Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis amongst patients attending the tertiary care hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan: Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis amongst Patients

Farzeen Khan; Zia ul Ain  Sabiha; Amina  Ajmal; Miss Shawana; Abdul Ahad  Khurshid; Junaid  Ahmed

doi:10.54393/pbmj.v5i3.310

Authors

Farzeen Khan Department of Community and Preventive Dentistry, Peshawar Dental College, Peshawar
Zia ul Ain Sabiha Department of Community Medicine, Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar
Amina Ajmal Department of Community Dentistry, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar
Miss Shawana Department of Dental Materials, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar
Abdul Ahad Khurshid Department of Oral Biology, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar
Junaid Ahmed Department of Dental Materials, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i3.310

Keywords:

dental fluorosis, fluoride, Dean’s fluorosis index, Peshawar

Abstract

Pakistan is a developing country where peoples drink any available water. In Pakistan water sources are limited and drinking water contains high level of fluoride, which causes both dental and skeletal fluorosis. Objectives: Objectives of the current study was to evaluate the incidence of dental fluorosis among patients who visits the tertiary care hospital, Peshawar and to assess the level and distribution of fluorosis. Methods: The study was carried out at Dental unit of Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar, from January 2021 to December 2021. All the samples were collected after the research was approved by the ethical committee. A written informed consent was taken from all the participants prior to collecting the data. Moreover, Dean’s Fluorosis Index was used to rank the extent of Dental Fluorosis. For statistical analysis SPSS, version 26 was used. Results: Among 2433 participants, females 1451/2433(59.6%) were more as compared to male (n=982/2433 (39.3%) while the dental fluorosis were more prevalent in males 414/982 (42.1%) as compared to females 568/1451 (39.1%) The fluorosis was more prevalent in age group 11-20 year 874 (89%) while only two individuals were found with dental fluorosis in age groups more than 40 years. In addition, the participants used tap water were more affected with dental fluorosis 568 (56.9%), whilst incidence of fluorosis was less in individuals drinking treated as well as other sources water 2 (1.2%). Furthermore, 620 (63%) individuals were found with local fluorosis, while 362 (37%) were found with generalize fluorosis. According to Dean’s Fluorosis Index 365 (15%) of individuals were found with very mild fluorosis while only 37 (1.5%) individuals were affected by severe type of fluorosis. Conclusion: In this study, the fluorosis incidence in Pakistan were prevalent and need continual monitoring, and sources contributing to total fluoride intake in Pakistan need further investigation. Furthermore, for fluorosis prevention education and community awareness are necessary, and prompt conciliation to relegate the effects on dental health.

References

Akuno M, Nocella G, Milia E, Gutierrez LJJow, health. Factors influencing the relationship between fluoride in drinking water and dental fluorosis: a ten-year systematic review and meta-analysis. 2019;17(6):845-62.

https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.300

Khichar M, Kumbhat SJIJocs. Defluoridation-A review of water from aluminium and alumina based compound. 2015;2(5):4-11.

Al Warawreh AM, Al Tamimi ZH, Al Qatawna MI, Al Momani AA, Al Mhaidat MR, El Naji WS, et al. Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis among Southern Jordanian Population. 2020;2020.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8890004

Gouri K, Choudhary SJIJES, Toxicology, Technology F. Fluoride Contamination in Groundwater Sources of Bhagalpur Municipal Corporation Area, Bhagalpur, Bihar. 2017;11(1):45-9.

https://doi.org/10.9790/2402-1101034549

Arlappa N, Qureshi A, Srinivas RJIJRDH. Fluorosis in India: an overview. 2013;1(2):97-102.

Waweru LW, Kimani H, Opinya G, Ng'ang'a P. Periodontal status of children with dental fluorosis in Juja, Kenya. 2015.

