.03.003</citation> <citation>NIH US National Library of Medicine clinical trial database. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?cond=COVID&term=favipiravir&cntry=&state=&city=&dist= Accessed 1st July 2020.</citation> <citation>Fujifilm announces the start of a phase III clinical trial of influenza antiviral drug "Avigan Tablet" on COVID-19 and commits to increasing production. Fujifilm Global. (2020). https://www.fujifilm.com/news/n200331_02.html. (Assessed on 3/7/2020).</citation> <citation>THE HINDU. Glenmark begins Phase-3 clinical trials on antiviral drug Favipiravir for COVID-19 patients in India.https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/glenmark-begins-phase-3-clinical-trials-on-antiviral-drug-favipiravir-for-covid-19-patients-in-india/article31563198.ece.(Assessed on 2/7/2020).</citation> <citation>Clinical study to evaluate the performance and safety of favipiravir in COVID-19 - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinicaltrials.gov.</citation> <citation>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04336904?draw=4. (Assessed on 3/7/2020).</citation> <citation>Hassanipour S, Arab-Zozani M, Amani B, Heidarzad F, Fathalipour M, Martinez-de-Hoyo R. The efficacy and safety of Favipiravir in treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):1-1.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-90551-6</citation> <citation>Manabe T, Kambayashi D, Akatsu H, Kudo K. Favipiravir for the treatment of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):1-3.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06164-x</citation> <citation>Dabbous HM, Abd-Elsalam S, El-Sayed MH, Sherief AF, Ebeid FF, Abd El Ghafar MS, et al. Efficacy of favipiravir in COVID-19 treatment: a multi-center randomized study. Arch Virol. 2021;166(3):949-54.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-021-04956-9</citation> </citations> <pages>14-17</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2022-01-06" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="201" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">201</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="667" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="389" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="false" uploader="saadkcd" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Artcle 8 Juglans Regia Bark A Systematic Review.docx</name> <file id="389" filesize="261220" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/201/61d6981f600ee.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="837" created_at="2022-01-28" date_created="" file_id="389" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-28" viewable="true" source_submission_file_id="667" uploader="saadkcd" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Artcle 8 Juglans Regia Bark A Systematic Review.docx</name> <file id="389" filesize="261220" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/201/61d6981f600ee.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="861" created_at="2022-01-29" date_created="" file_id="389" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-29" viewable="true" source_submission_file_id="837" uploader="saadkcd" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Artcle 8 Juglans Regia Bark A Systematic Review.docx</name> <file id="389" filesize="261220" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/201/61d6981f600ee.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="862" created_at="2022-01-29" date_created="" file_id="389" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-29" viewable="true" source_submission_file_id="861" uploader="saadkcd" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Artcle 8 Juglans Regia Bark A Systematic Review.docx</name> <file id="389" filesize="261220" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/201/61d6981f600ee.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="992" created_at="2022-02-09" date_created="" file_id="1062" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-31" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1062" filesize="934338" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/201/6245dbbf5475b.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="1054" filesize="934457" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/201/6244df7a5d58b.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="856" filesize="777791" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/201/6238994c82509.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="538" filesize="1071659" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/201/6203ca5fe9611.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="537" filesize="1101757" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/201/6203c3a505534.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="991" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="Sys.Rvw" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">201</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.201</id> <title locale="en_US">Juglans Regia (Walnut Tree) Bark in Dentistry</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Walnut Tree Bark in Dentistry</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Juglans regia, commonly known as the Walnut tree, is a type of a deciduous tree. The tree has many important parts, the seed, bark, husk, leaves, oil, shell of the fruit and the kernel. The plant has been used in its crude form since ages. The kernel holds nutritional value. The leaves contain an essential oil which is extracted and used. The husk contains steroids and vitamins amongst other useful compounds. The leaves are used topically as antipyretic, analgesic, antidandruff and to heal burns. The bark is tough and has been used for mechanical tooth cleaning due to its tough fibrous texture. It contains Juglone as its main and most important constituent. Juglone works as an anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancerous agent. In dentistry it poses as an effective anti-plaque, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-cariogenic and tooth whitening material. It was concluded that in recent years, scientists and researchers have shown increasing interest towards the in depth understanding of the chemicals and compounds of the bark and its utilization in dental products towards improving dental treatment.   </p> <p>The author would like to thank ORIC, Khyber Medical University for assistance in publication Reference No: KMU/ORIC/AR/005.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Walnut tree</keyword> <keyword>Juglone</keyword> <keyword>Juglans regia</keyword> <keyword>Walnut bark</keyword> <keyword>Dentistry</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="992"> <givenname locale="en_US">Palwasha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khattak </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>Palwashakhattak24@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="994"> <givenname locale="en_US">Talha Falak</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khalil</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>dr.talhafalakkhalil@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="993"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sabra</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Bibi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>zabreenkhan790@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="995"> <givenname locale="en_US">Humaira</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Jabeen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>humairajabeen_16@yahoo.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="996"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nawshad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Muhammad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>nawshadbnu@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="997"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Adnan</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>adnan.khan.37@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="991"> <givenname locale="en_US">Saad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Liaqat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Dental Materials, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>saad_kcd@yahoo.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">141</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.201.g141</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="992"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Alkhawajah, A.M., Studies on the antimicrobial activity of juglans regia. Am J Chin Med, 1997. 25(2): p. 175-80.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X97000202</citation> <citation>wikipedia. juglans regia Available from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_regia.</citation> <citation>Jahanban-Esfahlan, A., et al., A Comprehensive Review on the Chemical Constituents and Functional Uses of Walnut (Juglans spp.) Husk. Int J Mol Sci, 2019. 20(16).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20163920</citation> <citation>Al.Snafi, A.E., Chemical constituents, nutritional, pharmacological and therapeutic importance of Juglans regia- A review. IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy, 2018. 8(11): p. 21.</citation> <citation>Jaiswal, B.S. and M. Tailang, Juglans regia: A review of its traditional uses phytochemistry and pharmacology. Indo Am. J. Pharm. Res, 2017. 7: p. 390-398.</citation> <citation>Ferhad Muradoglu, H.I.O., Kenan Yildiz, and Hüdai Yilmaz, Some chemical composition of walnut (Juglans regia L.) selections from Eastern Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2010. 5.</citation> <citation>Savage, G.P., Chemical composition of walnuts (Juglans regia L.) grown in New Zealand. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 2001. 56(1): p. 75-82.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008175606698</citation> <citation>Manzoor A.Rather, B.A.D., Mohd Yousuf Dar, Bilal A.Wani, Wajahat A.Shah, Bilal A.Bhat, Bashir A.Ganai, Khursheed A.Bhat, Rajneesh Anand, Mushtaq A.Qurishi, Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the leaf essential oil of Juglans regia L. and its constituents. Phytomedicine, 2012. 19(13).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2012.07.018</citation> <citation>Hasan, T.N., et al., Anti-proliferative effects of organic extracts from root bark of Juglans Regia L. (RBJR) on MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells: role of Bcl-2/Bax, caspases and Tp53. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2011. 12(2): p. 525-30.</citation> <citation>direct, S. Juglone. Available from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/juglone.</citation> <citation>Bakir, I.A.M.S.S.R.M., Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Two Different Extracts of Juglans regia Tree Bark and Search for Their Compounds Using Gas Chromatohraphy-Mass Spectrum. International Journal of Biology, 2013.</citation> <citation>Bhatia, K., et al., In vitro antioxidant activity of Juglans regia L. bark extract and its protective effect on cyclophosphamide-induced urotoxicity in mice. Redox Rep, 2006. 11(6): p. 273-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1179/135100006X155030</citation> <citation>Riham Al-Rawi , Y.B., 1 Aseel Mustafa ,1 Mennatalla Omar ,1 Noor AL-Rawi ,2 Musab Saeed ,3 Asmaa Uthman ,4 and Natheer H. Al-Rawi, Teeth Whitening and Antibacterial Effects of Juglans regia Bark: A Preliminary Study. Internationa Journal of Dentistry, 2021.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6685437</citation> <citation>Cruz-Vega, D.E., et al., Antimycobacterial activity of Juglans regia, Juglans mollis, Carya illinoensis and Bocconia frutescens. Phytother Res, 2008. 22(4): p. 557-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2343</citation> <citation>Sharma, R.S., et al., Antifungal activity of some Himalayan medicinal plants and cultivated ornamental species. Fitoterapia, 2008. 79(7-8): p. 589-91.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2008.06.004</citation> <citation>Zakavi, F., et al., Antibacterial Effect of Juglans Regia Bark against Oral Pathologic Bacteria. Int J Dent, 2013. 2013: p. 854765.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/854765</citation> <citation>Shah, U.N., et al., Bio-techniques for improvement of qualitative and quantitative traits in walnut (Juglans regia). Advances in Horticultural Science, 2018. 32(1): p. 113.</citation> <citation>Pujol Pereira, E.I., E.C. Suddick, and J. Six, Carbon Abatement and Emissions Associated with the Gasification of Walnut Shells for Bioenergy and Biochar Production. PLoS One, 2016. 11(3): p. e0150837.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150837</citation> <citation>Taha, N.A. and M.A. Al-wadaan, Utility and importance of walnut, Juglans regia Linn: A review. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 2011. 5(32): p. 5796-5805.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR11.610</citation> <citation>Avanzato, D., et al., Following walnut footprints (Juglans regia L.): cultivation and culture, folklore and history, traditions and uses2014: International Society for Horticultural Science (ISHS).</citation> <citation>Li, W., et al., Juglans regia hexane extract exerts antitumor effect, apoptosis induction and cell circle arrest in prostate cancer cells in vitro. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2015. 14(3): p. 399-405.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v14i3.7</citation> <citation>RAHUL R. DESHPANDE a, A.A.K., ANJALI D. RUIKARb, PRIYA S. PANVALKAR a, ANKUR A KULKARNIa, and J.P.S. NIRMALA R. DESHPANDE b, ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF JUGLANS REGIA L. AGAINST ORAL</citation> <citation>MICROFLORA. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011.</citation> <citation>Kale, A.A., S.A. Gaikwada, and G. Kamble, In vitro anthelmintic activity of stem bark of Juglans regia L. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 2011. 3(2): p. 298-302.</citation> <citation>Alkhawajah, A.M., Studies on the antimicrobial activity of Juglans regia. The American journal of Chinese medicine, 1997. 25(02): p. 175-180.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X97000202</citation> <citation>Nancy, P., M. Manasi, and A. Varghese, Antiplaque activity of Juglans regia L. and characterization of Juglone from Juglans regia L. The American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2011. 7(1): p. 29-31.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.2011.29.31</citation> <citation>Zakavi, F., et al., Antibacterial effect of Juglans regia bark against oral pathologic bacteria. International journal of dentistry, 2013. 2013.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/854765</citation> <citation>Darmani, H., T. Nusayr, and A. Al‐Hiyasat, Effects of extracts of miswak and derum on proliferation of Balb/C 3T3 fibroblasts and viability of cariogenic bacteria. International journal of dental hygiene, 2006. 4(2): p. 62-66.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2006.00149.x</citation> <citation>Faraz, N. and S. Abbas, Role of amaltas and dandasa in controlling biofilm formation of streptococcus sangius. Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College, 2014. 4(1): p. 16-19.</citation> <citation>google. google images. Available from: https://images.google.com/.</citation> <citation>Noumi, E., et al., Antifungal properties of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L. extracts against oral Candida strains. European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases, 2010. 29(1): p. 81-88.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-009-0824-3</citation> <citation>Mouhajir, F., et al., Multiple antiviral activities of endemic medicinal plants used by Berber peoples of Morocco. Pharmaceutical biology, 2001. 39(5): p. 364-374.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.39.5.364.5892</citation> <citation>Al-Rawi, R., et al., Teeth Whitening and Antibacterial Effects of Juglans regia Bark: A Preliminary Study. Int J Dent, 2021. 2021: p. 6685437.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6685437</citation> <citation>Price, R.B., et al., An evaluation of a technique to remove stains from teeth using microabrasion. J Am Dent Assoc, 2003. 134(8): p. 1066-71.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2003.0320</citation> <citation>Lin, H., et al., Three new compounds from the stem bark of Juglans mandshurica. J Asian Nat Prod Res, 2014. 16(8): p. 819-24.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2014.923406</citation> <citation>Saimbi, s., kapoor, kaushal, Clinical Effect Of Juglans regia On Developing Dental Plaque. JICDRO, 2019. 1(3).</citation> <citation>Strugstad, M.P., A Summary of Extraction, Synthesis, Properties,</citation> <citation>and Potential Uses of Juglone: A Literature Review. Journal of ecosystems and management, 2012. 13(3).</citation> <citation>Ahmad, S., M.A. Wahid, and A.Q. Bukhari, Fungistatic action of Juglans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 1973. 3(3): p. 436-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.3.3.436</citation> <citation>Bakht, J., et al., Fractionation of crude extracts from controlled dried and commercially available stem bark of Juglans regia and their antimicrobial effects. Pak J Pharm Sci, 2017. 30(5): p. 1581-1588.</citation> <citation>Steinberg, D., et al., The effect of parabens in a mouthwash and incorporated into a sustained release varnish on salivary bacteria. J Dent, 1999. 27(2): p. 101-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-5712(98)00040-2</citation> <citation>Zotou, A., I. Sakla, and P.D. Tzanavaras, LC-determination of five paraben preservatives in saliva and toothpaste samples using UV detection and a short monolithic column. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 2010. 53(3): p. 785-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2010.05.018</citation> <citation>Wang, S., et al., Walnut ( Juglans regia) Peptides Reverse Sleep Deprivation-Induced Memory Impairment in Rat via Alleviating Oxidative Stress. J Agric Food Chem, 2018. 66(40): p. 10617-10627.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03884</citation> </citations> <pages>152-156</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-30" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="184" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">184</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="627" created_at="2021-12-30" date_created="" file_id="360" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">THE ROLE OF COLOUR DOPPLER IMAGING IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PCOS.docx</name> <file id="360" filesize="808707" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/184/61ce30c7dbfd8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="738" created_at="2022-01-17" date_created="" file_id="360" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-17" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="627" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">THE ROLE OF COLOUR DOPPLER IMAGING IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PCOS.docx</name> <file id="360" filesize="808707" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/184/61ce30c7dbfd8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="856" created_at="2022-01-29" date_created="" file_id="360" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-29" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="738" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">THE ROLE OF COLOUR DOPPLER IMAGING IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PCOS.docx</name> <file id="360" filesize="808707" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/184/61ce30c7dbfd8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="857" created_at="2022-01-29" date_created="" file_id="360" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-29" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="856" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">THE ROLE OF COLOUR DOPPLER IMAGING IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PCOS.docx</name> <file id="360" filesize="808707" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/184/61ce30c7dbfd8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1364" created_at="2022-03-22" date_created="" file_id="1061" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-31" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1061" filesize="670955" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/184/6245db3cde7f9.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="1055" filesize="670723" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/184/6244e024e104c.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="866" filesize="664684" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/184/6239e72cccde2.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="897" url_path="" seq="2" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="Sys.Rvw" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">184</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.184</id> <title locale="en_US">The Role of Colour Doppler Imaging in the Diagnosis of Poly Cystic Ovarian . Syndrome</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Colour Doppler Imaging in PCOS</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>PCOS(Poly Cystic Ovarian Syndrome) is a hormonal disorder that affects women during their reproductive years (18-30year ).It is a condition that affects ovulation and the ovaries.Many fluid-filled sacs develop inside the ovaries in PCOS.These are follicles,each of which contains an immature egg.The egg is never mature enough to cause ovulation to occur. Important alterations in ovarian vascularization at the level of introvarian arteries occur in PCOS patients. <strong>Objective:</strong> Is colour Doppler ultrasonography is helpful in evaluation of PCOS.&nbsp;<strong>Method:&nbsp;</strong>An electronic database search with data range from 1999-2021 was performed(Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, Springer).28 articles were found.All studies fully available evaluating PCOS ondoppler ultrasound. <strong><u>Results:&nbsp;</u></strong>Performance of Doppler ultrasound diagnosis was evaluated. PCOS patients had decreased ovarian artery pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and SD ratios and increased uterine artery pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and SD ratios. <strong><u>Conclusion: </u></strong>It is concluded that lowest ovarian stromal resistance levels were found in the patients than the controls.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>PCOS, pulsatility index, resistivity index, vascularization index, </keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="897"> <givenname locale="en_US">Areeba </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, TheUniversity of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>aslamareeba786@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="898"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syyeda </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khadija</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">UniversityInstitute of Radiological sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, TheUniversity of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="899"> <givenname locale="en_US">Aneeqa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="900"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sadia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shaukat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Rawalpindi Medical University</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="1051"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ayesha</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Irshad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, TheUniversity of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="1052"> <givenname locale="en_US">Swera</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tariq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, TheUniversity of Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">252</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.184.g252</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1364"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Polson DW, Adams J, Wadsworth J, Franks S. 1988. Polycystic ovaries--a common finding in normal women,journal national library of medicine (8590):870-2 doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(88)91612-1.</citation> <citation>Cesare Battaglia, Paolo G. Artini, Gerardo D'Ambrogio, Alessandro D. Genazzani, Andrea R. Genazzani, The role of color doppler imaging in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome, American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Volume 172, Issue 1, Part 1,1995, Pages 108-113,https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9378(95)90094-2</citation> <citation>Zaidi J, Jacobs H, Campbell S, et al. Blood flow changes in the ovarian and uterine arteries in women with polycystic ovary syndrome who respond to clomiphene citrate: correlation with serum hormone concentrations. Ultrasound Obstetric Gynecology1998;12:188. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-0705.1998.12030188.x</citation> <citation>EnricoCarmina, Rogerio A. Lobo, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Arguably the Most Common Endocrinopathy Is Associated with Significant Morbidity in Women, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 84, Issue 6, 1 June 1999, Pages 1897–1899, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.6.5803</citation> <citation>Helvaci, N, Yildiz, BO. The impact of ageing and menopause in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The journal l of Clin Endocrinol. 2021; 1- 12.https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.14558</citation> <citation>Hsien-An Pan, Meng-Hsing Wu, Yueh-Chin Cheng, Chin-Hsien Li, Fong-Ming Chang, Quantification of Doppler signal in polycystic ovary syndrome using three-dimensional power Doppler ultrasonography: a possible new marker for diagnosis, the journal of Human Reproduction, Volume 17, Issue 1, January 2002, Pages 201–206 https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/17.1.201</citation> <citation>Yedla M. Mala, Sharda B. Ghosh, RevaTripathi, Three-dimensional power Doppler imaging in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome, International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Volume 105, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 36-38, ISSN 0020-7292https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.11.042</citation> <citation>Özkan, S., Vural, B., Çalışkan, E., Bodur, H., Türköz, E. and Vural, F. (2007), Color dopplersonographic analysis of uterine and ovarian artery blood flow in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Ultrasound, 35: 305-313. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.20358</citation> <citation>ZeinaHaoula, RutaDeshpande, KannamannadiarJayaprakasan& Nick Raine-Fenning (2012) Doppler imaging in the diagnosis of ovarian disease, Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics, 6:1, 59-73, https://doi.org/10.1517/17530059.2012.642366</citation> <citation>Zafar, U., Memon, Z., Moin, K., Agha, S., Hassan, J. A., &Zehra, D. (2019). Prevalence of PCOS with Associated Symptoms and Complications at Tertiary Care Hospital of Karachi. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 30(4), 1-9. DOI: 10.9734/JAMMR/2019/v30i430190</citation> <citation>Seema Patel,Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an inflammatory, systemic, lifestyle endocrinopathy, The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Volume 182, 2018, Pages 27-36, S LinTan, J Zaidi, H S Jacobs, Relationship of ovarian stromal volume to serum androgen concentrations DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.008</citation> <citation>Clayton, R.N., Ogden, V., Hodgkinson, J., Worswick, L., Rodin, D.A., Dyer, S. and Meade, T.W. (1992), How common are polycystic ovaries in normal women and what is their significance for the fertility of the population?. Clinical Endocrinology, 37: 127-134.