Prevalence and Transmission Factors of Shiga Toxin 0157:H7 in Pakistan; A Review: Prevalence and Transmission Factors of Shiga Toxin 0157:H7

Fiza Rafi; Hassan Raza; Bushra Nisar Khan; Sarfraz Kiani; Shaheer Azhar; Tatheer Zahra; Muhammad Mehmood Imran

doi:10.54393/pbmj.v7i07.1104

Authors

Fiza Rafi Department of Biological Sciences, Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan
Hassan Raza Upscaling Green Program, Ministry of Climate Change, Islamabad, Pakistan
Bushra Nisar Khan Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Sarfraz Kiani Upscaling Green Program, Ministry of Climate Change, Islamabad, Pakistan
Shaheer Azhar Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Tatheer Zahra Walsall Manor Hospital, United Kingdom
Muhammad Mehmood Imran Service hospital, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v7i07.1104

Keywords:

Escherichia. coli, Shiga Toxin 0157:H7, Gut Microbiome, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), Antibiotics

Abstract

Shiga toxin-producing E. coli is a definitive strain of the very commensal microbe Escherichia coli. It is a resident of the vertebrate gut with hundreds of microbial colonies that comprise the versatile gut microbiome. Stx is a toxin, which is a protein in nature that has evolved in such a way that it can specifically target a host cell and deliver a payload inside the target cell's cytosol. These pathogens can trigger complications such as thrombotic microangiopathy and acute kidney injury. It is transmitted by food consumed in raw form (salads, milk, and curd), floods, contaminated ponds, and petting farms. Ruminants, floods, zoo fauna, and untreated sewage water were found to be the primary sources of STEC reservoirs nationally. Alarmingly, there is a high prevalence of neonatal diarrhea in Pakistan. Antibiotics are devoured in STEC-caused infections, especially. Diarrhea, as they aggravate the toxin production. Plant extracts and chemical purification methods have shown potential for shiga toxins reduction. Application of biosafety measurements can significantly reduce the chances of infection in developing countries, including Pakistan.

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