Haikel Y, Turlot JC, Cahen PM, Frank RJJoCP. Periodontal treatment needs in populations of high‐and low‐fluoride areas of Morocco. 1989;16(9):596-600.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1989.tb02144.x

Englander HR, Kesel RG, Gupta OPJAJoPH, Health tN. The Aurora-Rockford, Ill., Study II. Effect of natural fluoride on the periodontal health of adults. 1963;53(8):1233-42.

https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.53.8.1233

Kanduti D, Sterbenk P, Artnik BJMs-m. Fluoride: a review of use and effects on health. 2016;28(2):133.

https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2016.28.133-137

Aoba T, Fejerskov OJCRiOB, Medicine. Dental fluorosis: chemistry and biology. 2002;13(2):155-70.

https://doi.org/10.1177/154411130201300206

Lins R, de Andrade AKM, Duarte RM, Meireles SSJRCdC-R. Influence of three treatment protocols for dental fluorosis in the enamel surface: an in vitro study. 2019;4(1):79-86.

https://doi.org/10.29327/24816.4.1-13

Richards A, Fejerskov O, Baelum VJAiDR. Enamel fluoride in relation to severity of human dental fluorosis. 1989;3(2):147-53.

https://doi.org/10.1177/08959374890030021301

Pendrys DG, Katz RVJAjoe. Risk of enamel fluorosis associated with fluoride supplementation, infant formula, and fluoride dentifrice use. 1989;130(6):1199-208.

https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115448

Vivek R, Chaturvedi T, Bhatnagar A, Prakash RJIJoSR. Prevalence OF oral disease in varanasi district-dental caries and dental fluorosis (original study). 2018:26-32.

Do LG, Ha DH, Spencer AJJMJoA. Natural history and long‐term impact of dental fluorosis: a prospective cohort study. 2016;204(1):25-.

https://doi.org/10.5694/mja15.00703

DenBesten P, Li WJF, environment to. Chronic fluoride toxicity: dental fluorosis. 2011;22:81-96.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000327028

Dean HT. Fluorine and dental caries. American Journal of Orthodontics and Oral Surgery. 1947;33(2):B49-B67.

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0096-6347(47)90040-9

Neurath C, Limeback H, Osmunson B, Connett M, Kanter V, Wells CJJC, et al. Dental fluorosis trends in US oral health surveys: 1986 to 2012. 2019;4(4):298-308.

https://doi.org/10.1177/2380084419830957

Rugg-Gunn A, Al-Mohammadi S, Butler TJCr. Effects of fluoride level in drinking water, nutritional status, and socio-economic status on the prevalence of developmental defects of dental enamel in permanent teeth in Saudi 14-year-old boys. 1997;31(4):259-67.

https://doi.org/10.1159/000262409

Akpata E, Fakiha Z, Khan NJCd, epidemiology o. Dental fluorosis in 12-15‐year‐old rural children exposed to fluorides from well drinking water in the Hail region of Saudi Arabia. 1997;25(4):324-7.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.1997.tb00947.x

Vigild M, Skougaard M, Hadi RA, Al-Zaabi F, Al-Yasseen IJCdh. Dental caries and dental fluorosis among 4-, 6-, 12-and 15-year-old children in kindergartens and public schools in Kuwait. 1996;13(1):47-50.

Ibrahim Y, Abuaffan AH, Bjorvatn KJIjopd. Prevalence of dental fluorosis in Sudanese children from two villages with 0.25 and 2.56 ppm fluoride in the drinking water. 1995;5(4):223-9.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-263X.1995.tb00183.x

Tabari E, Ellwood R, Rugg-Gunn A, Evans D, Davies RJBdj. Dental fluorosis in permanent incisor teeth in relation to water fluoridation, social deprivation and toothpaste use in infancy. 2000;189(4):216-20.

https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4800726a

Galagan DJ, Vermillion JRJPhr. Determining optimum fluoride concentrations. 1957;72(6):491.

https://doi.org/10.2307/4589807

Fraysse C, Bilbeissi M, Mitre D, Kerebel BJBdGIPlRSeS, Odontologie. The role of tea consumption in dental fluorosis in Jordan. 1989;32(1):39-46.

Hamdan MJIjopd. The prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis among 12‐year‐old schoolchildren in Jordan. 2003;13(2):85-92.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-263X.2003.00438.x

Murray JJAoOB. Gingivitis and gingival recession in adults from high-fluoride and low-fluoride areas. 1972;17(9):1269-77.

https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(72)90160-4

Łukomska-Szymańska M, Zarzycka B, Grzegorczyk J, Sokołowski K, Półtorak K, Sokołowski J, et al. Antibacterial properties of calcium fluoride-based composite materials: in vitro study. 2016;2016.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1048320

El Mourad AMJCrid. Aesthetic rehabilitation of a severe dental fluorosis case with ceramic veneers: a step-by-step guide. 2018;2018.

https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4063165