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.1992.tb02296.x</citation> <citation>A AKyei-Mensah, Relationship of ovarian stromal volume to serum androgen concentrations in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome., Human Reproduction, Volume 13, Issue 6, Jun 1998, Pages 1437–1441, https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/13.6.1437</citation> <citation>Battaglia, C., Battaglia, B., Morotti, E., Paradisi, R., Zanetti, I., Meriggiola, M.C. and Venturoli, S. (2012), Two- and Three-Dimensional Sonographic and Color Doppler Techniques for Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine, 31: 1015-1024.https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.2012.31.7.1015</citation> <citation>• 15. . Adams J, Franks S, Polson DW, Mason HD, Abdulwahid N, Tucker M, Morris DV, Price J, Jacobs HS. Multifollicular ovaries: clinical and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone. Lancet 1985;2:1375–8DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92552-8</citation> <citation>. Takahashi K, Eda Y, Abu-Musa A, Okada S, Yoshino K, Kitao M. Transvaginal ultrasound imaging, histopathology and endocrinopathy in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod 1994;7:1231–1236https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138684</citation> <citation>• 17. Matsunaga I, Hata T, Kitao M. Ultrasonographic identification of polycystic ovary. Asia–Oceania J ObstetGynaecol 1985;11:227–32 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0756.1985.tb00738.x</citation> <citation>Goswamy RK, Steptoe P. Doppler ultrasound studies of the uterine artery in spontaneous ovarian cycles. Hum Reprod PubMed | CAS | Web of Science® Times Cited: 123 1988;3:721-726.https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136772</citation> <citation>Dr. Sonia Garg, Dr. Meet Kamal Singh Wadi, Dr. BharatdeepGarg. Color Doppler as diagnostic criteria in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).Int J ClinObstetGynaecol 2021;5(3):08-11. DOI:10.33545/gynae.2021.v5.i3a.896</citation> <citation>Khalaf, IsraaZaidan, and SarabSalihJasim. "ASSESSMENT OF INTRAOVARIAN ARTERIAL DOPPLER ULTRASOUND OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME." Turkish Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation 32: 3.DOI: 321/32-1-1396</citation> <citation>Asma, B., Asma, T., &Atiq-ur-R. (2016). Diagnosis of PCOS on Doppler based Resistive Index and Pulsatility Index. JRMC 2016; 20(4), 305-8.2.DOI;32-1-1396</citation> <citation>Jamal AF, Ismael RA. Ultrasonographic prevalence of polycystic ovarian morphology among women of reproductive age group.Zanco J Med Sci. 2019 Apr 23;23(1):57-65https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2019.008</citation> <citation>• 23. Loverro G, Vicino M, Lorusso F, Vimercati A, Greco P, Selvaggi L. Polycystic ovary syndrome: relationship between insulin sensitivity, sex hormone levels and ovarian stromal blood flow. GynecolEndocrinol. 2001;15(2):142-149DOI: 10.1080/gye.15.2.142.149</citation> <citation>Heba I Ali, Momena E Elsadawy, Nivan H Khater. Ultrasound assessment of polycystic ovaries: Ovarian volume and morphology; which is more accurate in making the diagnosis?!,.The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine 2016; 47(1):347-50, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrnm.2015.10.002</citation> <citation>OzhanOzdemir, Mustafa Erkan Sari, DilekKalkan, EsraMeltemKoc, SeydaOzdemir&CemalResatAtalay (2015) Comprasion of ovarian stromal blood flow measured by color Doppler ultrasonography in polycystic ovary syndrome patients and healthy women with ultrasonographic evidence of polycystic, Gynecological Endocrinology, 31:4, 322-326, DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2014.995617</citation> <citation>:Dwivedi S, Ujjaliya MK, Kaushik A. Assessment of the Best Predictor for Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovarian Disease in Color Doppler Study of Ovarian Artery. Int J Sci Stud 2019;6(12):154-162DOI: 2190</citation> <citation>Lim, S.S., Davies, M.J., Norman, R.J. and Moran, L.J., 2012. Overweight, obesity and central obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 18(6), pp.618-637. , https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dms030</citation> </citations> <pages>157-160</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-27" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="165" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">165</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="563" created_at="2021-12-27" date_created="" file_id="319" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-27" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="muhammadharis90" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Sobia Article.docx</name> <file id="319" filesize="68585" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/165/61c9f1ae8eead.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="620" created_at="2021-12-29" date_created="" file_id="354" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-29" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Knowledge, attitude and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccination among the Pakistani population.docx</name> <file id="354" filesize="74622" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/165/61cccdfb912c8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="626" created_at="2021-12-30" date_created="" file_id="354" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-30" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="620" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Knowledge, attitude and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccination among the Pakistani population.docx</name> <file id="354" filesize="74622" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/165/61cccdfb912c8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="650" created_at="2022-01-05" date_created="" file_id="354" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="626" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Knowledge, attitude and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccination among the Pakistani population.docx</name> <file id="354" filesize="74622" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/165/61cccdfb912c8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="651" created_at="2022-01-05" date_created="" file_id="354" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-05" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="650" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Knowledge, attitude and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccination among the Pakistani population.docx</name> <file id="354" filesize="74622" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/165/61cccdfb912c8.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1477" created_at="2022-03-30" date_created="" file_id="1351" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-05-13" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Knowledge, Attitude and Perceptions Towards COVID-19 Vaccination Among The.pdf</name> <file id="1351" filesize="787947" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/165/627e393ef05c6.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="1051" filesize="1657132" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/165/6244dbee28e9a.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="798" url_path="" seq="25" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">165</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.165</id> <title locale="en_US">Knowledge, attitude and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccination among the Pakistani population</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Knowledge, Attitude, And Perceptions Towards COVID-19 Vaccination</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>To assess the knowledge, attitude and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccination among the Pakistani population. <strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was conducted for about 02 months in COVID-19 clinic of Qazi Hussain Ahmad Medical Complex, Nowshera, Pakistan. Data was collected through non probability convenient sampling after obtaining the ethical approval from Institutional Ethical Review Board (IERB), NMC. Sample size of 385 was calculated. All those who presented to COVID-19 clinic and were 18 years or above and were suspected of having COVID-19 irrespective of gender were included whereas those who were below 18 years and presented for other medical problems were excluded from this study. <strong>Results: </strong>In the current study male participation was observed more than females (Male=271, 64.8%) and (Females=147, 35.2%). Out of whole sample (n=221, 52.9%) were previously vaccinated. More than half of the study participants were among 18-25 years of age (n=240, 57.4%). Among the whole sample (n=148, 35.4%) participants were married while (n=270, 64.6%) were unmarried and also most the participants were living with joint family system (n=279, 66.7%). Most of the study participants were educated. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present study found high knowledge but low favorable attitudes for COVID-19 vaccinations among the Pakistani population.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Attitude, COVID-19, knowledge, perception, vaccination</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="799"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sobia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Haris</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Medical Education, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sobiaharis92@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="798"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Haris</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Anatomy, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>dx_harris@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="800"> <givenname locale="en_US">Farah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Deeba</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Medical Education, Nowshera Medical College, Nowshera</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>fara20017@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="25" id="801"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Jehangir </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Pediatric Surgery, Makka Medical Center, Nowshera</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>drjehangir313@yahoo.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">281</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.165.g281</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1477"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Corona virus Disease (COVID-19) - events as they happen [Internet]. Who.int. 2020 [cited 7 April 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/events-as-they-happen.</citation> <citation>De Wit E, Van Doremalen N, Falzarano D, Munster VJ. SARS and MERS: recent insights into emerging corona viruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology. 2016 Aug;14(8):523-34.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.81</citation> <citation>Q&A on corona viruses (COVID-19) [Internet]. Who.int. 2020 [cited 7 April 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/q-a-coronaviruses.</citation> <citation>Saqlain M, Munir MM, Ahmed A, Tahir AH, Kamran S. Is Pakistan prepared to tackle the coronavirus epidemic?. Drugs & Therapy Perspectives. 2020 Mar 20:1.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40267-020-00721-1</citation> <citation>Extension of lockdown [Internet]. Daily Baluchistan Express. 2020 [cited 10 April 2020]. Available from: https://www.bexpress.com.pk/2020/04/extension-of-lockdown/.</citation> <citation>Gumucio S, Luhmann N, Fauvel G, Zompi S, Ronsse A, Courcaud A, Bouchon M, Trehin C, Schapman S, Cheminat O, Ranchal H. The KAP survey model: Knowledge, attitude, and practices. Saint-Etienne, France: IGC Communigraphie. 2011:4-5.</citation> <citation>Abid K, Bari YA, Younas M, Tahir Javaid S, Imran A. <? covid19?> Progress of COVID-19 Epidemic in Pakistan. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2020 May;32(4):154-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520927259</citation> <citation>Islam MS, Siddique AB, Akter R, Tasnim R, Sujan MS, Ward PR, Sikder MT. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccinations: a cross-sectional community survey in Bangladesh. medRxiv. 2021 Jan 1.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11880-9</citation> <citation>Malik A, Malik J, Ishaq U. Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine in Pakistan among health care workers. medRxiv. 2021 Jan 1.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.23.21252271</citation> <citation>Zewude B, Habtegiorgis T. Willingness to Take COVID-19 Vaccine Among People Most at Risk of Exposure in Southern Ethiopia. Pragmatic and observational research. 2021;12:37.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2147/POR.S313991</citation> <citation>Sallam M. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy worldwide: a concise systematic review of vaccine acceptance rates. Vaccines. 2021 Feb;9(2):160.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020160</citation> <citation>http://www.raosoft.com/samplesize.html.</citation> <citation>Islam MS, Siddique AB, Akter R, Tasnim R, Sujan MS, Ward PR, Sikder MT. Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards COVID-19 vaccinations: a cross-sectional community survey in Bangladesh. medRxiv. 2021 Jan 1.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11880-9</citation> <citation>Saleem S. COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in Pakistan: No Time to Err. Journal of Shalamar Medical & Dental College-JSHMDC. 2021 Jun 29;2(1):6-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.53685/jshmdc.v2i1.20</citation> <citation>Ferdous MZ, Islam MS, Sikder MT, Mosaddek AS, Zegarra-Valdivia JA, Gozal D. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding COVID-19 outbreak in Bangladesh: An online-based cross-sectional study. PloS one. 2020 Oct 9;15(10):e0239254.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239254</citation> <citation>Banik R, Rahman M, Sikder MT, Rahman QM, Pranta MU. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to the COVID-19 pandemic among Bangladeshi youth: a web-based cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Public Health. 2021 Jan 16:1-1.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01432-7</citation> <citation>Hossain MA, Jahid MI, Hossain KM, Walton LM, Uddin Z, Haque MO, Kabir MF, Arafat SY, Sakel M, Faruqui R, Hossain Z. Knowledge, attitudes, and fear of COVID-19 during the Rapid Rise Period in Bangladesh. PloS one. 2020 Sep 24;15(9):e0239646.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0239646</citation> <citation>Islam S, Emran GI, Rahman E, Banik R, Sikder T, Smith L, Hossain S. Knowledge, attitudes and practices associated with the COVID-19 among slum dwellers resided in Dhaka City: a Bangladeshi interview-based survey. Journal of Public Health. 2021 Mar;43(1):13-25.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa182</citation> <citation>Harapan H, Anwar S, Setiawan AM, Sasmono RT. Dengue vaccine acceptance and associated factors in Indonesia: a community-based cross-sectional survey in Aceh. Vaccine. 2016 Jul 12;34(32):3670-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.05.026</citation> <citation>Islam JY, Khatun F, Alam A, Sultana F, Bhuiyan A, Alam N, Reichenbach L, Marions L, Rahman M, Nahar Q. Knowledge of cervical cancer and HPV vaccine in Bangladeshi women: a population based, cross-sectional study. BMC women's health. 2018 Dec;18(1):1-3.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-018-0510-7</citation> <citation>Chan EY, Cheng CK, Tam GC, Huang Z, Lee PY. Willingness of future A/H7N9 influenza vaccine uptake: a cross-sectional study of Hong Kong community. Vaccine. 2015 Sep 11;33(38):4737-40.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.046</citation> <citation>Wang J, Jing R, Lai X, Zhang H, Lyu Y, Knoll MD, Fang H. Acceptance of COVID-19 Vaccination during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Vaccines. 2020 Sep;8(3):482.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030482</citation> <citation>Harapan H, Anwar S, Bustaman A, Radiansyah A, Angraini P, Fasli R, Salwiyadi S, Bastian RA, Oktiviyari A, Akmal I, Iqbalamin M. Modifiable determinants of attitude towards dengue vaccination among healthy inhabitants of Aceh, Indonesia: findings from a community-based survey. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine. 2016 Nov 1;9(11):1115-22.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.07.036</citation> <citation>Al-Marshoudi S, Al-Balushi H, Al-Wahaibi A, Al-Khalili S, Al-Maani A, Al-Farsi N, Al-Jahwari A, Al-Habsi Z, Al-Shaibi M, Al-Msharfi M, Al-Ismaili A. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) toward the COVID-19 Vaccine in Oman: A Pre-Campaign Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2021 Jun;9(6):602.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9060602</citation> </citations> <pages>132-137</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-26" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="163" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">163</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="556" created_at="2021-12-26" date_created="" file_id="395" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-10" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Prevalence of METS in PCOS-pdf.docx</name> <file id="395" filesize="49751" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/163/61dc72cd656dd.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="314" filesize="67993" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/163/61c8efd3c4330.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="700" created_at="2022-01-10" date_created="" file_id="314" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-10" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="556" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PCOS Article Reviews- MSDU-converted.docx</name> <file id="314" filesize="67993" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/163/61c8efd3c4330.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="814" created_at="2022-01-25" date_created="" file_id="314" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="700" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PCOS Article Reviews- MSDU-converted.docx</name> <file id="314" filesize="67993" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/163/61c8efd3c4330.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="815" created_at="2022-01-25" date_created="" file_id="314" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="814" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">PCOS Article Reviews- MSDU-converted.docx</name> <file id="314" filesize="67993" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/163/61c8efd3c4330.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1238" created_at="2022-03-11" date_created="" file_id="1017" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1017" filesize="622128" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/163/6244c30267fb6.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="742" filesize="696804" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/163/622dbe2f516f4.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="730" filesize="696804" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/163/622c97634f083.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="707" filesize="312241" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/163/622b35313b6e9.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="787" url_path="" seq="2" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">163</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.163</id> <title locale="en_US">Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Metabolic Syndrome in PCOS</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Metabolic Syndrome has High Prevalence in PCOS.<strong>Objective</strong>:This present study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of MetS in PCOS patients using the related previously published data.<strong>Methods: </strong>The present systematic review was based on the Preferred Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was done using MeSH keywords in databases of PubMed, biomedcentral.com, Obgyn science and Google scholar search. We used Cochran's Q test and I<sup>2</sup> Index to evaluate the relation among the studies and the random effects model was used to combine the results. Article review and discussion were precisely described with their refrences on the end of study.<strong>Results: </strong>12 studies including 2600 plus patients with PCOS were included in the final analysis. Total heterogeneity was high . The prevalence of MetS in PCOS patients was estimated to about 70% in total patients with the history of pcos.<strong>Conclusion:</strong>Considering the prevalence of Metaboolic Syndrome in PCOS patients, diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in PCOS patients is necessary to reduce the causes and effects on the mortality rate.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome; Metabolic Syndrome, Obesity; High blood pressure; Diabetes; Dyslipidemia</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="787"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amna </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sana</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY ,FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>Uswaali002@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="788"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khadija </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY ,FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>syyedakhadija55@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="789"> <givenname locale="en_US">Raisa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shazadi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY ,FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="790"> <givenname locale="en_US">Wajiha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zafar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY ,FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="791"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kinza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rasool </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY ,FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>kinzarasool66@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="792"> <givenname locale="en_US">Anam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fazal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY ,FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">190</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.163.g190</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1238"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Grundy SM. Metabolic syndrome pandemic. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28: 629-636.</citation> <citation>Cameron AJ, Shaw JE, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence in worldwide populations. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2006; 33: 351-375.</citation> <citation>Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH. Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2444-2449.</citation> <citation>Nesto RW. The relation of insulin resistance syndromes to risk of cardiovascular disease. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2003;4: S11-S18.</citation> <citation>Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Should we dump the metabolic syndrome? BMJ 2008; 336: 641-643.</citation> <citation>Kahn R, Ferrannini E, Buse J, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2289-2304.</citation> <citation>Azziz R, Woods KS, Reyna R, Key TJ, Knochenhauer ES, Yildiz BO 2004 The prevalence and features of the polycystic ovary syndrome in an unselected population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2745–2749.</citation> <citation>Ehrmann DA 2005 Medical progress: polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 352:1223–1236 3.</citation> <citation>Franks S 1995 Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 333:853– 861 4.</citation> <citation>Faloia E, Canibus P, Gatti C, Frezza F, Santangelo M, Garrapa GG, Boscaro M 2004 Body composition, fat distribution and metabolic characteristics in lean and obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 27: 424 – 429</citation> <citation>Legro RS 2003 Polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiovascular disease: a premature association? Endocr Rev 24:302–312</citation> <citation>Dunaif A 1997 Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr Rev 18:774 – 800</citation> <citation>Legro RS, Urbanek M, Kunselman AR, Leiby BE, Dunaif A 2002 Self-selected women with polycystic ovary syndrome are reproductively and metabolically abnormal and undertreated. Fertil Steril 78:51–57</citation> <citation>2002 Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEPexpert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 106:3143–3421</citation> <citation>Ford ES 2004 The metabolic syndrome and mortality from cardiovascular disease and all-causes: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey II Mortality Study. Atherosclerosis 173:307–312</citation> <citation>Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell BD, Morales PA, Stern MP 1992 Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes Care 41:715–722</citation> <citation>Isomaa B, Almgren P, Tuomi T, Forsen B, Lahti K, Nissen M, Taskinen MR, Groop L 2001 Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 24:683– 689</citation> <citation>Lakka HM, Laaksonen DE, Lakka TA, Niskanen K, Kumpusalo E, Toumilehto J, Salonen JT 2002 The metabolic syndrome and total and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men. JAMA 288:2709 –2716</citation> <citation>Trevisan M, Liu J, Bahass FB, Menotti A 1998 Syndrome X and mortality: a population-based study. Risk factor and life expectancy research group. Am J Epidemiol 148:958 –966.</citation> <citation>Teimuraz Apridonidze, Paulina A. Essah, Maria J. Iuorno, and John E. Nestler “Prevalence & Characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 10.1210. 2004-1045.</citation> <citation>David A. Ehrmann, David R Lijenquist, Kristen kasza, Ricardo Azziz, Richard S Legro, and Mahmoud N Ghazzi, for the PCOS/ Troglitazone study group. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinologyy and Metabolism 91(1):48-53-(2006).</citation> <citation>E Carmina, N Napoli, R A Longo, G B Rini, R A Lobo “Metabollic Syndrome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) . Eur J Endocrinol, 2006 Jan, 154(1):141-5. Doi: 10.1530/eje.1.02058.</citation> <citation>Sudhindra Mohan Bhattacharya. On “Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, using two proposed definitions”. Published on 02 Nov 2009.</citation> <citation>Sawaek Weerakie, Pongamon Bunnag, Bunyong Phakdeekitcharoen, Surapee Wansumrith, Suwanee Chanprasertyothin, RattiyaJultanmass, on “ Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in Asian Women with PCOS: Using the International Diabetes Federation criteria, Published on 07 july 2009.</citation> <citation>Ashraf Moini, M.D, Fatemah Javanmard M.D, Bita Eslami, M.P.H, & Najmeh Aletah, M.D, Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in PCOS women in Tehran. Iran J Reprod Med 2012 Mar > v.10(2);2012Mar > PMC4163274.</citation> <citation>Min-Ju kim, Nam-Kyoo Lim, Young-Min Choi, Jin-Ju Kim, Kyu-Ri Hwang, Soo- jin,Chan-Woo Park, Doo-Seok Choi, Byung-Moon Kang, Byung-seok Lee, Tak Kim, Hyun-Young Park. “’Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome is higher in non-obese PCOS women with Hyperandrogenism & menstrual Irregularity in Korea. PLos One,2014 june 5;9(6);e99252, doi; 10.1371/journal.pone.0099252. eCollection 2014.</citation> <citation>Fahimeh Ramezani Tehrani et al. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2014. “The Prevalence of Metabolic Disorder in various Phenotypes of PCOS: a community based study in Iran. >Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014 Sep 16; 12:89, doi: 10.1186/1477-7827-12-89.</citation> <citation>Ziba Zahiri, M.D, Seyedah Hajar Sharami, M.D, Forozan Milani, M.D, Fereshtah Mohammadi, M.D, Ehsan Kazemnejad, PhD, Hannan Ebrahmini, M.D & Seyedah Fatemah Dalil Heirati B.Sc. “Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Polycystic</citation> <citation>Ovarian Ovary Syndrome in Iran”. 