Role of Seed Cycling in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: Seed Cycling in PCOS

Tabeen  Irfan; Kinza  Seher; Bahisht Rizwan; Sammar  Fatima; Affifa  Sani

doi:10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.122

Authors

Tabeen Irfan University institute of diet and nutritional science, Department of Allied health sciences, The university of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Kinza Seher University institute of diet and nutritional science, Department of Allied health sciences, The university of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Bahisht Rizwan University institute of diet and nutritional science, Department of Allied health sciences, The university of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
Sammar Fatima University institute of diet and nutritional science, Department of Allied health sciences, The university of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Affifa Sani University institute of diet and nutritional science, Department of Allied health sciences, The university of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v4i2.122

Abstract

Poly-cystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is described as an endocrine disorderliness emerging from hormonal inequality and low form of inflammation. PCOS is a metabolic syndrome which includes complex medical treatments which are expensive and has many side effects. The purpose of review is to extract a literature that proves that diet has significant role in treatment of PCOS. After going through the published literature and initially 150 articles were included, which were after reducing 98 the duplicates, 22 irrelevant diseases were excluded. However, title and abstract 30-full text articles were eligiblewere relevant to topic role of seeds cycling containing omega 3 fatty acids on Pcos.Different review papers which contained data the role of different seeds i.e. flax seeds,sesame seeds,pumpkin seeds,sunflower seeds seperately then we came to conclusion that n-3 fatty acids were the main component among these seeds from plant sources which improves hormonal disturbances and insulin resistance in PCOS patients. This review literature is assessed from the precious data from Medline/PubMed, google scholar until November 2020. The present review is aimed to investigate the influence of n-3 fatty acid in balancing hormones, testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and insulin levels.

References

Tosatti, J.A., Alves, M.T., Cândido, A.L., Reis, F.M., Araújo, V.E. and Gomes, K.B., (2020). Influence of n-3 fatty acid supplementation on inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition, 125(6), 657- 668.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520003207

Trikudanathan, S., (2015). Polycystic ovarian syndrome. Medical Clinics, 99(1), 221-235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.09.003

Maharjan, R., Nagar, P.S. and Nampoothiri, L., (2010). Effect of Aloe barbadensis Mill. formulation on Letrozole induced polycystic ovarian syndrome rat model. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine, 1(4), 273.

https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0975-9476.74090

Begum, G., Shariff, A., Ayman, G., Mohammad, B., Housam, R. and Khaled, N., (2017). Assessment of risk factors for development of polycystic ovarian syndrome. International Journal of Contemporary Medical Research, 4(1), 164-167.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/GulamSaidunnnisa/publication/328307087_Assessment_of_Risk_Factors_for_development_of_Polycystic_Ovarian_Syndrome/links/5bc5c09992851cae21a827d9/Assessment-of-Risk-Factors-for-development-of-Polycystic-Ovarian-Syndrome.pdf

Rineesha, K.P. and ST, A., 2021. Ayurvedic Management of Secondary Infertility due to Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome and Tubal Block: A Case Study. International Journal of Ayurveda and Pharma Research, 9(2), 72-75.

https://doi.org/10.47070/ijapr.v9i2.1763

Khan, A., Karim, N., & Ainuddin, J. A. (2019). The triad of PCOS, infertility and metformin. Journal of Bahria University Medical and Dental College, 9(1), 67-71. https://doi.org/10.51985/JBUMDC2018144

Allahbadia, G.N. and Merchant, R., (2011). Polycystic ovary syndrome and impact on health. Middle East Fertility Society Journal, 16(1), 19-37.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2010.10.002

Faghfoori, Z., Fazelian, S., Shadnoush, M. and Goodarzi, R., (2017). Nutritional management in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A review study. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 11, S429-S432.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2017.03.030

Akram, M., & Roohi, N. (2015). Endocrine correlates of polycystic ovary syndrome in Pakistani women. Journal of the College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 25(1), 22-26.

https://www.jcpsp.pk/archive/2015/Jan2015/07.pdf

Patel, S., (2018). Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an inflammatory, systemic, lifestyle endocrinopathy. Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 182(1), 27-36.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.04.008

Yousuf, S.D., Rashid, F., Mattoo, T., Shekhar, C., Mudassar, S., Zargar, M.A. and Ganie, M.A., (2017). Does the oral contraceptive pill increase plasma intercellular adhesion molecule-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A pilot study. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 30(1), 58-62.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2016.06.010