2015 Dec 23 doi: 10.22074/ijfs.20155.4607</citation> <citation>Sangita Sharma &Abha Majumdar on “Prevalence of Metabolic syndrome in relation to BMI & Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome in Indian Women” 2015 Oct-Dec, 8(4); 202-208 doi: 10.4103/0974-1208. 170394.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcm.2019.08.010.</citation> </citations> <pages>07-09</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-26" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="162" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">162</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="555" created_at="2021-12-26" date_created="" file_id="383" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-05" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Raisa review article revised form.docx</name> <file id="383" filesize="67977" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/162/61d5b6700b24e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="313" filesize="142621" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/162/61c8ec23ddd7e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="686" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="383" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="555" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Raisa review article revised form.docx</name> <file id="383" filesize="67977" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/162/61d5b6700b24e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="813" created_at="2022-01-25" date_created="" file_id="383" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="686" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Raisa review article revised form.docx</name> <file id="383" filesize="67977" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/162/61d5b6700b24e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1239" created_at="2022-03-11" date_created="" file_id="1022" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1022" filesize="661622" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/162/6244c5adc4c64.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="743" filesize="762410" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/162/622dbeacab6a4.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="725" filesize="762410" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/162/622c93bd7b03e.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="708" filesize="377675" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/162/622b35e2bc8c5.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="781" url_path="" seq="6" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">162</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.162</id> <title locale="en_US">What is The Prevalence of Genetic Disorders That Cause Effects On In Fertility?</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Genetic Disorders & Infertility</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Infertility rates increases day by day and major reason can be genetic disorders.<strong>Objective: </strong>To review the prevalence and effects of genetic defects that can cause infertility.10 to 20% of patients have severe infertility disorders. To find out whether genetic material defects are really major infertility cause or not? And what are their prevalence.. Infertility is common health condition. Genetic cause are majorly unexplained but 2300 genes expressed that can retranslate and their mutation can cause of infertility.Handfull of genes and genetic effects are associated with human genome to express genes. Mostly tests added to check male infertility annually.<strong>Methods: </strong>I analyse and evaluate 12 articles from (1997-2011) from Google scholar, PubMed etc. All data is reviewed from infertility complaints. The data is extracted from Medline, PubMed and Obsgyne online library.<strong>Results: </strong>Those studies which conducted between years 1985 to 2011 are included in review. The sample size included more than 300 men and women aged between 20 to 40 years. In this study we evaluated that genomic technologies and advent of fertility tips can help in fertile patients. Metabolic chromosomal defects can be genetic disorders by deletion of chromosomes abnormLly.SOX9 chromosome is also play basic role in men fertility. Semen collection and measurements done and proper advances can be seen through research to follow up infertile patients. Comprehensive diagnosis started to advance the research and to increase the prognostic information.<strong>Conclusions: </strong>Infertility can be caused by genomic abnormalities and chromosomal abnormalities. Molecular techniques can help to reduce the abnormalities. In reality we are unable to establish genotype phenotype relationship and various testicular pattern to see infertile men.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Genetic disorders, Fertility, Prevalence, Chromosomal abnormality</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="781"> <givenname locale="en_US">Raisa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shazadi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>raisa.shahzadi18@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="782"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khadija </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>Syyedakhadija55@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="783"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amna </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sana</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="784"> <givenname locale="en_US">Kinza</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Rasool</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="785"> <givenname locale="en_US">Anam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fazal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="6" id="786"> <givenname locale="en_US">Wajiha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zafar </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">RADIOLOGICAL SCIENCES & MEDICAL IMAGING TECHNOLOGY FACULTY OF ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES, THE UNIVERSITY OF LAHORE</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>wajihazafar707@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">191</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.162.g191</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1239"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Cameron, Fergus J., and Andrew H. Sinclair. "Mutations in SRY and SOX9: testis-determining genes." Human mutation 9, no. 5 (1997): 388.</citation> <citation>Matzuk, M. M., & Lamb, D. J. (2008). The biology of infertility: research advances and clinical challenges. Nature medicine, 14(11), 1197–1213. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.f.1895</citation> <citation>Thirumavalavan, Nannan, J. Scott Gabrielsen, and Dolores J. Lamb. "Where are we going with gene screening for male</citation> <citation>infertility?." Fertility and sterility 111, no. 5 (2019): 842-850.</citation> <citation>Peng, Hongli, Panlin Zhao, Jiaonan Liu, Jinxia Zhang, Jie Zhang, Youxin Wang, Lijuan Wu, Manshu Song, and Wei Wang. "Novel epigenomic biomarkers of male infertility identified by methylation patterns of CpG sites within imprinting control regions of H19 and SNRPN genes." Omics: a journal of integrative biology 22, no. 5 (2018): 354-364.</citation> <citation>Skakkebaek, N. E., MAJ HULTÉN, PETREA JACOBSEN, and MARGARETA MIKKELSEN. "Quantification of human seminiferous epithelium." Reproduction 32, no. 3 (1973): 391-401.</citation> <citation>Wiktor, Anne E., Grant Bender, and Daniel L. Van Dyke. "Identification of sex chromosome mosaicism: is analysis of 20 metaphase cells sufficient?." American journal of medical genetics. Part A 149, no. 2 (2009): 257-259.</citation> <citation>Robay, Amal, Saleha Abbasi, Ammira Akil, Haitham El-Bardisi, Mohamed Arafa, Ronald G. Crystal, and Khalid A. Fakhro. "A systematic review on the genetics of male infertility in the era of next- generation sequencing." Arab journal of urology 16, no. 1 (2018): 53- 64.</citation> <citation>Hann, Michael C., Patricio E. Lau, and Helen G. Tempest. "Meiotic recombination and male infertility: from basic science to clinical reality?." Asian journal of andrology 13, no. 2 (2011): 212.</citation> <citation>THARAPEL, AVIRACHAN T., SUGANDHI A. THARAPEL, and ROBIN M. BANNERMAN. "Recurrent pregnancy losses and parental chromosome abnormalities: a review." BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology 92, no. 9 (1985): 899-914.</citation> <citation>Cameron, Fergus J., and Andrew H. Sinclair. "Mutations in SRY and SOX9: testis-determining genes." Human mutation 9, no. 5 (1997): 388.</citation> <citation>van Golde, Ron JT, Alex MM Wetzels, Ruurd de Graaf, Joep HAM Tuerlings, Didi DM Braat, and Jan AM Kremer. "Decreased fertilization rate and embryo quality after ICSI in oligozoospermic men with microdeletions in the azoospermia factor c region of the Y chromosome." Human Reproduction 16, no. 2 (2001): 289-292.</citation> <citation>Preece, Mary Anne, and Anne Green. "Pregnancy and inherited metabolic disorders: maternal and fetal complications." Annals of clinical biochemistry 39, no. 5 (2002): 444-455.</citation> <citation>Layman, Lawrence C., Sewit Amde, David P. Cohen, Mei Jin, and Jun Xie. "The Finnish follicle-stimulating hormone receptor gene mutation is rare in North American women with 46, XX ovarian</citation> <citation>failure." Fertility and sterility 69, no. 2 (1998): 300-302.</citation> <citation>Shah, Kavita, Gayathri Sivapalan, Nicola Gibbons, Helen Tempest, and Darren K. Griffin. "The genetic basis of infertility." REPRODUCTION-CAMBRIDGE- 126, no. 1 (2003): 13-25.</citation> <citation>Isidor, Bertrand, Carmen Capito, Françoise Paris, Sabine Baron, Nadege Corradini, Blandine Cabaret, Marc-David Leclair et al. "Familial frameshift SRY mutation inherited from a mosaic father with testicular dysgenesis syndrome." The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94, no. 9 (2009): 3467-3471.</citation> <citation>Dayangaç, Didem, Hayat Erdem, Engin Yilmaz, Ahmet Şahin, Christof Sohn, Meral Özgüç, and Thilo DoÈrk. "Mutations of the CFTR gene in Turkish patients with congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens." Human reproduction 19, no. 5 (2004): 1094-1100.</citation> <citation>Matzuk, Martin M., and Dolores J. Lamb. "The biology of infertility: research advances and clinical challenges." Nature medicine 14, no. 11 (2008): 1197-1213.</citation> <citation>Juul, Anders, Kristian Almstrup, Anna-Maria Andersson, Tina</citation> <citation>K. Jensen, Niels Jørgensen, Katharina M. Main, Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts, Jorma Toppari, and Niels E. Skakkebæk. "Possible fetal determinants of male infertility." Nature Reviews Endocrinology 10, no. 9 (2014): 553-562.</citation> <citation>ESHRE Capri Workshop Group. "Fertility and ageing." Human reproduction update 11, no. 3 (2005): 261-276.</citation> <citation>Crisponi, Laura, Manila Deiana, Angela Loi, Francesca Chiappe, Manuela Uda, Patrizia Amati, Luigi Bisceglia et al. "The putative forkhead transcription factor FOXL2 is mutated in blepharophimosis/ptosis/epicanthus inversus syndrome." Nature genetics 27, no. 2 (2001): 159-166.</citation> <citation>Simpson, Joe Leigh, and Aleksandar Rajkovic. "Ovarian differentiation and gonadal failure." American journal of medical genetics 89, no. 4 (1999): 186-200.</citation> <citation>Robker, Rebecca L., and JoAnne S. Richards. "Hormonal control of the cell cycle in ovarian cells: proliferation versus differentiation." Biology of reproduction 59, no. 3 (1998): 476-482.</citation> <citation>Achermann, John C., Jeffrey Weiss, Eun-Jig Lee, and J. Larry Jameson. "Inherited disorders of the gonadotropin hormones." Molecular and cellular endocrinology 179, no. 1-2 (2001): 89-96.</citation> </citations> <pages>23-26</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-26" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="161" stage="externalReview"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">161</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="554" created_at="2021-12-26" date_created="" file_id="312" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-26" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">4. THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA.docx</name> <file id="312" filesize="430177" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/161/61c8e87549f27.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="593" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="312" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="554" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">4. THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA.docx</name> <file id="312" filesize="430177" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/161/61c8e87549f27.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="811" created_at="2022-01-25" date_created="" file_id="312" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="593" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">4. THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA.docx</name> <file id="312" filesize="430177" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/161/61c8e87549f27.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="812" created_at="2022-01-25" date_created="" file_id="312" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="811" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">4. THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF MORINGA OLEIFERA.docx</name> <file id="312" filesize="430177" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/161/61c8e87549f27.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1235" created_at="2022-03-11" date_created="" file_id="1020" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf (2).pdf</name> <file id="1020" filesize="652379" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/161/6244c483d71f3.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="744" filesize="879810" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/161/622dc0e823b47.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="728" filesize="879841" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/161/622c963799567.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="703" filesize="656935" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/161/622af8dcbff6f.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="773" url_path="" seq="3" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">161</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.161</id> <title locale="en_US">Therapeutic Effect of Moringa Oleifera: A Review</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Moringaoleifera, a highly valued plant produced globally and utilised in several food compositions, has medical and industrial purposes.This plant is gaining popularitydue to its nutrient-rich leaves, pods, seeds, and flowers. Moringa oleifera, such as a miracle tree, has many health benefits, and it is a rich source of specific essential&nbsp;nutritional componentsand various health benefits.The oil from seeds was extracted and used for skin lotion and perfume. The most widely studied part of the Moringa plant is Moringa leaves and has many benefits related to health in various chronic conditions like liver diseases, hypertension, diabetes, cancer,hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation.Moringa leaves extract can also be used to treat diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and malnutrition, while Moringa seeds can be utilised to enhance water quality. Moringa is a source of nutrition due to various essential phytochemicals, which are present in its leaves, pods, and seeds. It can be used for many nutritional as well as for commercial purposes. Moringa has many nutrientswhich have significant health benefits for the maintenance of the body. The seed powderof Moringa can be used to purify dirty water modestly and rapidly, and it possesses many health benefits.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="772"> <givenname locale="en_US">Huma </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Babar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="773"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bahisht </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rizwan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>bahisht.rizwan@dnsc.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="774"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ayesha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Babar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="775"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nazia</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="776"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sana </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Noreen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="777"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nimra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Naeem</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="778"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fatima </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Raza</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="779"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zainab </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Seed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="780"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sahar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Imran</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Science, Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">189</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.161.g189</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1235"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Gupta, D., and Soin, D., (2020). Recent Advances in Health Benefits of Moringa Oleifera. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology, 13(3), 4870-4875.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2020.13.3.2</citation> <citation>Falowo, A. B., Mukumbo, F. E., Idamokoro, E. M., Lorenzo, J. M., Afolayan, A. J., and Muchenje, V., (2018). Multi-functional application of Moringa oleifera Lam. in nutrition and animal food products: A review. Food research international, 106, 317-334.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.079</citation> <citation>Mahmood, K. T., Mugal, T., & Haq, I. U., (2010). Moringa oleifera: a natural gift-A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2(11), 775-777.</citation> <citation>Doi:10.1.1.193.7882</citation> <citation>Guevara, A. P., Vargas, C., Sakurai, H., Fujiwara, Y., Hashimoto, K., Maoka, T., and Nishino, H., (1999). An antitumor promoter from Moringa oleifera Lam. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 440(2),181-188.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S1383-5718(99)00025-X</citation> <citation>Amaglo, N. K., Bennett, R. N., Curto, R. B. L., Rosa, E. A., Turco, V. L., Giuffrida, A., and Timpo, G. M., (2010). Profiling selected phytochemicals and nutrients in different tissues of the multipurpose tree Moringa oleifera L., grown in Ghana. Food Chemistry, 122(4), 1047-1054.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.073</citation> <citation>Coppin, J. P., Xu, Y., Chen, H., Pan, M. H., Ho, C. T., Juliani, R., and Wu, Q., (2013). Determination of flavonoids by LC/MS and anti-inflammatory activity in Moringa oleifera. Journal of Functional Foods, 5(4), 1892-1899.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.010</citation> <citation>Saini, R. K., Shetty, N. P., and Giridhar, P., (2014). Carotenoid content in vegetative and reproductive parts of commercially grown Moringa oleifera Lam. cultivars from India by LC–APCI–MS. European Food Research and Technology, 238(6), 971-978.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-014-2174-3</citation> <citation>Saini, R. K., Manoj, P., Shetty, N. P., Srinivasan, K., and Giridhar, P., (2016). Relative bioavailability of folate from the traditional food plant Moringa oleifera L. as evaluated in a rat model. Journal of food science and technology, 53(1), 511-520.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-1828-x</citation> <citation>Bennett, R. N., Mellon, F. A., Foidl, N., Pratt, J. H., Dupont, M. S., Perkins, L., and Kroon, P. A., (2003). Profiling glucosinolates and phenolics in vegetative and reproductive tissues of the multi-purpose trees Moringa oleifera L. (horseradish tree) and Moringa stenopetala L. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 51(12), 3546-3553.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0211480</citation> <citation>Fahey, J. W., Zalcmann, A. T., and Talalay, P., (2001). The chemical diversity and distribution of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates among plants. Phytochemistry, 56(1), 5-51.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)00316-2</citation> <citation>Oyeyinka, A. T., and Oyeyinka, S. A., (2018). Moringa oleifera as a food fortificant: Recent trends and prospects. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 17(2), 127-136.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2016.02.002</citation> <citation>Fuglie LJ. (1999). The Miracle Tree: Moringa oleifera: Natural Nutrition for the Tropics.: The Multiple Attributes of Moringa, 1999, 172-178.Foidl, N., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (2001). The potential of Moringaoleifera for agricultural and industrial uses. What development potential for Moringa products, 20(2), 1-20</citation> <citation>https://www.moringatrees.org/moringa-doc/the_potential_of_moringa_oleifera_for_agricultural_and_industrial_uses.pdf</citation> <citation>Kasolo, J. N., Bimenya, G. S., Ojok, L., Ochieng, J., and Ogwal-Okeng, J. W., (2010). Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera leave in Ugandan rural communities. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(9), 753-757.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.492</citation> <citation>Mbikay, M. (2012). Therapeutic potential of Moringa oleifera leaves in chronic hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia: a review. Frontiers in pharmacology, 3(24), 1-12</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2012.00024</citation> <citation>Berkovich, L., Earon, G., Ron, I., Rimmon, A., Vexler, A., and Lev-Ari, S., (2013). Moringa Oleifera aqueous leaf extract down-regulates nuclear factor-kappaB and increases the cytotoxic effect of chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer cells. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 13(1), 212-219.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-13-212</citation> <citation>Moyo, B., Masika, P. J., Hugo, A., &Muchenje, V. (2011). Nutritional characterization of Moringa (Moringaoleifera Lam.) leaves. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(60), 12925-12933.</citation> <citation>DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.1599</citation> <citation>Sanchez-Machado, D. I., Nunez-Gastelum, J. A., Reyes-Moreno, C., Ramirez-Wong, B., & Lopez-Cervantes, J., (2010). Nutritional quality of edible parts of Moringa oleifera. Food analytical methods, 3(3), 175-180.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-009-9106-z</citation> <citation>Fuglie, L. J., (2005). The Moringa Tree: a local solution to malnutrition. Church World Service in Senegal, 5, 75-83.Yisehak, K., Solomon, M., &Tadelle, M. (2011). Contribution of Moringa (Moringastenopetala, Bac.), a highly nutritious vegetable tree, for food security in south Ethiopia: a review. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 4(5), 477-488. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7617.1000366</citation> <citation>Barminas, J. T., Charles, M., and Emmanuel, D., (1998). Mineral composition of non-conventional leafy vegetables. Plant foods for human nutrition, 53(1), 29-36.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008084007189</citation> <citation>Jain, P. G., Patil, S. D., Haswani, N. G., Girase, M. V., and Surana, S. J., (2010). Hypolipidemic activity of Moringa oleifera Lam., Moringaceae, on high fat diet-induced hyperlipidemia in albino rats. RevistaBrasileira de Farmacognosia, 20(6), 969-973.</citation> <citation>https://doi. org/10.1590/S0102-695X2010005000038.</citation> <citation>Lin, X., Racette, S. B., Lefevre, M., Spearie, C. A., Most, M., Ma, L., and Ostlund, R. E., (2010). The effects of phytosterols present in natural food matrices on cholesterol metabolism and LDL-cholesterol: a controlled feeding trial. European journal of clinical nutrition, 64(12), 1481-1487.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2010.180</citation> <citation>Mehta, K., Balaraman, R., Amin, A. H., Bafna, P. A., and Gulati, O., (2003). Effect of fruits of Moringa oleifera on the lipid profile of normal and hypercholesterolaemic rabbits. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 86(2-3),191-195.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00075-8</citation> <citation>Bortolotti, M., Levorato, M., Lugli, A., andMazzero, G., (2008). Effect of a balanced mixture of dietary fibers on gastric emptying, intestinal transit, and body weight. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 52(3), 221-226.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1159/000138127</citation> <citation>Ndong, M., Uehara, M., Katsumata, S. I., and Suzuki, K., (2007). Effects of oral administration of Moringa oleifera Lam on glucose tolerance in Goto-Kakizaki and Wistar rats. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition, 40(3), 229-233.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3164/jcbn.40.229</citation> <citation>Sandeep, G., Anitha, T., Vijayalatha, K. R., &Sadasakthi, A. (2019). Moringa for nutritional security (Moringaoleifera Lam.). International Journal of Botany Studies, 4(1), 21-24.</citation> <citation>Anwar, F., Latif, S., Ashraf, M., and Gilani, A. H., (2007). Moringa oleifera: a food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives, 21(1),17-25.</citation> <citation>Doi/abs/10.1002/ptr.2023</citation> <citation>Rockwood, J. L., Anderson, B. G., and Casamatta, D. A., (2013). Potential uses of Moringa oleifera and an examination of antibiotic efficacy conferred by M. oleifera seed and leaf extracts using crude extraction techniques available to underserved indigenous populations. International Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 3(2), 61-71.</citation> <citation>https://powerherbs.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/moringa-pdf.pdf</citation> <citation>Fuglie L.J., (2005). The Moringa tree: A local solution to malnutrition Church World Service in Senegal,5(1), 75-83.Dhakar, R. C., Maurya, S. D., Pooniya, B. K., Bairwa, N., & Gupta, M. (2011). Moringa: The herbal gold to combat malnutrition. Moringa: The Herbal Gold to Combat Malnutrition.Chronicles of Young Scientists,2(3), 1-7.</citation> <citation>https://ssrn.com/abstract=3774645</citation> <citation>Jung, I. L., Lee, J. H., & Kang, S. C. (2015). A potential oral anticancer drug candidate, Moringaoleifera leaf extract, induces the apoptosis of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncology letters, 10(3), 1597-1604. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2015.3482</citation> <citation>Thurber, M. D., and Fahey, J. W., (2009). Adoption of Moringa oleifera to combat under-nutrition viewed through the lens of the “Diffusion of Innovations” theory. Ecology of food and nutrition, 48(3), 212-225.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/03670240902794598</citation> <citation>Kasolo, J. N., Bimenya, G. S., Ojok, L., Ochieng, J., and Ogwal-Okeng, J. W., (2010). Phytochemicals and uses of Moringa oleifera leave in Ugandan rural communities. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(9),753-757.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR10.492</citation> <citation>Nair, S., and Varalakshmi, K. N., (2011). Anti-cancer, cytotoxic potential of Moringa oleifera extracts on HeLa cell line. Journal of Natural Pharmaceuticals, 2(3), 138-142.</citation> <citation>DOI:10.4103/2229-5119.86260</citation> <citation>Sutalangka, C., Wattanathorn, J., Muchimapura, S., and Thukham-mee, W., (2013). Moringa oleifera mitigates memory impairment and neurodegeneration in an animal model of age-related dementia. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2013,1-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/695936</citation> <citation>Choudhary, M. K., Bodakhe, S. H., and Gupta, S. K., (2013). Assessment of the antiulcer potential of Moringa oleifera root-bark extract in rats. Journal of acupuncture and meridian studies, 6(4), 214-220.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jams.2013.07.003</citation> <citation>Ijarotimi, O. S., Adeoti, O. A., and Ariyo, O., (2013). Comparative study on nutrient composition, phytochemical, and functional characteristics of raw, germinated, and fermented Moringa oleifera seed flour. Food science & nutrition, 1(6), 452-463.</citation> <citation>DOI: abs/10.1002/fsn3.70</citation> <citation>Sreelatha, S., & Padma, P. R. (2011). Modulatory effects of Moringaoleifera extracts against hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage. Human & experimental toxicology, 30(9), 1359-1368.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327110391385</citation> <citation>Padma, P.R., (2009). Antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of Moringa oleifera leaves in two stages of maturity. Plant foods for human nutrition, 64(1), 303-311.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-009-0141-0</citation> <citation>Monera, T.G., and Maponga, C.C., (2012). Prevalence and patterns of Moringa oleifera use among HIV positive patients in Zimbabwe: a cross-sectional survey. Journal of Public health in Africa, 3(1), 1-8.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.4081/jphia.2012.e6</citation> <citation>Lalas, S., and Tsaknis, J., (2002). Characterization of Moringa oleifera seed oil variety “Periyakulam 1”. Journal of food composition and analysis, 15(1), 65-77.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1006/jfca.2001.1042</citation> <citation>Fahey, J. W., (2005). Moringa oleifera: a review of the medical evidence for its nutritional, therapeutic, and prophylactic properties. Part 1. Trees for Life Journal, 1(5),1-15.</citation> <citation>http://www.tfljournal.org/article.php/20051201124931586</citation> <citation>Lurling, M., and Beekman, W., (2010). The anti-cyanobacterial activity of Moringa oleifera seeds. Journal of applied phycology, 22(4), 503-510.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-009-9485-y</citation> <citation>Sengupta, M. E., Keraita, B., Olsen, A., Boateng, O. K., Thamsborg, S. M., Pálsdóttir, G. R., and Dalsgaard, A., (2012). Use of Moringa oleifera seed extracts to reduce helminth egg numbers and turbidity in irrigation water. Water Research, 46(11), 3646-3656.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.011</citation> <citation>Suhartini, S., Hidayat, N., and Rosaliana, E., (2013). Influence of powdered Moringa oleifera seeds and natural filter media on the characteristics of tapioca starch wastewater. International journal of recycling organic waste in agriculture, 2(1), 1-12.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/2251-7715-2-12</citation> <citation>Ravikumar, K., and Sheeja, A. K., (2013). Heavy metal removal from water using Moringa oleifera seed coagulant and double filtration.International Journal Scientific Engineering Research, 4(1), 10-13.</citation> <citation>DOI: 10.1109/ICGT.2012.6477949</citation> <citation>Santos, T. R., Silva, M. F., Nishi, L., Vieira, A. M., Klein, M. R., Andrade, M. B., and Bergamasco, R., (2016). Development of a magnetic coagulant based on Moringa oleifera seed extract for water treatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(8), 7692-7700.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-6029-7</citation> <citation>Arise, A. K., Arise, R. O., Sanusi, M. O., Esan, O. T., and Oyeyinka, S. A., (2014). Effect of Moringa oleifera flower fortification on the nutritional quality and sensory properties of weaning food. Croatian journal of food science and technology, 6(2), 65-71.</citation> <citation>https://hrcak.srce.hr/131735</citation> <citation>Adejumo, O. E., Kolapo, A. L., and Folarin, A. O., (2012). Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae) grown in Nigeria: In vitro antisickling activity on deoxygenated erythrocyte cells. Journal of pharmacy &bioallied sciences, 4(2), 118-122.</citation> <citation>doi: 10.4103/0975-7406.94812</citation> <citation>Shank, L. P., Riyathong, T., Lee, V. S., and Dheeranupattana, S., (2013). Peroxidase activity in native and callus culture of Moringa oleifera Lam. Journal of Medical and Bioengineering, 2(3), 163-167.</citation> <citation>http://www.jomb.org/uploadfile/2013/0826/20130826020905211.pdf</citation> <citation>Steve, I. O., and Babatunde, O. I., (2013). Chemical compositions and nutritional properties of popcorn-based complementary foods supplemented with Moringa oleifera leave flour. Journal of Food Research, 2(6), 117-132.</citation> <citation>doi:10.5539/jfr.v2n6p117</citation> <citation>Amos, A. T., Kareem, D. U., Amos, A. O., &Idowu, O. O. (2021). Nutritional evaluation of differently processed cassava-soya blends in the diets of broiler chickens. Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 48(2), 111-127.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i2.2929</citation> <citation>Yang, R. Y., Chang, L. C., Hsu, J. C., Weng, B. B., Palada, M. C., Chadha, M. L., & Levasseur, V., (2006). Nutritional and functional properties of Moringa leaves–From germplasm to plant, to food, to health. Moringa leaves Strategies, standards, and markets for a better impact on nutrition in Africa. American Chemistry Society, 1-17.</citation> <citation>http://formad-environnement.org/Yang_ghana_2006.pdf</citation> <citation>Asiedu-Gyekye, I. J., Frimpong-Manso, S. A., Awortwe, C., Antwi, D. A., and Nyarko, A. K., (2014). Micro-and macro elemental composition and safety evaluation of the nutraceutical Moringa oleifera leaves. Journal of Toxicology, 2014 (1), 1-13</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/786979</citation> <citation>Mishra, S. P., Singh, P., and Singh, S., (2012). Processing of Moringa oleifera leaves for human consumption. Bulletin of Environment, Pharmacology and life sciences, 2(1),28-31.</citation> <citation>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanjay-Singh-24/publication/257817208_Processing_of_Moringa_oleifera_Leaves_for_Human_Consumption/links/0deec525e61e179b70000000/Processing-of-Moringa-oleifera-Leaves-for-Human-Consumption.pdf</citation> <citation>Sallau, A. B., Mada, S. B., Ibrahim, S., and Ibrahim, U., (2012). Effect of boiling, simmering, and blanching on the antinutritional content of Moringa oleifera leaves. International Journal of Food Nutrition and Safety, 2(1), 1-6.</citation> <citation>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/SanusiMada/publication/269223635_Effect_of_Boiling_Simmering_and_Blanching_on_the_Antinutritional_Content_of_Moringa_oleifera_Leaves/links/54bfc6850cf28a63249fdf64/Effect-of-Boiling-Simmering-and-Blanching-on-the-Antinutritional-Content-of-Moringa-oleifera-Leaves.pdf</citation> <citation>Nambiar, V. S., andParnami, S., (2008). Standardization and organoleptic evaluation of drumstick (Moringa oleifera) leave incorporated into traditional Indian recipes. Trees for Life Journal, 3(2), 1-7.</citation> <citation>http://www.tfljournal.org/article.php/20080 407133437686</citation> <citation>Abou-Zaid, A. A., and Nadir, A. S., (2014). Quality evaluation of nutritious chocolate and Halawatahinia produced with Moringaoleiferaleaves powder. Middle East Journal Applied Sciences, 4(1), 1007-1015.</citation> <citation>https://www.curresweb.com/mejas/mejas/2014/1007-1015.pdf</citation> <citation>Khalafalla, M. M., Abdellatef, E., Dafalla, H. M., Nassrallah, A. A., Aboul-Enein, K. M., Lightfoot, D. A., and El-Shemy, H. A., (2010). An active principle from Moringa oleifera Lam leaves effective against two leukemias and a hepatocarcinoma. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(49), 8467-8471.</citation> <citation>DOI: 10.5897/AJB10.996</citation> <citation>Ganguly, R., Hazra, R., Ray, K., and Guha, D., (2010). Effect of Moringa oleifera in an experimental model of Alzheimer's disease: Role of antioxidants. Annals of Neurosciences, 12(3), 33-36.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5214/ans.0972.7531.2005.120301</citation> <citation>Nadeem, M., and Imran, M., (2016). Promising features of Moringa oleifera oil: recent updates and perspectives. Lipids in Health and Disease, 15(1), 1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-016-0379-0</citation> <citation>Brilhante, R. S. N., Sales, J. A., Pereira, V. S., Castelo, D. D. S. C. M., de Aguiar Cordeiro, R., de Souza Sampaio, C. M., and Rocha, M. F. G., (2017). Research advances on the multiple uses of Moringa oleifera: A sustainable alternative for the socially neglected population. Asian Pacific journal of tropical medicine, 10(7), 621-630.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.002</citation> <citation>Saini, R. K., Sivanesan, I., and Keum, Y. S., (2016). Phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera: a review of their nutritional, therapeutic, and industrial significance. 3 Biotech, 6(2), 203-209.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-016-0526-3</citation> <citation>Ganga, M. U., Karthiayani, A., Vasanthi, G., and Baskaran, D., (2019). Study on Development of Fiber-enriched Noodles using Moringa Leaves (Moringaolifera). Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, 38(2), 145-149.https://doi.org/10.18805/ajdfr. DR-1451</citation> <citation>Asiedu-Gyekye, I. J., Frimpong-Manso, Awortwe, C.,Antwi, D. A., and Nyarko, A. K., (2014). Micro-and macroelemental composition and safety evaluation of the nutraceutical Moringaoleifera leaves. Journal of Toxicology, 2014(1), 1-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/786979</citation> <citation>Lürling, M., Faassen, E.J., and Van Eenennaam, J.S., (2011). Effects of the cyanobacterial neurotoxin β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) on the survival, mobility and reproduction of Daphnia magna. Journal of plankton research, 33(2), 333-342.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq130</citation> </citations> <pages>10-13</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-25" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="150" stage="externalReview"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">150</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="535" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="995" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Aslam.docx</name> <file id="995" filesize="12932" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/150/6244ae9220a5a.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="298" filesize="15916" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/150/61c7632ec8733.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="592" created_at="2021-12-28" date_created="" file_id="298" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-28" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="535" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">rice bran.docx</name> <file id="298" filesize="15916" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/150/61c7632ec8733.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1472" created_at="2022-03-30" date_created="" file_id="1024" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1024" filesize="510505" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/150/6244c78e485a1.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="722" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="G.Edt" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">150</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.150</id> <title locale="en_US">RICE BRAN; A POTENTIAL COMMODITY</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Rice crop is cultivated in large amount worldwide and the outward layer of rice grain isbran that is the most important rice by-product.Rice bran and its oil carry bioactive components in large amount and these compoundsare used to treat number of diseases and health defects, it is also used on industrial scalelike in cosmetics.Bioactive components like γ-Oryzanol, flavonoids, phytic acid, phenolics, phytic acid are present in rice bran.Rice wheat has incredible potential in the food business, particularly in the assembling of usefulnourishments, such as active baking products. The fortified rice or its components are used asadditives in number of food matrices such as pizza, cookies, bread, beverages,tuna oil, powdered beef and milk for practical and nutritious purposes.Rice bran can be used to developlow fat and high fibrous products of bakery. It is also used in meat emulsion and industrial battermixtures. In incorporation to the physical wellbeing that are provided by rice bran. Rice branused as a high fiber diet can provide texture, firmness, emulsifying properties, gelling and certainstabilizing properties. Nourishments covered with a strong layer of rice regularly retain low fatduring browning however the modest quantity of fat discovered normally in rice wheat fiber alsogo about as a flavor transporter. Boiled rice contains a lot of amino acids that are important forhumans and because of it is used as a new nutritional constituent. Rice bran contains about ten-fifteen percent increased protein. The protein composition construct on rice bran can help controlthe disorders associated with a protein diet. In addition, unique anticancer and hypoallergenicproperties make rice bran protein higher than cereal protein.Owing to its noteworthy nutritive and helpful esteem, rice bran may upgrade</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="722"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maria.aslam@ahs.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">276</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.150.g276</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1472"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>.</citation> </citations> <pages>02-02</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-23" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="140" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">140</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="508" created_at="2021-12-23" date_created="" file_id="283" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-23" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Asra Article.docx</name> <file id="283" filesize="40609" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/140/61c471c97bdac.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="527" created_at="2021-12-24" date_created="" file_id="283" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="508" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Asra Article.docx</name> <file id="283" filesize="40609" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/140/61c471c97bdac.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="844" created_at="2022-01-29" date_created="" file_id="283" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-29" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="527" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Asra Article.docx</name> <file id="283" filesize="40609" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/140/61c471c97bdac.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="845" created_at="2022-01-29" date_created="" file_id="283" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-29" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="844" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Asra Article.docx</name> <file id="283" filesize="40609" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/140/61c471c97bdac.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1476" created_at="2022-03-30" date_created="" file_id="1028" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1028" filesize="687239" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/140/6244cb5f5e71a.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="653" url_path="" seq="3" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">140</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.140</id> <title locale="en_US">GENDER BAISED ASSOCIATION OF MINDFULNESS AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS OF LAHORE, CITY</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Mindful Eating</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Mindfulness is an emerging topic which has gained an immense attention amongst the researchers. Different researches are being conducted to examine the technique to instill mindful eating in people's mundane routine.<strong>Methods:</strong>A quantitative evidence-based, cross-sectional study was conducted at University of Lahore from September 2021-December 2021 having a sample size of 300 people. 150 males and 150 females aging 17-49 were involved in the survey.<strong>Results:</strong>The analysis of data revealed a significant outcome among males and females regarding degree of knowledge and mindful practices (<em>r</em>=.244, <em>p</em>&lt;0.05) and. (<em>r</em>=.445, <em>p</em>&lt;0.05) respectively. Significant ratio in emotional responses say anxiety (<em>r</em>=.491, <em>p</em>&lt;0.05), self-control (<em>r</em>=.180, <em>p</em>&lt;0.05), boredom (<em>r</em>=.105, <em>p</em>&lt;0.05). External cues such as peer pressure (<em>r</em>=.246, <em>p</em>&lt;0.05), food palatability (<em>r</em>=.013, <em>p</em>&lt;0.05) and other distractions (<em>r</em>=.914, <em>p</em>&lt;0.05) effected both genders in a significant way, along with the internal cues like satiety (<em>r</em>=.952, <em>p</em>&lt;0.05), overeating (<em>r</em>=.155, <em>p</em>&lt;0.05) and food restrictions (<em>r</em>=.315, <em>p</em>&lt;0.05) that had influence over males and their female counterparts as well.<strong>Conclusion:</strong>This survey proved to be beneficial in understanding the society’s knowledge about the mindful eating, their dietary habits and how they deal with the different food cues in their life. The findings showed almost an equal response from both genders however more interventions and researches are needed in this particular area as a significant number of people are actually inclining towards the idea of mindful eating and need proper guidance and programs to make it possible for them to inculcate it in their daily lives.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Mindfulness; Mindful eating; Emotional response; External cues; Internal cues; Disinhibition; Satiety; Food cravings; Binge eating; Control.</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="653"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maria.aslam@ahs.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="663"> <givenname locale="en_US">Asra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Iftikhar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="664"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fatima </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shoaib</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="665"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nida </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shafaqat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="666"> <givenname locale="en_US">Irna </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zahid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="667"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hamna </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Shabir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="3" id="668"> <givenname locale="en_US">Noor </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ul Ain</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">280</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.140.g280</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1476"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Nelson JB. Mindful eating: the art of presence while you eat. Diabetes Spectrum. 2017;30(3):171-4.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2337/ds17-0015</citation> <citation>Hanh TN. Mindful Eating, Mindful Life. 2015.</citation> <citation>Misselbrook D. W is for wellbeing and the WHO definition of health. British Journal of General Practice. 2014;64(628):582-.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp14X682381</citation> <citation>Jordan CH, Wang W, Donatoni L, Meier BP. Mindful eating: Trait and state mindfulness predict healthier eating behavior. Personality and Individual differences. 2014;68:107-11.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.04.013</citation> <citation>Yeomans MR, Tovey H, Tinley E, Haynes C. Effects of manipulated palatability on appetite depend on restraint and disinhibition scores from the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. International journal of obesity. 2004;28(1):144-51.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802483</citation> <citation>Daly P, Pace T, Berg J, Menon U, Szalacha LA. A mindful eating intervention: A theory-guided randomized anti-obesity feasibility study with adolescent Latino females. Complementary therapies in medicine. 2016;28:22-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2016.07.006</citation> <citation>Miller CK, Kristeller JL, Headings A, Nagaraja H, Miser WF. Comparative effectiveness of a mindful eating intervention to a diabetes self-management intervention among adults with type 2 diabetes: a pilot study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2012;112(11):1835-42.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2012.07.036</citation> <citation>Hepworth NS. A mindful eating group as an adjunct to individual treatment for eating disorders: A pilot study. Eating Disorders. 2010;19(1):6-16.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2011.533601</citation> <citation>Albers S. Using mindful eating to treat food restriction: A case study. Eating Disorders. 2010;19(1):97-107.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2011.533609</citation> <citation>Giannopoulou I, Kotopoulea-Nikolaidi M, Daskou S, Martyn K, Patel A. Mindfulness in eating is inversely related to binge eating and mood disturbances in university students in health-related disciplines. Nutrients. 2020;12(2):396.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020396</citation> <citation>Bennett J, Greene G, Schwartz-Barcott D. Perceptions of emotional eating behavior. A qualitative study of college students. Appetite. 2013;60:187-92.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.09.023</citation> <citation>Khan Z, Zadeh ZF. Mindful eating and it's relationship with mental well-being. Procedia-Social and behavioral sciences. 2014;159:69-73.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.12.330</citation> <citation>Warren JM, Smith N, Ashwell M. A structured literature review on the role of mindfulness, mindful eating and intuitive eating in changing eating behaviours: effectiveness and associated potential mechanisms. Nutrition research reviews. 2017;30(2):272-83.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422417000154</citation> <citation>Czepczor-Bernat K, Brytek-Matera A, Gramaglia C, Zeppegno P. The moderating effects of mindful eating on the relationship between emotional functioning and eating styles in overweight and obese women. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. 2019:1-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-019-00740-6</citation> <citation>Hays NP, Roberts SB. Aspects of eating behaviors "disinhibition" and "restraint" are related to weight gain and BMI in women. Obesity. 2008;16(1):52-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2007.12</citation> <citation>Caldwell K, Baime M, Wolever R. Mindfulness based approaches to obesity and weight loss maintenance. Journal of Mental Health Counseling. 2012;34(3):269-82.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.34.3.t016616717774643</citation> <citation>Van De Veer E, Van Herpen E, Van Trijp HC. Body and mind: Mindfulness helps consumers to compensate for prior food intake by enhancing the responsiveness to physiological cues. Journal of Consumer Research. 2016;42(5):783-803.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucv058</citation> <citation>Bingeman B, Neid-Avila J. Learning to Listen to Hunger and Fullness Cues. 2018.</citation> <citation>Wansink B, Park S. At the movies: how external cues and perceived taste impact consumption volume. Food Quality and Preference. 2001;12(1):69-74.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-3293(00)00031-8</citation> <citation>Alberts HJ, Thewissen R, Raes L. Dealing with problematic eating behaviour. The effects of a mindfulness-based intervention on eating behaviour, food cravings, dichotomous thinking and body image concern. Appetite. 2012;58(3):847-51.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2012.01.009</citation> </citations> <pages>38-41</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-23" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="139" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">139</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="510" created_at="2021-12-23" date_created="" file_id="285" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-23" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EMERGENCE OF FAD DIETS AND OBESITY RELATED PERCEPTIONS ANDPRACTICES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.docx</name> <file id="285" filesize="75639" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/139/61c47b5c04467.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="526" created_at="2021-12-24" date_created="" file_id="285" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-24" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="510" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EMERGENCE OF FAD DIETS AND OBESITY RELATED PERCEPTIONS ANDPRACTICES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.docx</name> <file id="285" filesize="75639" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/139/61c47b5c04467.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="795" created_at="2022-01-22" date_created="" file_id="285" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-22" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="526" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EMERGENCE OF FAD DIETS AND OBESITY RELATED PERCEPTIONS ANDPRACTICES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.docx</name> <file id="285" filesize="75639" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/139/61c47b5c04467.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="796" created_at="2022-01-22" date_created="" file_id="285" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-22" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="795" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">EMERGENCE OF FAD DIETS AND OBESITY RELATED PERCEPTIONS ANDPRACTICES AMONG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.docx</name> <file id="285" filesize="75639" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/139/61c47b5c04467.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1474" created_at="2022-03-30" date_created="" file_id="1026" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf_compressed.pdf</name> <file id="1026" filesize="1049921" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/139/6244ca421dbc9.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="652" url_path="" seq="2" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">139</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.139</id> <title locale="en_US">Emergence of FAD Diets and Obesity-Related Perceptions and Practices Among University Students</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Fad Diets and Obesity-related Perceptions and Practices</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>The prevalence of obesity is increasing day by day and is becoming a serious issue worldwide. Obesity leads to different chronic diseases such as diabetes, CVD, hypertension etc. In attempts to lose weight faster people try different diets and Fad diets are a part of these diets. Keto genic diet, Atkins diet, vegan diet, liquid diet are some examples of these diets. <strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the emergence of fad diets and obesity related perceptions and practices among university students. <strong>Methods: </strong>A cross sectional study design with a sample size of 100 students were randomly selected from 4 different universities; University of Lahore, LUMS, Forman Christian College and Superior University. Data was collected from the participants through a questionnaire. <strong>Results: </strong>Questions regarding knowledge and perceptions about obesity and fad diets were asked to which majority of the participants answered that they knew about BMI and it being a major indicator of obesity (73%). When they were asked about knowledge of obesity related to diet and sleep 88% agreed to it being interlinked while 19% disagreed. Upon asking what the respondents thought was the main cause of weight gain 14% replied junk food, 22% replied to lack of exercise, 27% said unhealthy eating practices but majority 35% outlined lack of exercise combined with unhealthy eating practices as the foremost cause of increasing rates of obesity. When asked if the participants followed any fad diets they answered with different diets; 12 respondents followed Atkins, 20 followed keto, 7 followed vegans, 4 followed liquid diet, and 32 followed other fad diets while 32 participants didn’t follow any fad diet. The correlation between fad diets and their effectiveness was determined and the results showed a significant correlation (p&lt;0.05). Most of the participants were females (57 females and 43 males) and through the present study it was evaluated that mostly females followed such fad diets as compared to males. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Fad diets have been in trend from a long time and people mainly follow it to lose weight quickly and to get into a certain body shape. However, restricting specific food groups leads to drawback that cause health issues. Following a fad diet is short-term solution to obesity that can be reversed easily by slipping back into old eating patterns. The long-term solution to obesity is to eat a healthy balanced diet and to be physically active.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>FAD diets, obesity, comorbidities</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="652"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Dietand Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maria.aslam@ahs.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="656"> <givenname locale="en_US">Anosha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Tariq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore,Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="657"> <givenname locale="en_US">Javaria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Naveed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="658"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syeda Ume </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Farwa</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="659"> <givenname locale="en_US">Yumna </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Zainab</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="660"> <givenname locale="en_US">Wajeeha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Abbas</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="661"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sibgha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Babar</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="2" id="662"> <givenname locale="en_US">Masooma </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">278</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.139.g278</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1474"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Omar M, Nouh F, Younis M, Younis M, Nabil N, Elamshity B, Ahmad H, Elhadad I, Elmagri A. Fad Diet. Asian Food Science Journal. 2019 Apr 8:1-1.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.9734/afsj/2019/v8i229987</citation> <citation>Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2019 May;15(5):288-98.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0176-8</citation> <citation>Haththotuwa RN, Wijeyaratne CN, Senarath U. Worldwide epidemic of obesity. InObesity and obstetrics 2020 Jan 1 (pp. 3-8). Elsevier.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817921-5.00001-1</citation> <citation>World Health Organization. Overweight and obesity.</citation> <citation>Bucher Della Torre S, Courvoisier DS, Saldarriaga A, Martin XE, Farpour‐Lambert NJ. Knowledge, attitudes, representations and declared practices of nurses and physicians about obesity in a university hospital: training is essential. Clinical obesity. 2018 Apr;8(2):122-30.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12238</citation> <citation>Wolfenden L, Ezzati M, Larijani B, Dietz W. The challenge for global health systems in preventing and managing obesity. Obesity Reviews. 2019 Nov; 20:185-93.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12872</citation> <citation>deMenezes EV, Sampaio HA, Carioca AA, Parente NA, Brito FO, Moreira TM, de Souza AC, Arruda SP. Influence of Paleolithic diet on anthropometric markers in chronic diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition journal. 2019 Dec;18(1):1-2.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-019-0457-z</citation> <citation>Banerjee S. Fad diets on metabolic syndrome among sedentary women-A systemic review. IP Journal of Nutrition, Metabolism and Health Science. 2021 May 15;4(1):34-40.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.18231/j.ijnmhs.2021.006</citation> <citation>Khawandanah J, Tewfik I. Fad diets: lifestyle promises and health challenges. Journal of Food Research. 2016;5(6):80-94.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n6p80</citation> <citation>Jáuregui-Lobera I. Fad diets, miracle diets, diet cult… but no results. JONNPR. 2017 Mar;2(3):90-3.</citation> <citation>Hart K. Fad diets and fasting for weight loss in obesity. Advanced nutrition and dietetics in obesity. 2018;177.</citation> <citation>Jou C. The biology and genetics of obesity-a century of inquiries. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014 May 15;370(20):1874-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1400613</citation> <citation>Song HJ, Lee EK, Kwon JW. Gender differences in the impact of obesity on health-related quality of life. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health. 2016 Mar;28(2):146-56.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539515626267</citation> <citation>Bautista RJ, Mahmoud AM, Königsberg M, Guerrero NE. Obesity: Pathophysiology, monosodium glutamate-induced model and anti-obesity medicinal plants. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 2019 Mar 1; 111:503-16.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.108</citation> <citation>Kim MH, Kim Y, Chung J, Yeon JY. Fad diet status of male and female collegians. The Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition. 2015;28(2):258-68.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2015.28.2.258</citation> <citation>Kim MH, Yeon JY. Fad dieting status and need for nutrition education on healthy dieting of the university students according to the desired loss weight. The Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition. 2017;30(3):473-81.</citation> <citation>Karthijeken, K, Angela, A.A, Nutritional status and dietary practices among university students, Vol. 10, Sri Lanka, International journal of scientific and research publication, 2020.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.10.10.2020.p10648</citation> <citation>Hooper L, Anderson AS, Birch J, Forster AS, Rosenberg G, Bauld L, Vohra J. Public awareness and healthcare professional advice for obesity as a risk factor for cancer in the UK: a cross-sectional survey. Journal of public health. 2018 Dec 1;40(4):797-805.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdx145</citation> <citation>Kim MH, Kim Y, Chung J, Yeon JY. Fad diet status of male and female collegians. The Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition. 2015;28(2):258-68.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.9799/ksfan.2015.28.2.258</citation> <citation>Garber N, Kozak A, Uhley V. Undergraduate Students Are Not Wooed by Fad Diets. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2021 Jun;5(Supplement_2):126-.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab035_034</citation> </citations> <pages>33-37</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-22" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="137" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">137</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="503" created_at="2021-12-22" date_created="" file_id="438" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-22" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">chikunguniya Updated for Biomedical.docx</name> <file id="438" filesize="56764" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/137/61ec271eaa476.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="278" filesize="45264" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/137/61c3b4182dfc1.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="792" created_at="2022-01-22" date_created="" file_id="439" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-22" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">chikunguniya Updated for Biomedical.docx</name> <file id="439" filesize="47676" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/137/61ec275473457.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="793" created_at="2022-01-22" date_created="" file_id="439" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-22" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="792" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">chikunguniya Updated for Biomedical.docx</name> <file id="439" filesize="47676" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/137/61ec275473457.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="794" created_at="2022-01-22" date_created="" file_id="439" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-22" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="793" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">chikunguniya Updated for Biomedical.docx</name> <file id="439" filesize="47676" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/137/61ec275473457.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1085" created_at="2022-02-21" date_created="" file_id="590" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-02-21" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="590" filesize="1126528" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/137/6213824451f6e.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="649" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">137</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.137</id> <title locale="en_US">Community Perceptions Regarding Chikungunya Vector Proof Housing In Lahore, Pakistan for Sustainable Development</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p style="margin: 0in; margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #0e101a;">Sustainable Development Agenda is gaining importance, acknowledging its importance right adaptation of interventions for housing regarding vector-borne disease prevention as suggested by “Keeping the Vector Out” can make cities and human settlements vector-proof and sustainable.<strong>Objective:</strong> To assess community perceptions regarding chikungunya vector-proof housing for sustainable development. </span><strong><span style="color: #0e101a;">MethodS:</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a;"> Descriptive cross-sectional study included 400 households of Aziz Bhatti Town, Lahore. A semi-structured questionnaire administered by personal interview method to the available and willing adult member of the household by Researcher with the environmental inspector and lady sanitary patrol of Dengue and Polio survey teams of DDO office Aziz Bhatti Town Lahore, using simple random sampling technique after consent and ethical approval. The questionnaire was pre-tested (Pilot). Data analyzed using SPSS 20.0. </span><strong><span style="color: #0e101a;">Results:</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a;"> Among 400 households interviewed, the majority 69.7% were living in houses that were built &gt;9 years ago, 86.8 % were concrete. Climatic change and global warming can increase disease carried by mosquito AedesAegypti believed by 90.2 % and their impact can be mitigated by improved housing reported by 91.5%. Regarding community perceptions about vector-proof housing, 74.6% believed that improved house design can prevent entry and breeding of mosquitoes therefore, 86.3% screened windows doors and eaves, 83.0% believed that they always checked cracks and crevices in the wall, floor and roof and cemented them. But 58.7% believed that they do not consider mosquito prevention housing interventions as one of the important factors when constructing their house as among barriers 73.5% could not afford modern building materials, 73.5% lack detailed knowledge and 13.8% thought screening as an obstruction to ventilation. Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika disease are spread by Aedes mosquito species believed by 78% who (agreed and strongly agreed) still 81.8% urged for health education regarding chikungunya vector proof housing.</span><strong><span style="color: #0e101a;">Conclusion:</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a;"> Housing improvement can mitigate the impacts of climatic change and vector-borne disease. But health program planners need to identify and facilitate the removal of barriers for adoption of Vector proof housing.</span></p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="646"> <givenname locale="en_US">Serena </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Taj</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute of Public health, Quetta, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="647"> <givenname locale="en_US">Saleem Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rana</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Institute of Public health, The University of Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="648"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amber </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hassan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public health, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>amberhassan7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="649"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tallat Anwar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Faridi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public health, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tallat.anwar@pht.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="650"> <givenname locale="en_US">Akash </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">John</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological and Medical Imaging Sciences, The University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>akashjohn10048@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">161</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.137.g161</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1085"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>World Health Organization. Keeping the vector out: housing improvements for vector control and sustainable development. [Online]. Available from: https://www.who.int/social_determinants/publications/keeping-the-vector-out/en/, [Accessed 19 Mar2019].</citation> <citation>World Health Organization. Global vector control response 2017-2030. [Online]. Available from:https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/259205/9789241512978-eng.pdf,[Accessed 22 Jan 2022].</citation> <citation>Tusting LS, Ippolito MM, Willey BA, Kleinschmidt I, Dorsey G, Gosling RD, et al. The evidence for improving housing to reduce malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Malar J. 2015;14(1):209-221.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-015-0724-1</citation> <citation>World health Organization. Chikunguniya factsheet: Key facts.2017. Geneva.</citation> <citation>Maria Curie-Skłodowska University. Book of Abstracts: Numerical aspects in mathematical modelling of vector-borne diseases. [Online]. Available from http://www.dsabns2020.maths.unitn.it/General_Files/CT_Jan2020/Skwara_Urszula.pdf . [Accessed 22 Jan 2022].</citation> <citation>Mallhi TH, Khan YH, Tanveer N, Bukhsh A, Khan AH, Aftab RA, et al. Awareness and knowledge of Chikungunya infection following its outbreak in Pakistan among health care students and professionals: a nationwide survey. PeerJ. 2018; 6:5481-5498.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5481</citation> <citation>Badar N, Ikram A, Salman M, Alam M, Umair M, Arshad Y, et al. Epidemiology of Chikungunya virus isolates 2016-2018. Pakistan. Journal of Medical Virology. 2021, 93(11):6124-6131.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26957</citation> <citation>Shi J, Su Z, Fan Z, Wang J, Liu S, Zhang B,et al. Extensive evolution analysis of the global chikungunya virus strains revealed the origination of CHIKV epidemics in Pakistan in 2016. VirologicaSinica. 2017,32(6):520-532.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-017-4077-5</citation> <citation>World Health Organization. Climate Change publications: Global warming.2018. Geneva.</citation> <citation>Bordoloi B, Saharia S. Climate change and emerging vector-borne diseases in IndiaInt. J. Life Sci. Pharma Res. 2021; 11(2):190-193.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.22376/ijpbs/lpr.2021.11.2.L190-193</citation> <citation>Williams PC, Bartlett AW, HowardJones A, McMullan B, Khatami A, Britton PN,et al. Impact of climate change and biodiversity collapse on the global emergence and spread of infectious diseases. Journal of paediatrics and child health. 2021;57(11):1811-1818.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15681</citation> <citation>Anyamba A, Chretien JP, Britch SC, Soebiyanto RP, Small JL, Jepsen R, et al. Global Disease Outbreaks Associated with the 2015-2016 El Niño Event. Scientific reports. 2019; 9(1):1930-1932.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-38034-z</citation> <citation>Harapan H, Yufika A, Anwar S, Te H, Hasyim H, Nusa R, Dhewantara PW, Mudatsir M. Effects of El Niño Southern oscillation and dipole mode index on chikungunya infection in Indonesia. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020;5(3):119.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed5030119</citation> <citation>Iqbal MF, Athar H. Variability, trends, and teleconnections of observed precipitation over Pakistan. Theoretical and applied climatology. 2018;134(1):613-632.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-017-2296-1</citation> <citation>Adnan M, Rehman N, Khan AA, Mir KA, Khan MA. Influence of natural forcing phenomena on precipitation of Pakistan.PJM. 2017;12(24):23-35</citation> <citation>Afzal M, Haroon MA, Rana AS, Imran A. Influence of North Atlantic oscillations and Southern oscillations on winter precipitation of Northern Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology. 2013;9(18).1-8</citation> <citation>Sellen D. Evolutionary Medicine, Evolution and Human Behavior.New York: Oxford University Press; 2014.</citation> <citation>Sharma A, Gupta V, Khandelwal A. The knowledge, attitude and practices regarding commonly occurring mosquito borne diseases among people in catering area of urban health and training centre. Int J Community Med Public Health.2017; 4(8): 2864-2869.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20173336</citation> <citation>Kaindoa EW, Finda M, Kiplagat J, Mkandawile G, Nyoni A, Coetzee M, et al. Housing gaps, mosquitoes and public viewpoints: a mixed methods assessment of relationships between house characteristics, malaria vector biting risk and community perspectives in rural Tanzania. Malar. J. 2018; 17(1): 298-300.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-018-2450-y</citation> <citation>Rashid M, Sultana H, Zaman MT. Knowledge and awareness regarding chikungunya among urban community people of selected area of Dhaka City Bangladesh.J Infect Dis. 2018; 6(1): 355-358.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-0877.1000355</citation> <citation>Alobuia WM, Missikpode C, Aung M, Jolly PE. Knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding vector-borne diseases in Western Jamaica. Annals of global health. 2015; 81(5):654-663.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aogh.2015.08.013</citation> </citations> <pages>27-32</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-22" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="136" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">136</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="502" created_at="2021-12-22" date_created="" file_id="453" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-25" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">ARTICLE1 fatima.docx</name> <file id="453" filesize="47377" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/136/61f018060659f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="277" filesize="42712" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/136/61c3b0f6b7979.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="820" created_at="2022-01-25" date_created="" file_id="453" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="502" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">ARTICLE1 fatima.docx</name> <file id="453" filesize="47377" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/136/61f018060659f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="912" created_at="2022-02-01" date_created="" file_id="453" stage="final" updated_at="2022-02-01" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="820" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">ARTICLE1 fatima.docx</name> <file id="453" filesize="47377" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/136/61f018060659f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="913" created_at="2022-02-01" date_created="" file_id="528" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-02-08" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="912" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">ARTICLE1 fatima.docx</name> <file id="528" filesize="30593" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/136/62029a2d545f2.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="453" filesize="47377" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/136/61f018060659f.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1475" created_at="2022-03-30" date_created="" file_id="1027" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1027" filesize="714115" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/136/6244cad9cb05b.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="644" url_path="" seq="26" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">136</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.136</id> <title locale="en_US">Opinion of Speech Language Pathologist about Teletherapy in treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder</title> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>To find out the opinion of speech language pathologistabout teletherapy in treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder in light of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.<strong>Study Design:</strong>The study design was cross-sectional.<strong>Settings:</strong> The data was collected through social media or online survey via Google forms.<strong>Study Duration:</strong> The duration of study was 6 months from January to June 2021.<strong>Material and method:</strong>To assess opinion about teletherapy, a convenient sampling technique was held in which speech therapist (n=113) completed an online survey amidst COVID-19 with 20 questions related to providing teletherapy service. A questionnaire was developed with the help of expert opinion and literature review. Measures of ratings included custom-made attitudinal statements towards teletherapy by Speech Therapist. <strong>Results:</strong>The results indicate that 8.7% speech therapists plan to discontinue teletherapy after COVID-19 pandemic while 48% speech therapists were satisfying with teletherapy service. None of the participants plans to switch completely to teletherapy. Besides technical conditions, other factors also have influence on teletherapy.<strong>Conclusion: </strong>The delivery of teletherapy has been found to be an efficacious, acceptable and feasible treatment modality for individual therapy.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2022</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="638"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fatima </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Hussain</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="639"> <givenname locale="en_US">Amna </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rashid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="640"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Azzam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="641"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ruhamah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Yousaf</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="1126"> <givenname locale="en_US">M Sikander Ghayas </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="1127"> <givenname locale="en_US">Iqra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rehman</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Health Professional Technologies,Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="1128"> <givenname locale="en_US">Khadija </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Saleem</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="26" id="644"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tallal Anwar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Faridi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>tallat.anwar@pht.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">279</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.136.g279</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1475"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Lord C, Elsabbagh M, Baird G, Veenstra-Vanderweele J. Autism spectrum disorder. The Lancet. 2018 Aug 11;392(10146):508-20.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31129-2</citation> <citation>Frith U, Happé F. Autism spectrum disorder. Current biology. 2005 Oct 11;15(19):R786-90.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2005.09.033</citation> <citation>Lord C, Brugha TS, Charman T, Cusack J, Dumas G, Frazier T, Jones EJ, Jones RM, Pickles A, State MW, Taylor JL. Autism spectrum disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2020 Jan 16;6(1):1-23.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0138-4</citation> <citation>Autism spectrum disorder: advances in diagnosis and evaluation</citation> <citation>Lonnie Zwaigenbaum et al., The BMJ: Research, 2018</citation> <citation>Sharma, S. R., Gonda, X., &Tarazi, F. I. (2018). Autism Spectrum Disorder: Classification, diagnosis and therapy. Pharmacology & Therapeutics. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.007</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.007</citation> <citation>Haq, I., & Le Couteur, A. (2004). Autism spectrum disorder. Medicine, 32(8), 61-63. doi:10.1383/medc.32.8.61.43165</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1383/medc.32.8.61.43165</citation> <citation>Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466-474. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013</citation> <citation>Mazefsky, C. A., Herrington, J., Siegel, M., Scarpa, A., Maddox, B. B., Scahill, L., & White, S. W. (2013). The Role of Emotion Regulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(7), 679-688. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.006</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.006</citation> <citation>Mannion, A., & Leader, G. (2013). Comorbidity in autism spectrum disorder: A literature review. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 7(12), 1595-1616. doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2013.09.006</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2013.09.006</citation> <citation>American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4. Text Revision. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. [Google Scholar]</citation> <citation>2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Fifth. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. [Google Scholar]</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596</citation> <citation>3. Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Baron-Cohen S Autism. The Lancet. 2014;383:896-910. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61539-1</citation> <citation>4. Volkmar F, Siegel M, Woodbury-Smith M et al. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of the American Acadamy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2014;53(2):237-257. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.10.013</citation> <citation>Brugha, T., Bankart, J., McManus, S. &Gullon-Scott, F. CDC autism rate: misplaced reliance on passive sampling? Lancet 392, 732-733 (2018).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31494-6</citation> <citation>O'Reilly C, Lewis JD, Elsabbagh M. Is functional brain connectivity atypical in autism? A systematic review of EEG and MEG studies. PLoS One 2017; 12: e0175870.6</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175870</citation> <citation>American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), 5th edn. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Publishing, 2013.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596</citation> <citation>Hao Y, Franco JH, Sundarrajan M, Chen Y. A pilot study comparing tele-therapy and in-person therapy: perspectives from parent-mediated intervention for children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2021 Jan;51(1):129-43.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04439-x</citation> <citation>Jung SI, Lim S, Jo E, Sim HS, Sung JE, Kim YT. The Efficacy of Telepractice Intervention for Children & Adolescents with Speech, Language & Hearing Impairments: a Meta-Analysis. Communication Sciences & Disorders. 2020 Dec 31;25(4):976-86.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.12963/csd.20756</citation> <citation>Boisvert M, Lang R, Andrianopoulos M, Boscardin ML. Telepractice in the assessment and treatment of individuals with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review. Developmental neurorehabilitation. 2010 Dec 1;13(6):423-32.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/17518423.2010.499889</citation> <citation>Solomon D, Soares N. Telehealth Approaches to Care Coordination in Autism Spectrum Disorder. InInterprofessional Care Coordination for Pediatric Autism Spectrum Disorder 2020 (pp. 289-306). Springer, Cham.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46295-6_19</citation> <citation>Ingersoll B, Berger NI. Parent engagement with a telehealth-based parent-mediated intervention program for children with autism spectrum disorders: Predictors of program use and parent outcomes. Journal of Medical Internet Research. 2015;17(10):e227.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.4913</citation> <citation>Ennis-Cole DL. Technologies to facilitate communication, social skill development, diagnostic reporting, and learning. InTechnology for learners with autism spectrum disorders 2015 (pp. 59-72). Springer, Cham.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-05981-5_5</citation> <citation>Parmanto B, Pulantara IW, Schutte JL, Saptono A, McCue MP. An integrated telehealth system for remote administration of an adult autism assessment. Telemedicine and e-Health. 2013 Feb 1;19(2):88-94.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2012.0104</citation> <citation>Greenfield E. Pilot RCT of an Online Pivotal Response Treatment Training Program for Parents of Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder (Doctoral dissertation, UC Santa Barbara).</citation> <citation>Monzon AD, Zhang E, Marker AM, Nelson EL. Overview of Child Telebehavioral Interventions Using Real-Time Videoconferencing. InTelemedicine, Telehealth and Telepresence 2021 (pp. 347-364). Springer, Cham.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56917-4_22</citation> <citation>Mootz CA. Positive Family Intervention for Families of Children with Fragile X Syndrome: Using Telehealth to Reduce Problem Behavior and Improve Maternal Mental Health (Doctoral dissertation, St. John's University (New York)).</citation> </citations> <pages>138-142</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-22" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="134" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">134</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="521" created_at="2021-12-24" date_created="" file_id="293" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-24" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">BURNOUT AMONG SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGISTS IN WORK SETTINGS.docx</name> <file id="293" filesize="33764" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/134/61c61783dc604.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="675" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="293" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="521" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">BURNOUT AMONG SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGISTS IN WORK SETTINGS.docx</name> <file id="293" filesize="33764" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/134/61c61783dc604.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="740" created_at="2022-01-17" date_created="" file_id="293" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-17" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="675" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">BURNOUT AMONG SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGISTS IN WORK SETTINGS.docx</name> <file id="293" filesize="33764" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/134/61c61783dc604.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="741" created_at="2022-01-17" date_created="" file_id="293" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-17" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="740" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">BURNOUT AMONG SPEECH LANGUAGE PATHOLOGISTS IN WORK SETTINGS.docx</name> <file id="293" filesize="33764" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/134/61c61783dc604.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1350" created_at="2022-03-21" date_created="" file_id="1049" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1049" filesize="726978" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/134/6244dae078584.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="858" filesize="720125" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/134/6238a06bbc967.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="624" url_path="" seq="22" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">134</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.134</id> <title locale="en_US">Burnout Among Speech Language Pathologists in Work Settings</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Burnout Among Speech Language Pathologists</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Speech-language pathologists being the important component of the health care professionals arevulnerable to Burnout syndrome. This generated a necessity to come up with approaches to eradicate this burnout by providing compensations from the organizations and taking care of the well being, job satisfaction of the speech-language pathologists. <strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the burnout among Speech-language pathologists in clinical and academic setup.<strong>Methodology: </strong>A cross-sectional study was held in which speech-language pathologists (n= 133) completed an online survey with 15 questions related to Burnout. A self-designed questionnaire was developed with the help of expert opinion and literature review. Measures of ratings included custom-made attitudinal statements towards burnout by Speech-language pathologists.<strong>Results: </strong>The outcome demonstrates that 46.5% of Speech-language pathologists experience Burnout which suggests that there’s no substantial burnout among Speech-language pathologists in clinical and academic setup.<strong>Conclusion(s):</strong>Job contentment, pressure, and burnout were found to be attributed to several occupational aspects, comprising components of need, assistance, and reward. No prior surveys have analyzed the interaction between various components of a job, which might increase satisfaction or alleviate tension in SLPs.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Burnout syndrome, Speech-language pathologists, Comparison, Academic, Clinical, . Practices</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="623"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Azzam </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="624"> <givenname locale="en_US">Bareera </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Saeed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>bareerasaeedwarraich@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="625"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ahmed</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="626"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ruhamah</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Yousaf</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="627"> <givenname locale="en_US">Saba </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Yaqoob</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Speech Language Pathology, Nur International University, Lahore, Pakistan.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="628"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Sikander </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Ghayas Khan</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="629"> <givenname locale="en_US">Wafa </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fatima</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US"> University Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="22" id="630"> <givenname locale="en_US">Tallal Anwar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Faridi</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore.</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">247</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.134.g247</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1350"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Weber A, Jaekel-Reinhard A. Burnout syndrome: a disease of modern societies? Occupational medicine. 2000;50(7):512-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/50.7.512</citation> <citation>Felton JS. Burnout as a clinical entity-its importance in health care workers. Occupational medicine. 1998;48(4):237-50.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/48.4.237</citation> <citation>de Paiva LC, Canário ACG, de Paiva China ELC, Gonçalves AK. Burnout syndrome in health-care professionals in a university hospital. Clinics. 2017;72(5):305-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.6061/clinics/2017(05)08</citation> <citation>Nóbrega CBd, Barboza P. The speech therapist gets sick: Burnout syndrome and hospital speech therapy? a review. Revista CEFAC. 2014;16(3):985-91.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-021620146013</citation> <citation>Ugwoke SC, Eseadi C, Onuigbo LN, Aye EN, Akaneme IN, Oboegbulem AI, et al. A rational-emotive stress management intervention for reducing job burnout and dysfunctional distress among special education teachers: An effect study. Medicine. 2018;97(17).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000010475</citation> <citation>Gómez-Gascón T, Martín-Fernández J, Gálvez-Herrer M, Tapias-Merino E, Beamud-Lagos M, Mingote-Adán JC. Effectiveness of an intervention for prevention and treatment of burnout in primary health care professionals. BMC Family Practice. 2013;14(1):1-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2296-14-173</citation> <citation>Jennett HK, Harris SL, Mesibov GB. Commitment to philosophy, teacher efficacy, and burnout among teachers of children with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders. 2003;33(6):583-93.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JADD.0000005996.19417.57</citation> <citation>Bussing A, Glaser J. Work stressors in nursing in the course of redesign: Implications for burnout and interactional stress. European journal of work and organizational psychology. 1999;8(3):401-26.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/135943299398249</citation> <citation>Pezzei C, Oratio AR. A multivariate analysis of the job satisfaction of public school speech-language pathologists. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools. 1991;22(3):139-46.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2203.139</citation> <citation>Cagan O, Gunay O. The job satisfaction and burnout levels of primary care health workers in the province of Malatya in Turkey. Pakistan journal of medical sciences. 2015;31(3):543.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.313.6795</citation> <citation>Maslach C, Schaufeli WB, Leiter MP. Job burnout. Annual review of psychology. 2001;52(1):397-422.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397</citation> <citation>Ahola K, Honkonen T, Isometsä E, Kalimo R, Nykyri E, Aromaa A, et al. The relationship between job-related burnout and depressive disorders-results from the Finnish Health 2000 Study. Journal of affective disorders. 2005;88(1):55-62.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.06.004</citation> <citation>Brito-Marcelino A, Oliva-Costa EF, Sarmento SCP, Carvalho AA. Burnout syndrome in speech-language pathologists and audiologists: a review. Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Trabalho. 2020;18(2):217.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.47626/1679-4435-2020-480</citation> <citation>Ewen C, Jenkins H, Jackson C, Jutley-Neilson J, Galvin J. Well-being, job satisfaction, stress and burnout in speech-language pathologists: A review. International journal of speech-language pathology. 2020:1-11.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2020.1758210</citation> <citation>Bottini S, Wiseman K, Gillis J. Burnout in providers serving individuals with ASD: The impact of the workplace. Research in developmental disabilities. 2020;100:103616.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103616</citation> </citations> <pages>119-123</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-21" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="131" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">131</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="487" created_at="2021-12-21" date_created="" file_id="467" stage="submission" updated_at="2022-01-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">physiochemical analysis of tamarind plum squash.docx</name> <file id="467" filesize="36516" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/131/61f6b5590ed1e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> <file id="268" filesize="37317" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/131/61c1c2c1678a9.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="872" created_at="2022-01-30" date_created="" file_id="467" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-30" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="487" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">physiochemical analysis of tamarind plum squash.docx</name> <file id="467" filesize="36516" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/131/61f6b5590ed1e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="914" created_at="2022-02-01" date_created="" file_id="467" stage="final" updated_at="2022-02-01" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="872" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">physiochemical analysis of tamarind plum squash.docx</name> <file id="467" filesize="36516" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/131/61f6b5590ed1e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="915" created_at="2022-02-01" date_created="" file_id="467" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-02-01" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="914" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">physiochemical analysis of tamarind plum squash.docx</name> <file id="467" filesize="36516" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/131/61f6b5590ed1e.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1349" created_at="2022-03-21" date_created="" file_id="1050" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1050" filesize="666684" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/131/6244db53a5cac.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="857" filesize="660092" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/131/62389aec9e679.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="611" url_path="" seq="23" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">131</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.131</id> <title locale="en_US">Physio-chemical and acceptability analysis of Tamarind plum squash at different concentrations</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Analysis of Tamarind Plum Squash at Different Concentrations</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Tamarind plum containing red flesh, peeled are very exciting fruit due to their high content on bioactive compounds, such as the anthocyanins and other polyphenolic compounds with a high antioxidant capacity. These natural substances found in plum acts to prevent diseases such as diabetes and cancer. In this study squash was prepared with Tamarind plum.<strong>Objective:</strong>To find out Physio-chemical and acceptability analysis of tamarind plum at different concentrations.<strong>Methods:</strong>The tamarind plum was used to prepare squash with different percentage of tamarind juice and plum juice but at same percentage of sugar, water and sodium benzoic acid. Prepared squash was filled in polyethylene terephthalate bottles and analyzed after 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90days of storage. The Tamarind plum squash was subjected to Total Phenolic compounds,pH and Ascorbic acid. <strong>Result:</strong> Ascorbic Acid (33.46), pH (2.29) and TPC (0.78) were observed in squash prepared using tamarind juice (350ml), plum juice (400), sodium benzoic acid, sugar and water (2g, 1kg and 250ml). Storage showed significant effect on Ascorbic Acid and pHduring ninety days storage.<strong>Conclusion:</strong>On the basis of above results it was concluded that sample TPS3 show best in keeping quality during storage time intervals. Hence, the results of sample TPS3 of tamarind plum blended squash is more recommended in terms of commercial use and for large scale industrial production. Squash prepared from tamarind and plum are more acceptable to consumers because of sour test, need commercialization.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Physio-chemical, Acceptability, Taramind, Plum, Squash, PH.</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="23" id="608"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad Yasir </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rafique</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="23" id="609"> <givenname locale="en_US">Zainab </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Sharmeen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="23" id="610"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shahid </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Bashir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="23" id="611"> <givenname locale="en_US">Misbah </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Arshad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>fatimamisbah10@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="23" id="612"> <givenname locale="en_US">Asad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nawaz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="23" id="613"> <givenname locale="en_US">Majida Umar </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nasib</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Department of Human Nutrition & Dietetics, Knowledge Unit Health Sciences, University of Management & Technology, Sialkot Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">246</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.131.g246</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1349"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Arshad, M. S., Imran, M., Ahmed, A., Sohaib, M., Ullah, A., Nisa, M. U., ... & Rehana, H. (2019). Tamarind: A diet‐based strategy against lifestyle maladies. Food science & nutrition, 7(11), 3378-3390.https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1218.</citation> <citation>Al-Jobouri, A. H. (2020). Studying Some The Functional Properties of Tamarind Tamarindus indica L. Mucilage. Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences, 10(2), 304-307.</citation> <citation>Kidaha, M. L., Rimberia, F. K., Wekesa, R. K., & Kariuki, W. (2017). Evaluation of tamarind (Tamarindus indica) utilization and production in eastern parts of Kenya. Asian Research Journal of Agriculture, 1-7.https://doi.org/10.9734/ARJA/2017/34705.</citation> <citation>Narina, S. S., & Catanzaro, C. J. (2018). Tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.), an Underutilized Fruit Crop with Potential Nutritional Value for Cultivation in the United States of America: A Review. Asian Food Science Journal, 1-15.https://doi.org/10.9734/AFSJ/2018/43611.</citation> <citation>BPVSG, B., Nirmala Devi, G., Lakshmi, K., & Lakshmi, J. (2021). Comparative evaluation study on the physicochemical composition of three different tamarind varieties. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 10(1), 60-66.</citation> <citation>Nunoi, A., Wanapat, M., Foiklang, S., Ampapon, T., & Viennasay, B. (2019). Effects of replacing rice bran with tamarind seed meal in concentrate mixture diets on the changes in ruminal ecology and feed utilization of dairy steers. Tropical animal health and production, 51(3), 523-528.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1719-z.</citation> <citation>Abdi, S. M., & Serrem, C. A. (2013). Process Development, Nutrient and Sensory Qualities of Hot and Sweet Sauce with Tamarind (Tamarindus Indica L.). African Journal of Education, Science and Technology, 1(1), 88-99.</citation> <citation>Haldar, S., Gan, L., Tay, S. L., Ponnalagu, S., & Henry, C. J. (2019). Postprandial glycemic and insulinemic effects of the addition of aqueous extracts of dried corn silk, cumin seed powder or tamarind pulp, in two forms, consumed with high glycemic index rice. Foods, 8(10), 437.https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8100437.</citation> <citation>Khan, I., Rehman, A. U., Khan, S. H., Qazi, I. M., Arsalan Khan, S. F., & Rehman, T. U. (2017). Development and Quality Evaluation of Tamarind Plum Blended Squash During Storage. J Food Process Technol, 8(662), 2.</citation> <citation>Fatima, I., Pasha, I., Saddozai, A., Nadeem, S., Mumtaz, A., & Jabbar, S. (2020). Safety evaluation of snacks and beverages sold at various locations of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Research, 33(2), 389-394.http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.pjar/2020/33.2.389.394.</citation> <citation>Singh, D., Kumar, C., Choudhary, M. K., & Mahla, H. R. (2018). Indian arid zone miracle plants for food and livelihood security. Society for Minor Fruits, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 1.</citation> <citation>Joshi, R. C., & David, B. V. (2018). Nematode, mite and insect pests of tamarind: a review. Agriculture for Development, (35), 52-63.</citation> <citation>Sadia, A., Strodl, E., Khawaja, N. G., Kausar, R., & Cooper, M. J. (2021). Understanding eating and drinking behaviours in Pakistani university students: A conceptual model through qualitative enquiry. Appetite, 161, 105133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2021.105133.</citation> <citation>Firdous, N. (2021). Post-harvest losses in different fresh produces and vegetables in Pakistan with particular focus on tomatoes. Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research, 4(1-March 2021), 71-86.https://dx.doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2020.3168.1125.</citation> <citation>Mbaeyi-Nwaoha, I. E., & Onwe, U. N. (2019). Production and quality evaluation of yogurt flavoured with black velvet tamarind (Dailium guineense). Biological Research, 2(1), 30-48.</citation> <citation>Singh A, Sharma HK, Kaushal P, Upadhyay A. (2014). Bael (AeglemarmelosCorrea) products processing: A review. African Journal of Food Science,8(5):204-15.</citation> <citation>AOAC (2007) Official Methods of Analysis. 18th Edition. Association of Official Analytical chemists, Gaithersburg.</citation> <citation>Jiang, J., Zhang, M., Bhandari, B., & Cao, P. (2020). Current processing and packing technology for space foods: a review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 60(21), 3573-3588.https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1700348.</citation> <citation>Omer HA. (1989). The Potential of Tamarind (Tamarindusindica L.) Kernels as a Substitute Source of Pectic Substances (Doctoral dissertation, UOFK).</citation> <citation>Harborne, J. B. (1989). General procedures and measurement of total phenolics. Methods in plant biochemistry, 1, 1-28.</citation> <citation>Larmand E (1977) Laboratory method for sensory evaluation of food. Pub.</citation> <citation>Canada Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.</citation> </citations> <pages>124-127</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-17" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="126" stage="production"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">126</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="467" created_at="2021-12-17" date_created="" file_id="254" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-17" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="sanaasif_95" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">article 123.docx</name> <file id="254" filesize="746678" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/126/61bccdc487f37.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="671" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="254" stage="review_file" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="467" uploader="sanaasif_95" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">article 123.docx</name> <file id="254" filesize="746678" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/126/61bccdc487f37.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="765" created_at="2022-01-20" date_created="" file_id="254" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-20" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="671" uploader="sanaasif_95" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">article 123.docx</name> <file id="254" filesize="746678" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/126/61bccdc487f37.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="766" created_at="2022-01-20" date_created="" file_id="254" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-20" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="765" uploader="sanaasif_95" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">article 123.docx</name> <file id="254" filesize="746678" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/126/61bccdc487f37.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1348" created_at="2022-03-21" date_created="" file_id="1048" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1048" filesize="685521" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/126/6244da3d2021b.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="855" filesize="679151" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/126/623898611d44a.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="559" url_path="" seq="21" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="O.A" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">126</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.126</id> <title locale="en_US">FREQUENCY OF INTRACRANIAL HEMATOMAS RELATED TO TRAUMATIC SKULL OR FACIAL INJURIES EVALUATED ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Intracranial Hematomas Evaluated On CT</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Patients sustaining maxillofacial fractures are at risk of accompanying traumatic intracranial hematomas, which are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Prompt recognition of the clinical signs, followed by a neurosurgical inspection and diagnosis, is crucial for improving patient survival and recovery. <strong>Objective:</strong> To determine frequency of intracranial hematoma related to traumatic skull and facial injuries evaluated on Computed Tomography. <strong>Methods:</strong> This study was conducted on 195 patients from radiological department of Lahore General hospital who had road traffic accident. In this Cross-sectional study conduction advance 16 multislice CT device which shows advanced desire 3D and was used to assess intracranial hematoma in patients with skull and facial fractures. All patients with intracranial hematomas related to skull and facial injuries in trauma center and all age groups without any gender specificity were included in this study. All patients having bleeding disorders or using anti-coagulant were excluded. <strong>Results:</strong> Out of 195 patients in which 48 (24.6%) were females and 147 (75.4%) were males. 132 (67.7%) patients out of 195 patients had headache, 64 (32.8%) patients had nausea, 116 (59.5%) patients had vomiting, 149 (76.4%) patients had speaking difficulty, 71 (36.4%) patients had External bleeding and 133 (68.2%) had consciousness. Total number of 195 patients out of which 179 (91.8%) had Intracranial hematoma. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> On the basis of the results it was concluded that head and facial injury had increase prevalence rate in people with road traffic accident but no significant difference was observed between head and facial fracture cases with ICH.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword>Computed Tomography, Facial injury, Intracranial Hematoma, Subdural hemorrhage, Traumatic head injury</keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="559"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sana </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Asif</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and MIT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>sanaasif.1995@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="560"> <givenname locale="en_US">Memona</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> nazir</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University of lahore1University Institute of Radiological Sciences and MIT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>memona.nazir@rsmi.uol.edu.pk</email> <biography locale="en_US"><p>Senior lecturer at FAHS University of Lahore</p></biography> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="561"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syed Muhammad </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Yousaf Farooq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and MIT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>yousafgilani@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="562"> <givenname locale="en_US">Mehreen </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Fatima </familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and MIT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>mehreen.fatima@uipt.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="563"> <givenname locale="en_US">Manahil </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Saleem</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and MIT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>manahil1231@gmail.com</email> <biography locale="en_US"><p>5th year student at universty of lahore</p></biography> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="564"> <givenname locale="en_US">Syed Ali </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Leezam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and MIT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>70034363@student.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="21" id="565"> <givenname locale="en_US">Lina Khaled Fares</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Jallad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Radiological Sciences and MIT, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>lina.jallad96@hotmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">245</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.126.g245</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1348"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Marur T, Tuna Y, Demirci S. Facial anatomy. Clinics in dermatology. 2014 Jan 1;32(1):14-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.05.022</citation> <citation>Ackerman S. Discovering the brain.</citation> <citation>Tajran J, Gosman AA. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Scalp. Stat Pearls [Internet]. 2020 Jul 27.</citation> <citation>Huang KT, Abd-El-Barr MM, Dunn IF. Skull Fractures and Structural Brain Injuries. In Head and Neck Injuries in Young Athletes 2016 (pp. 85-103). Springer, Cham.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23549-3_7</citation> <citation>Joshi UM, Ramdurg S, Saikar S, Patil S, Shah K. Brain injuries and facial fractures: A prospective study of incidence of head injury associated with maxillofacial trauma. Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery. 2018 Dec;17(4):531-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-017-1078-8</citation> <citation>Leijdesdorff HA, van Dijck JT, Krijnen P, Vleggeert-Lankamp CL, Schipper IB, Regional Trauma Center West-Netherlands' Research Group. Injury pattern, hospital triage, and mortality of 1250 patients with severe traumatic brain injury caused by road traffic accidents. Journal of neurotrauma. 2014 Mar 1;31(5):459-65.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2013.3111</citation> <citation>Chaudhary A, Wasti H. Patterns and Severity of Injuries in Patients Following Road Traffic Accidents-A Medicolegal Aspects. Eastern Green Neurosurgery. 2020 Jan 29;2(1):13-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3126/egn.v2i1.27455</citation> <citation>Pandey RK, Mishra A. The incidence of facial injuries in children in Indian population: a retrospective study. Journal of oral biology and craniofacial research. 2018 May 1;8(2):82-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobcr.2017.09.006</citation> <citation>Allareddy V, Allareddy V, Nalliah RP. Epidemiology of facial fracture injuries. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 2011 Oct 1;69(10):2613-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.02.057</citation> <citation>Zandi M, Hoseini SR. The relationship between head injury and facial trauma: a case-control study. Oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2013 Sep;17(3):201-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10006-012-0368-z</citation> <citation>Elbaih AH, El-Sayed DA, Abou-Zeid AE, Elhadary GK. Patterns of brain injuries associated with maxillofacial fractures and its fate in emergency Egyptian polytrauma patients. Chinese journal of traumatology. 2018 Oct 1;21(5):287-92.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2017.12.005</citation> <citation>Faried A, Halim D, Widjaya IA, Badri RF, Sulaiman SF, Arifin MZ. Correlation between the skull base fracture and the incidence of intracranial haemorrhage in patients with traumatic brain injury. Chinese Journal of Traumatology. 2019 Oct 1;22(5):286-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2019.05.006</citation> <citation>Gorbunov N, Long J, editors. Traumatic brain injury: pathobiology, advanced diagnostics and acute management. BoD-Books on Demand; 2018 May 9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.68640</citation> <citation>Gennarelli TA. Mechanisms of brain injury. The Journal of emergency medicine. 1993 Jan 1; 11:5-11.</citation> <citation>Ng SY, Lee AY. Traumatic brain injuries: pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience. 2019 Nov 27; 13:528.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00528</citation> <citation>Ahmed AA. A REVIEW OF SERIAL BRAIN CT IN PATIENTS WITH TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY: A TERTIARY CARE EXPERIENCE. PJR. 2020 Feb 1;29(4).</citation> <citation>Norrving B, Hanley DF, Hansen BM, Morgan TC, Betz JF, Sundgren PC, Lindgren A, Louis ED, Factor-Litvak P, Jang SY, Sohn MK. Front & Back Matter. Neuroepidemiology. 2016;46(1).</citation> <citation>Subhani MA, Latif U, Farooq S muhammad Y, Akram I, Qureshi S, Ahmad UR, et al. Frequency of Intracranial hemorrhage due to Road traffic accident through Computed Tomography. Int J Sci Eng Res. 2020;11(1).</citation> <citation>Parizel PM, Phillips CD. Neuroradiological Diagnosis of Craniocerebral Trauma: Current Concepts. Diseases of the Brain, Head & Neck, Spine. 2008:65-73.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-0840-3_11</citation> <citation>Parizel P, Makkat S, Van Miert E, Van Goethem J, Van den Hauwe L, De Schepper A. Intracranial hemorrhage: principles of CT and MRI interpretation. European radiology. 2001 Sep;11(9):1770-83.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s003300000800</citation> <citation>Joshi UM, Ramdurg S, Saikar S, Patil S, Shah K. Brain injuries and facial fractures: A prospective study of incidence of head injury associated with maxillofacial trauma. Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery. 2018 Dec;17(4):531-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-017-1078-8</citation> <citation>Heit JJ, Iv M, Wintermark M. Imaging of intracranial hemorrhage. Journal of stroke. 2017 Jan;19(1):11.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2016.00563</citation> <citation>An SJ, Kim TJ, Yoon BW. Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical features of intracerebral hemorrhage: an update. Journal of stroke. 2017 Jan;19(1):3.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2016.00864</citation> <citation>Shao Z, Tu S, Shao A. Pathophysiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in intracerebral hemorrhage. Frontiers in pharmacology. 2019 Sep 19;10:1079.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2019.01079</citation> <citation>Hohlrieder M, Hinterhoelzl J, Ulmer H, Lang C, Hackl W, Kampfl A, Benzer A, Schmutzhard E, Gassner R. Traumatic intracranial hemorrhages in facial fracture patients: review of 2,195 patients. Intensive care medicine. 2003 Jul;29(7):1095-100.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-003-1804-1</citation> <citation>da Rocha AJ, da Silva CJ, Gama HP, Baccin CE, Braga FT, de Araújo Cesare F, Veiga JC. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging sequences with computed tomography to detect low-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage: role of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence. Journal of computer assisted tomography. 2006 Mar 1;30(2):295-303.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1097/00004728-200603000-00025</citation> <citation>Rincon-Guio C. The role of computed tomography as a prognostic tool in traumatic brain trauma. Hospital. 1971 Oct.</citation> <citation>Khan A. C. T Scan Findings in Mild Traumatic Head Injury in Adults. Journal of Rawalpindi Medical College. 2018 Dec 3:322-6.</citation> <citation>Kidwell CS, Wintermark M. Imaging of intracranial haemorrhage. The Lancet Neurology. 2008 Mar 1;7(3):256-67.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70041-3</citation> <citation>Verma RK, Kottke R, Andereggen L, Weisstanner C, Zubler C, Gralla J, Kiefer C, Slotboom J, Wiest R, Schroth G, Ozdoba C. Detecting subarachnoid hemorrhage: comparison of combined FLAIR/SWI versus CT. European journal of radiology. 2013 Sep 1;82(9):1539-45.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrad.2013.03.021</citation> <citation>Shimoda M, Hoshikawa K, Shiramizu H, Oda S, Matsumae M. Problems with diagnosis by fluid-attenuated inversion recovery magnetic resonance imaging in patients with acute aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurologia medico-chirurgica. 2010;50(7):530-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2176/nmc.50.530</citation> <citation>AHMAD I, RAZA MH, ABDULLAH A, SAEED S. Intracranial CT Scan Findings in the Patients of Head Injury: An Early Experience at Dera Ghazi Khan Teaching Hospital. Pakistan Journal Of Neurological Surgery. 2020 Sep 25;24(3):248-52.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.36552/pjns.v24i3.468</citation> <citation>Abdulrahim HH. Association between skull fractures and types of intracranial hematomas in children with head injury. Zanco Journal of Medical Sciences (Zanco J Med Sci). 2019 Apr 23;23(1):100-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.15218/zjms.2019.013</citation> <citation>Faheem M, Jaiswal M, Ojha BK, Chandra A, Singh SK, Srivastava C. Traumatic pediatric extradural hematoma: An institutional study of 228 patients in tertiary care center. Pediatric neurosurgery. 2019;54(4):237-44.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1159/000501043</citation> <citation>Faried A, Halim D, Widjaya IA, Badri RF, Sulaiman SF, Arifin MZ. Correlation between the skull base fracture and the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage in patients with traumatic brain injury. Chinese Journal of Traumatology. 2019 Oct 1;22(5):286-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjtee.2019.05.006</citation> <citation>EGBOR PE, EHIGIAMUSOE FO, OGBEIDE E. Computed Tomographic Evaluation of Facial Fractures in Head Injured Patients following Motorcycle Accidents seen in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. Nigerian Journal of Dental and Maxillofacial Traumatology. 2018 Dec 7;1(1&2):1-6.</citation> <citation>Joshi UM, Ramdurg S, Saikar S, Patil S, Shah K. Brain injuries and facial fractures: A prospective study of incidence of head injury associated with maxillofacial trauma. Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery. 2018 Dec;17(4):531-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-017-1078-8</citation> <citation>Itanyi UD, Yunusa KH. Computed tomography findings in pediatric traumatic head Injury in Abuja, Nigeria. Afr JMed Health Sci. 2017 Jan 1;16:52-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4103/ajmhs.ajmhs_13_17</citation> <citation>Amir S, KHAN S. Association of Extradural Hematoma with Linear Skull Fracture: a Clinical Study of 79 Cases in a Teaching Institute. Pakistan Journal Of Neurological Surgery. 2017;21(2):86-90.</citation> <citation>Yasir S. Facial trauma among patients with head injuries. Journal of IMAB-Annual Proceeding Scientific Papers. 2014 Oct 22;20(6):535-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5272/jimab.2014206.535</citation> <citation>Iftikhar-ul-Haq M, KHATTAK AU, AZAM F. Frequency of Extra-dural Hematoma in Patients with Head Injury. Pakistan Journal Of Neurological Surgery. 2012;16(2):83-6.</citation> <citation>Prashant G, Atul K, Amit D, Kumkum G, Madhu B, Gouri G. CT scan findings and outcomes of head injury patients: a cross-sectional study. J Pak Med Stud. 2011 Aug 23;1(3):78-82.</citation> <citation>Rehman L, Karachi NJ. Association of outcome of traumatic extradural hematoma with Glasgow Coma Scale and hematoma size. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci. 2010;6(3):133-8.</citation> <citation>Thorén H, Snäll J, Salo J, Suominen-Taipale L, Kormi E, Lindqvist C, Törnwall J. Occurrence and types of associated injuries in patients with fractures of the facial bones. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2010 Apr 1;68(4):805-10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2009.09.057</citation> <citation>Hohlrieder M, Hinterhoelzl J, Ulmer H, Hackl W, Schmutzhard E, Gassner R. Maxillofacial fractures masking traumatic intracranial hemorrhages. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery. 2004 Jun 1;33(4):389-95.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2003.10.011</citation> <citation>Caceres JA, Goldstein JN. Intracranial hemorrhage. Emergency medicine clinics. 2012 Aug 1;30(3):771-94.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emc.2012.06.003</citation> <citation>Huelke DF, Compton CP. Facial injuries in automobile crashes. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. 1983 Apr 1;41(4):241-4.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(83)90266-5</citation> <citation>Lolli V, Pezzullo M, Delpierre I, Sadeghi N. MDCT imaging of traumatic brain injury. The British journal of radiology. 2016 May;89(1061):20150849.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20150849</citation> <citation>Cooper DC. Introduction to Neuroscience. Donald C. Cooper Ph. D.; 2011.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906733513.003.0001</citation> <citation>Sera T. Computed tomography. InTransparency in Biology 2021 (pp. 167-187). Springer, Singapore.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9627-8_8</citation> <citation>Bhargava R. CT Imaging in Neurocritical Care. Indian journal of critical care medicine: peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine. 2019 Jun;23(Suppl 2):S98.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10071-23185</citation> <citation>Dacey RG, Alves WM, Rimel RW, Winn HR, Jane JA. Neurosurgical complications after apparently minor head injury: assessment of risk in a series of 610 patients. Journal of neurosurgery. 1986 Aug 1;65(2):203-10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1986.65.2.0203</citation> </citations> <pages>115-118</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-14" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="116" stage="externalReview"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">116</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="443" created_at="2021-12-14" date_created="" file_id="236" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-14" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Fatty Acid Review.docx</name> <file id="236" filesize="202696" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/116/61b876a756e58.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="456" created_at="2021-12-15" date_created="" file_id="236" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-15" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="443" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Fatty Acid Review.docx</name> <file id="236" filesize="202696" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/116/61b876a756e58.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="538" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="236" stage="final" updated_at="2021-12-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="456" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Fatty Acid Review.docx</name> <file id="236" filesize="202696" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/116/61b876a756e58.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="539" created_at="2021-12-25" date_created="" file_id="236" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2021-12-25" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="538" uploader="maria1234" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Fatty Acid Review.docx</name> <file id="236" filesize="202696" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/116/61b876a756e58.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1234" created_at="2022-03-11" date_created="" file_id="1019" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1019" filesize="678196" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/116/6244c3fd8bd6d.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="745" filesize="774316" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/116/622dc5112494b.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="722" filesize="774316" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/116/622c8fc16184e.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="702" filesize="547168" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/116/622af84ee1110.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="511" url_path="" seq="1" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">116</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.116</id> <title locale="en_US">Impact of Essential Fatty Acids Consumption in Combating Neurological Disorders</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Essential Fatty Acids & Neurological Disorders</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Modernization of society have caused various momentous changes in dietary habits of people in this era of modern world. The modern dietary patterns are typically composed of Fatty acids mainly saturated fatty acids along with refined carbohydrates. This present-day diet together with a lifestyle with reduced physical activity is a major determinant of various metabolic disorders like obesity and diabetes. All these factors are also causing a gradual increase in the prevalence of cognitive disorders mainly depressive disorders and mood disorders. Neuroinflammation is the link between the metabolic disorders and cognitive disorders and this correlation is evident by significant clinical and epidemiological data. Fatty acids are of major interest as they have twofold functions. They are major contributors of modern diet causing obesity, diabetes and other metabolic disorders and on the other hand they serve as signaling molecules in the inflammatory responses. The difference lies in the choice of the fatty acids that are included as a part of daily diet. Saturated fatty acids are the ones should be avoided as they are the components of high caloric obesogenic diets whereas, polyunsaturated including Omega-6 and Omega-3 fatty acids must be consume through daily foods to prevent from Neuroinflammation considered to be the major cause of neuropsychiatric disorders.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="511"> <givenname locale="en_US">Maria</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Aslam</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>maria.aslam@ahs.uol.edu.pk</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="734"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hira Mujeeb </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mughal</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="735"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shiza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Rauf</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="736"> <givenname locale="en_US">Nawal </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Jamshaid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>3@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="737"> <givenname locale="en_US">Sofia </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Pervaiz</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="738"> <givenname locale="en_US">Rabiya </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Nadeem</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>6@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="739"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hafiza Namra </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Amjad</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="740"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muniba </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Farooq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>7@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="741"> <givenname locale="en_US">Areeba </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Khalid</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>8@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="742"> <givenname locale="en_US">Hammad Saeed</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Malik</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>8@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="1" id="743"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shaista </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Jabeen</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences UIDNS, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. </affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>9@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">188</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.116.g188</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1234"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>Tiuca ID, Nagy K, Oprean R. Development and optimization of a gas-chromatographic separation method of fatty acids in human serum. World J Pharm Sci. 2015;3(8):1713-9.</citation> <citation>Rustan AC, Drevon CA. Fatty acids: structures and properties. e LS. 2010 May 30.</citation> <citation>Anez-Bustillos L, Dao DT, Baker MA, et al. Intravenous fat emulsion formulations for the adult and pediatric patient: understanding the differences. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31:596- 609</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533616662996</citation> <citation>Melo HM, Santos LE, Ferreira ST. Diet-derived fatty acids, brain inflammation, and mental health. Frontiers in neuroscience. 2019 Mar 26; 13:265.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00265</citation> <citation>Brouwer I, Wanders A & Katan M (2013). Trans fatty acids and cardiovascular health: research completed? European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 67(5): 1-7,</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.43</citation> <citation>SK, Trepanier, MO, Bazinet, RP. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal models with neuroinflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88: 97-103.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2012.05.008</citation> <citation>Liu Q, Zhang J. Lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Bull. 2014;30(2):33145. DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1410-3</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-013-1410-3</citation> <citation>Stapelberg NJ, Neumann DL, Shum DH, McConnell H, Hamilton-Craig I. A topographical map of the causal network of mechanisms underlying the relationship between major depressive disorder and coronary heart disease. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2011 May;45(5):351-69</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/00048674.2011.570427</citation> <citation>Crupi R, Marino A, Cuzzocrea S. n-3 fatty acids: role in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Current medicinal chemistry. 2013 Aug 1;20(24):2953-63</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2174/09298673113209990140</citation> <citation>Hackney C, Furness D. Introducing the cell: the unit of life. In: Orchard G, Nation B, editors. Cell Structure & Function. Glasgow: Oxford University Press; 2015</citation> <citation>Lorente-Cebrián S, Costa AGV, Navas-Carretero S, Zabala M, Martínez JA, MorenoAliaga MJ. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases: a review of the evidence. J PhysiolBiochem. 2013;69(3):633-51. DOI: 10.1007/s13105-013-0265-4</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s13105-013-0265-4</citation> <citation>Calder PC. Mechanisms of action of (n-3) fatty acids. The Journal of nutrition. 2012 Mar 1;142(3):592S-9S.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.111.155259</citation> <citation>Xu Y. Development of a Novel Omega-6 Fatty Acid Based Treatment Strategy for Colon Cancer by Knocking Down Delta-5-Desaturase and Exploiting High COX-2 Levels in Cancer Cells/Tumors (Doctoral dissertation, North Dakota State University)</citation> <citation>Salvini S, Parpinel M, Gnagnarella P, Maisonneuve P, Turrini A. Banca dati di composizione degli alimenti per studi epidemiologici in Italia.</citation> <citation>U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central. 2019. Available online: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov (accessed on 16 January 2020).</citation> <citation>Jones PHJ, Rideout T. Lipids, sterols, and their metabolites. In: Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, Tucker KL, Ziegler TR. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia, PA. 2014;65-87.</citation> <citation>Tappenden KA. Intake: digestion, absorption, transportation, and excretion of nutrients. In: Mahan LK, Raymond JL. Krause's Food & the Nutrition Care Process, 14th Edition. Elsevier. St. Louis, Missouri. 2017:2-16.</citation> <citation>Kaur N, Chugh V, Gupta AK. Essential fatty acids as functional components of foods-a review. Journal of food science and technology. 2014 Oct;51(10):2289-303.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-012-0677-0</citation> <citation>Abedi E, Sahari MA. Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid sources and evaluation of their nutritional and functional properties. Food science & nutrition. 2014 Sep;2(5):443-63.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.121</citation> <citation>Ferreri C, Masi A, Sansone A, Giacometti G, Larocca AV, Menounou G, Scanferlato R, Tortorella S, Rota D, Conti M, Deplano S. Fatty acids in membranes as homeostatic, metabolic and nutritional biomarkers: recent advancements in analytics and diagnostics. Diagnostics. 2017 Mar;7(1):1.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics7010001</citation> <citation>Aryal S, Hussain S, Drevon CA, Nagelhus E, Hvalby Ø, Jensen V, Walaas SI, Davanger S. Omega‐3 fatty acids regulate plasticity in distinct hippocampal glutamatergic synapses. European Journal of Neuroscience. 2019 Jan;49(1):40-50.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.14224</citation> <citation>Castro-Gómez P, Garcia-Serrano A, Visioli F, Fontecha J. Relevance of dietary glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids to human health. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2015 Oct 1;101:41-51.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2015.07.004</citation> <citation>Yehuda, S. Omega-6/omega-3 ratio and brain-related functions. World Rev Nutr Diet 2003; 92: 37-56.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1159/000073791</citation> <citation>Huang, TL. Omega-3 fatty acids, cognitive decline, and Alzheimer's disease: a critical review and evaluation of the literature. J Alzheimers Dis 2010; 21: 673-690</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-2010-090934</citation> <citation>Fernández-Sanz P, Ruiz-Gabarre D, García-Escudero V. Modulating effect of diet on Alzheimer's disease. Diseases. 2019 Mar;7(1):12.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases7010012</citation> <citation>Breijyeh Z, Karaman R. Comprehensive review on Alzheimer's disease: Causes and treatment. Molecules. 2020 Jan;25(24):5789.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245789</citation> <citation>Morris MC, Tangney CC, Wang Y, Sacks FM, Bennett DA, Aggarwal NT. MIND diet associated with reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2015 Sep 1;11(9):1007-14.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2014.11.009</citation> <citation>Xicoy H, Wieringa B, Martens GJ. The role of lipids in Parkinson's disease. Cells. 2019 Jan;8(1):27.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8010027</citation> <citation>Elfawy HA, Das B. Crosstalk between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and age related neurodegenerative disease: Etiologies and therapeutic strategies. Life sciences. 2019 Feb 1;218:165-84.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2018.12.029</citation> <citation>Zheng, J, Huang, T, Yu, Y. Fish consumption and CHD mortality: an updated meta-analysis of seventeen cohort studies. Public Health Nutr 2012; 15: 725-737</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980011002254</citation> <citation>Orr, SK, Trepanier, MO, Bazinet, RP. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids in animal models with neuroinflammation. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 88: 97-103.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2012.05.008</citation> <citation>Hauser RA, Lyons KE, Pahwa R. The UPDRS-8: a brief clinical assessment scale for Parkinson's disease. International journal of neuroscience. 2012 May 15;122(7):333-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2012.657381</citation> <citation>Taghizadeh M, Tamtaji OR, Dadgostar E, Kakhaki RD, Bahmani F, Abolhassani J, Aarabi MH, Kouchaki E, Memarzadeh MR, Asemi Z. The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on clinical and metabolic status in patients with Parkinson's disease: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurochemistry international. 2017 Sep 1;108:183-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2017.03.014</citation> <citation>Valdearcos M, Robblee MM, Benjamin DI, Nomura DK, Xu AW, Koliwad SK. Microglia dictate the impact of saturated fat consumption on hypothalamic inflammation and neuronal function. Cell reports. 2014 Dec 24;9(6):2124-38.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2014.11.018</citation> <citation>Pal, D., Dasgupta, S., Kundu, R., Maitra, S., Das, G., Mukhopadhyay, S., et al. Fetuin-A acts as an endogenous ligand of TLR4 to promote lipid induced insulin resistance. 2012.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2851</citation> <citation>Shpak G, Zylbertal A, Wagner S. Transient and sustained afterdepolarizations in accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells are mediated by distinct mechanisms that are differentially regulated by neuromodulators. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience. 2015.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2014.00432</citation> <citation>Bazinet, R. P., and Layé, S. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease, 2014.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3820</citation> <citation>Hachem M, Géloën A, Van AL, Foumaux B, Fenart L, Gosselet F, Da Silva P, Breton G, Lagarde M, Picq M, Bernoud-Hubac N. Efficient docosahexaenoic acid uptake by the brain from a structured phospholipid. Molecular neurobiology. 2016 Jul.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-015-9228-9</citation> <citation>Chen X, Chen C, Fan S, Wu S, Yang F, Fang Z, Fu H, Li Y. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid attenuates the inflammatory response by modulating microglia polarization through SIRT1-mediated deacetylation of the HMGB1/NF-κB pathway following experimental traumatic brain injury. Journal of Neuroinflammation. 2018.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1151-3</citation> <citation>Bozzatello P, Brignolo E, De Grandi E, Bellino S. Supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids in psychiatric disorders: a review of literature data. Journal of clinical medicine. 2016 Aug;5(8):67.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm5080067</citation> <citation>Kleinridders, A., Cai, W., Cappellucci, L., Ghazarian, A., Collins, W. R., Vienberg, S. G., et al. Insulin resistance in brain alters dopamine turnover and causes behavioral disorders (2015).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1500877112</citation> <citation>Fordahl SC, Jones SR. High-fat-diet-induced deficits in dopamine terminal function are reversed by restoring insulin signaling. ACS chemical neuroscience. 2017 Feb 15.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00308</citation> <citation>Perica MM, Delaš I. Essential fatty acids and psychiatric disorders. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2011 Aug;26(4):409-25.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533611411306</citation> <citation>https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/depression</citation> <citation>Chandola HM, Tanna I. Role of omega-3 fatty acids in brain and neurological health with special reference to clinical depression. InOmega-3 fatty acids in brain and neurological health 2014 Jan 1 (pp. 163-179). Academic Press.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-410527-0.00014-4</citation> <citation>Lotrich FE, Sears B, McNamara RK. Elevated ratio of arachidonic acid to long-chain omega-3 fatty acids predicts depression development following interferon-alpha treatment: relationship with interleukin-6. Brain, behavior, and immunity. 2013 Jul 1;31:48-53.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2012.08.007</citation> <citation>Lespérance F, Frasure-Smith N, St-André E, Turecki G, Lespérance P, Wisniewski SR. The efficacy of omega-3 supplementation for major depression: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2010 Jun 15;71(8):0-.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m05966blu</citation> <citation>Patel KR, Cherian J, Gohil K, Atkinson D. Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options. Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2014 Sep;39(9):638.</citation> <citation>Hsu MC, Huang YS, Ouyang WC. Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia: possible mechanisms. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2020 Dec;19(1):1-7.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-020-01337-0</citation> <citation>Pawełczyk T, Grancow-Grabka M, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Trafalska E, Pawełczyk A. A randomized controlled study of the efficacy of six-month supplementation with concentrated fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2016 Feb 1;73:34-44.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.11.013</citation> <citation>Yehuda R, Hoge CW, McFarlane AC, Vermetten E, Lanius RA, Nievergelt CM, Hobfoll11 SE, Koenen12 KC, Neylan14 TC, Hyman13 SE. PRIMER.</citation> <citation>Bisson JI, Cosgrove S, Lewis C, Roberts NP. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Bmj. 2015 Nov 26;351.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h6161</citation> <citation>Kitamura T, Saitoh Y, Takashima N, Murayama A, Niibori Y, Ageta H, Sekiguchi M, Sugiyama H, Inokuchi K. Adult neurogenesis modulates the hippocampus-dependent period of associative fear memory. Cell. 2010 Nov 13;139(4):814-27.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2009.10.020</citation> <citation>Matsuoka Y. Clearance of fear memory from the hippocampus through neurogenesis by omega-3 fatty acids: a novel preventive strategy for posttraumatic stress disorder?. BioPsychoSocial medicine. 2011 Dec;5(1):1-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0759-5-3</citation> <citation>Aliev G, Beeraka NM, Nikolenko VN, Svistunov AA, Rozhnova T, Kostyuk S, Cherkesov I, Gavryushova LV, Chekhonatsky AA, Mikhaleva LM, Somasundaram SG. Neurophysiology and Psychopathology Underlying PTSD and Recent Insights into the PTSD Therapies-A Comprehensive Review. Journal of clinical medicine. 2020 Sep;9(9):2951.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092951</citation> <citation>Anderson IM, Haddad PM, Scott J. Bipolar disorder. Bmj. 2012 Dec 27;345.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e8508</citation> <citation>Matsuoka Y, Nishi D, Hamazaki K. Serum levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the risk of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy and psychosomatics. 2013 Jan 1;82(6):408-10.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1159/000351993</citation> <citation>Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E. Bipolar disorder. The Lancet. 2016 Apr 9;387(10027):1561-72.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00241-X</citation> <citation>Nordentoft M, Mortensen PB, Pedersen CB. Absolute risk of suicide after first hospital contact in mental disorder. Archives of general psychiatry. 2011 Oct 3;68(10):1058-64.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.113</citation> <citation>Balanzá-Martínez V, Fries GR, Colpo GD, Silveira PP, Portella AK, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Kapczinski F. Therapeutic use of omega-3 fatty acids in bipolar disorder. Expert review of neurotherapeutics. 2011 Jul 1;11(7):1029-47.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1586/ern.11.42</citation> <citation>Perica MM, Delaš I. Essential fatty acids, and psychiatric disorders. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2011 Aug;26(4):409-25.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533611411306</citation> <citation>Ropper AH. Andre F. Carvalho, MD, Ph. D., Joseph Firth, Ph. D., and Eduard Vieta, MD, Ph. D. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:58-66.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1906193</citation> <citation>Gramlich L, Meddings L, Alberda C, et al. Essential fatty acid deficiency in 2015: the impact of novel intravenous lipid emulsions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2015;39:61S-66S.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0148607115595977</citation> <citation>Anez-Bustillos L, Dao DT, Baker MA, et al. Intravenous fat emulsion formulations for the adult and pediatric patient: understanding the differences. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31:596- 609.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/0884533616662996</citation> <citation>Mogensen KM. Essential fatty acid deficiency. Pract Gastroenterol. 2017 Jun 1;41(6):37-44.</citation> <citation>McCray S, Parrish CR. Nutritional management of chyle leaks: an update. Pract Gastroenterol. 2011 Apr;94:12-32.</citation> </citations> <pages>03-06</pages> </publication> </article> <article xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" date_submitted="2021-12-09" status="3" submission_progress="0" current_publication_id="110" stage="externalReview"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">110</id> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="425" created_at="2021-12-09" date_created="" file_id="230" stage="submission" updated_at="2021-12-09" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Therapeutic effect of garlic containing S-allyl cysteine and Diallyl-di-sulfide on improving blood lipid profile.docx</name> <file id="230" filesize="32946" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/110/61b249391c885.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="432" created_at="2021-12-13" date_created="" file_id="230" stage="review_file" updated_at="2021-12-13" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="425" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Therapeutic effect of garlic containing S-allyl cysteine and Diallyl-di-sulfide on improving blood lipid profile.docx</name> <file id="230" filesize="32946" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/110/61b249391c885.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="669" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="230" stage="final" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="432" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Therapeutic effect of garlic containing S-allyl cysteine and Diallyl-di-sulfide on improving blood lipid profile.docx</name> <file id="230" filesize="32946" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/110/61b249391c885.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="670" created_at="2022-01-06" date_created="" file_id="230" stage="production_ready" updated_at="2022-01-06" viewable="true" genre="Article Text" source_submission_file_id="669" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">Therapeutic effect of garlic containing S-allyl cysteine and Diallyl-di-sulfide on improving blood lipid profile.docx</name> <file id="230" filesize="32946" extension="docx"> <href src="journals/1/articles/110/61b249391c885.docx" mime_type="application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document"/> </file> </submission_file> <submission_file xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" id="1240" created_at="2022-03-11" date_created="" file_id="1018" stage="proof" updated_at="2022-03-30" viewable="false" genre="Article Text" uploader="admin" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <name locale="en_US">pdf.pdf</name> <file id="1018" filesize="682710" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/110/6244c389999b3.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="739" filesize="821485" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/110/622dbc5361ed0.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="727" filesize="821485" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/110/622c95a2e4dd0.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> <file id="709" filesize="543455" extension="pdf"> <href src="journals/1/articles/110/622b39f73f066.pdf" mime_type="application/pdf"/> </file> </submission_file> <publication xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" version="1" status="3" primary_contact_id="479" url_path="" seq="5" date_published="2022-02-28" section_ref="Rew.Art" access_status="0" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">110</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.110</id> <title locale="en_US">Therapeutic effect of garlic containing S-allyl cysteine and Diallyl-di-sulfide on improving blood lipid profile</title> <subtitle locale="en_US">Garlic Containing S-allyl Cysteine and Diallyl-di-Sulfide in Lipid Profile</subtitle> <abstract locale="en_US"><p>Cardiovascular-related diseases are considered as the major risk for health and may lead to many illnesses. Hyperlipidemia is the highest common cause of diseases related to heart known as CHD. Since ancient times, innumerable herbs and organic foods are used to treat diseases among which garlic has been shown beneficial for treating hyperlipidemia and normalizing lipid profile levels. Garlic may be used in different forms like powder, tablets, extracts or after ageing. Its sulfur containing compounds like allicin, S-allylcysteine, alliin, ajoene, diallyl disulfide are proven to have the pharmacological benefits. The main aim of the current review is to analyze and evaluate the studies regarding anti-hyperlipidemic effects of garlic and its supplements on normalizing lipid profile among hyperlipidemicsubjects.After analyzing different studies being carried out earlier, it is concluded that garlic is effective in managing lipid profile including total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, HDL levels among people with hyperlipidemia ranging from mild to moderate intensity.</p></abstract> <licenseUrl>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</licenseUrl> <copyrightHolder locale="en_US">Pakistan BioMedical Journal</copyrightHolder> <copyrightYear>2021</copyrightYear> <keywords locale="en_US"> <keyword></keyword> </keywords> <authors xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="479"> <givenname locale="en_US">Ayesha </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Siddiqa</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>siddiqa_7@hotmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="480"> <givenname locale="en_US">Shahnai </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Basharat</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>1@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="481"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fizza </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Mubarik</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>2@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="482"> <givenname locale="en_US">Fatima </givenname> <familyname locale="en_US">Farooq</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">University Institute of Diet & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore</affiliation> <country>PK</country> <email>4@gmail.com</email> </author> <author include_in_browse="true" user_group_ref="Author" seq="5" id="483"> <givenname locale="en_US">Muhammad</givenname> <familyname locale="en_US"> Ali</familyname> <affiliation locale="en_US">Newfoundland University, Canada</affiliation> <country>CA</country> <email>5@gmail.com</email> </author> </authors> <article_galley xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" locale="en_US" url_path="" approved="false" xsi:schemaLocation="http://pkp.sfu.ca native.xsd"> <id type="internal" advice="ignore">192</id> <id type="doi" advice="update">10.54393/pbmj.v5i2.110.g192</id> <name locale="en_US">pdf</name> <seq>0</seq> <submission_file_ref id="1240"/> </article_galley> <citations> <citation>World Health Organization. The Global Burden of Disease: 2004 Update. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2008.</citation> <citation>Casas R, Sacanella E, Urpí-Sardà M, Corella D, Castaner O, Lamuela-Raventos RM, et al. Long-term immunomodulatory effects of a mediterranean diet in adults at high risk of cardiovascular disease in the Preventión con DietaMediterránea (PREDIMED) randomized controlled trial. The Journal of nutrition. 2016 Sep 1;146(9):1684-93.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.229476</citation> <citation>Rafieian-Kopaei M, Setorki M, Doudi M, Baradaran A, Nasri H. Atherosclerosis: process, indicators, risk factors and new hopes. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5:927-946.</citation> <citation>Pencina MJ, Navar-Boggan AM, D'AgostinoSr RB, Williams K, Neely B, Sniderman AD, Peterson ED. Application of new cholesterol guidelines to a population-based sample. N Engl J Med. 2014 Apr 10;370:1422-31.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1315665</citation> <citation>Clebak KT, Dambro AB. Hyperlipidemia: An Evidence-based Review of Current Guidelines. Cureus. 2020;12(3).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7326</citation> <citation>Sarfraz M, Sajid S, Ashraf MA. Prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in hyperglycemic patients and its associated factors among Pakistani population. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences. 2016;23(6):761-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.03.001</citation> <citation>Brooks DC, Schindler JL. Management of Hyperlipidemia After Stroke. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2019;21(12):93.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-019-0774-8</citation> <citation>Ballantyne CM, Grundy SM, Oberman A, Kreisberg RA, Havel RJ. Hyperlipidemia: diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2000;85(6):2089-112.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.6.6642-1</citation> <citation>Sidhu JS, Zafar TA. Fruits of Indian Subcontinent and Their Health Benefits. InHerbal Medicine in India 2020 (pp. 451-478). Springer, Singapore.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7248-3_28</citation> <citation>Khurana SK, Tiwari R, Sharun K. Mohd. Iqbal Yatoo, Mudasir Bashir Gugjoo and KuldeepDhama, Emblicaofficinalis (Amla) with a Particular Focus on its Antimicrobial potentials: A Review. J Pure ApplMicrobiol. 2019;13(4).</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.13.4.11</citation> <citation>Mradu G, Dailya B, Arup M. Studies Of Anti Inflammatory, Antipyretic And Analgesic Effects Of Aqueous Extract Of Traditional Herbal Drug Of Rodents. Int Res J Pharm. 2013;4(3):113-20.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.7897/2230-8407.04321</citation> <citation>Sharma DI, Bhatt SA. Comprehensive review on ulcer healing potential of medicinal plants. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014;6(10).</citation> <citation>Aviello G, Abenavoli L, Borrelli F, Capasso R, Izzo AA, Lembo F, et al. Garlic: empiricism or science?.Natural Product Communication. 2017 Dec 1;4(12):85-96.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0900401231</citation> <citation>Gupta N, Porter TD. Garlic and garlic-derived compounds inhibit human squalenemonooxygenase. The Journal of nutrition. 2018 Jun 1;131(6):1662-67.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.6.1662</citation> <citation>Corzo-Martínez M, Corzo N, Villamiel M. Biological properties of onions and garlic. Trends in food science & technology. 2017 Dec 1;18(12):609-25.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2007.07.011</citation> <citation>Iciek M, Kwiecień I, Włodek L. Biological properties of garlic and garlic‐derived organosulfur compounds. Environmental and molecular mutagenesis. 2016 Apr 1;50(3):247-65.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/em.20474</citation> <citation>Agarwal KC: Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Med Res Rev 2003,16:111-24.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-1128(199601)16:1<111::AID-MED4>3.0.CO;2-5</citation> <citation>Choi DJ, Lee SJ, Kang MJ, Cho HS, Sung NJ, Shin JH. Physicochemical characteristics of black garlic (Allium sativum L.). Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition. 2018 Jan 1;37(4):465-71.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2008.37.4.465</citation> <citation>Yilmaz Y, Toledo R. Antioxidant activity of water-soluble Maillard reaction products. Food chemistry. 2005 Nov 1;93(2):273-8.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.09.043</citation> <citation>Kang OJ. Physicochemical characteristics of black garlic after different thermal processing steps. Preventive nutrition and food science. 2016 Dec;21(4):348.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2016.21.4.348</citation> <citation>Zaid M, Hasnain S. Plasma lipid abnormalities in Pakistani population: trends, associated factors, and clinical implications. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research. 2018 July 23;51(9):1-2.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431x20187239</citation> <citation>García-Villalón AL, Amor S, Monge L, Fernández N, Prodanov M, Muñoz M, et al. In vitro studies of an aged black garlic extract enriched in S-allylcysteine and polyphenols with cardioprotective effects. Journal of functional foods. 2016 Dec 1;27:189-200.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2016.08.062</citation> <citation>Orekhov AN, Grünwald J. Effects of garlic on atherosclerosis. Nutrition. 1997 Jul 1;13(7-8):656-63.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(97)83010-9</citation> <citation>Yeh YY, Liu L. Cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: human and animal studies. The journal of nutrition. 2001 Mar;131(3):989S-93S.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.989S</citation> <citation>Munday JS, James KA, Fray LM, Kirkwood SW, Thompson KG. Daily supplementation with aged garlic extract, but not raw garlic, protects low density lipoprotein against in vitro oxidation. Atherosclerosis. 1999 Apr 1;143(2):399-404.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9150(98)00293-7</citation> <citation>Lau BH. Suppression of LDL oxidation by garlic. The Journal of nutrition. 2001 Mar;131(3):985S-8S.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.3.985S</citation> <citation>Kannar D, Wattanapenpaiboon N, Savige GS. Hypocholesterolemic effect of an enteric-coated garlic supplement. J Am Coll Nutr.2001;20:225-231.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2001.10719036</citation> <citation>Kojuri J, Vosoughi AR, Akrami M. Effects of anethumgraveolens and garlic on lipid profile in hyperlipidemic patients. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2007 Dec;6(1):1-5.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-6-5</citation> <citation>Jung ES, Park SH, Choi EK, Ryu BH, Park BH, Kim DS, Kim YG, Chae SW. Reduction of blood lipid parameters by a 12-wk supplementation of aged black garlic: a randomized controlled trial. Nutrition. 2014 Sep 1;30(9):1034-9.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.02.014</citation> <citation>Alobaidi HAA. Effect of Nigella Sativa and Allium sativumcoadminstered with Simvastatin in Dyslipidemia Patients: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind Trial. Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry (Formerly Current Medicinal Chemistry-Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Allergy Agents). 2014 Mar 1;13(1):68-74.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.2174/18715230113129990013</citation> <citation>Sobenin IA, Pryanishnikov VV, Kunnova LM, Rabinovich YA, Martirosyan DM, Orekhov AN. The effects of time-released garlic powder tablets on multifunctional cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary artery disease. Lipids in health and disease. 2010 Dec;9(1):1-6.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-9-119</citation> <citation>Parastouei K, Ravanshad SH, Mostaphavi H, Setoudehmaram E. Effects of garlic tablet on blood sugar, plasma lipids and blood pressure in type 2 diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2006 Mar 10;5(17):48-54.</citation> <citation>Steiner M, Khan AH, Holbert D, Lin RI. A double-blind crossover study in moderately hypercholesterolemic men that compared the effect of aged garlic extract and placebo administration on blood lipids. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1996 Dec 1;64(6):866-70.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/64.6.866</citation> <citation>Adler AJ, Holub BJ. Effect of garlic and fish-oil supplementation on serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations in hypercholesterolemic men. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1997 Feb 1;65(2):445-50.</citation> <citation>https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.2.445</citation> </citations> <pages>18-22</pages> </publication> </article> </articles> </issue>