Naderpoor, N., Shorakae, S., de Courten, B., Misso, M.L., Moran, L.J. and Teede, H.J., (2015). Metformin and lifestyle modification in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Human reproduction update, 21(5), 560-574.

https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv025

Tso, L.O., Costello, M.F., Albuquerque, L.E.T., Andriolo, R.B., Marjoribanks, J. and Macedo, C.R., (2015). Metformin treatment before and during in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: summary of a Cochrane review. Fertility and sterility, 104(3): 542-544.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.05.038

Nasri, H. and Rafieian-Kopaei, M., (2014). Metformin: current knowledge. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 19(7), 658-664. PMID: 25364368

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4214027/

Szosland, K., Pawłowicz, P. and Lewiński, A., (2015). Prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Neuroendocrinology Letters, 36(1), 53–58. PMID: 25789595

https://www.nel.edu/userfiles/articlesnew/NEL360115A11.pdf

Rahmani, E., Samimi, M., Ebrahimi, F. A., Foroozanfard, F., Ahmadi, S., Rahimi, M., ... & Asemi, Z. (2017). The effects of omega-3 fatty acids and vitamin E co-supplementation on gene expression of lipoprotein (a) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein, lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 43(1), 247-255.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2016.09.008

Geetha, V. and Chakravarthula, S.N., (2018). Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of Boswellia ovalifoliolata essential oils from leaf and bark. Journal of forestry research, 29(2), 373-381.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-017-0457-9

Ghasemifard, S., Hermon, K., Turchini, G.M. and Sinclair, A.J., (2015). Metabolic fate (absorption, β-oxidation and deposition) of long-chain n-3 fatty acids is affected by sex and by the oil source (krill oil or fish oil) in the rat. British journal of nutrition, 114(5), 684-692.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114515002457

Gray, B., Steyn, F., Davies, P.S.W. and Vitetta, L., (2013). Omega-3 fatty acids: a review of the effects on adiponectin and leptin and potential implications for obesity management. European journal of clinical nutrition, 67(12), 1234-1242.

https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2013.197

Albracht-Schulte, K., Kalupahana, N.S., Ramalingam, L., Wang, S., Rahman, S.M., Robert-McComb, J. and Moustaid-Moussa, N., (2018). Omega-3 fatty acids in obesity and metabolic syndrome: a mechanistic update. The Journal of nutritional biochemistry, 58, 1-16.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.02.012

Li, S., Wen, W., Gong, X., Huang, X. and Chen, N., (2018). Variation of lipids and fatty acids composition in the tissues of wild devil stinger (Inimicus japonicas) during sexual maturation. Aquaculture and fisheries, 3(3), 115-121.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2018.05.004

Khani, B., Mardanian, F. and Fesharaki, S.J., (2017). Omega-3 supplementation effects on polycystic ovary syndrome symptoms and metabolic syndrome. Journal of research in medical sciences: the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, 22, 64-69.

https://doi.org/10.4103/jrms.JRMS_644_16

Zhang, X., Wang, H., Yin, P., Fan, H., Sun, L., and Liu, Y. (2017). Flaxseed oil ameliorates alcoholic liver disease via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in mice. Lipids in health and disease, 16(1), 1-10.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-017-0431-8

Zhu, L., Sha, L., Li, K., Wang, Z., Wang, T., Li, Y., & Wang, H. (2020). Dietary flaxseed oil rich in omega-3 suppresses severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus via anti-inflammation and modulating gut microbiota in rats. Lipids in health and disease, 19(1), 1-16.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-1167-4

Kalupahana, N.S. and Moustaid‐Moussa, N., 2012. The renin‐angiotensin system: a link between obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Obesity Reviews, 13(2), 136-149.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00942.x

Martínez-Fernández, L., Laiglesia, L.M., Huerta, A.E., Martínez, J.A. and Moreno-Aliaga, M.J., 2015. Omega-3 fatty acids and adipose tissue function in obesity and metabolic syndrome. Prostaglandins & other lipid mediators, 121(1), 24-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.07.003

Oner, G. and Muderris, I.I., 2013. Efficacy of omega-3 in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 33(3), 289-291. https://doi.org/10.3109/01443615.2012.751365

Salek, M., Clark, C. C., Taghizadeh, M., & Jafarnejad, S. (2019). N-3 fatty acids as preventive and therapeutic agents in attenuating PCOS complications. EXCLI journal, 18, 558. https://doi.org/10.17179/excli2019-1534

Nomura, S., Taniura, T., Shouzu, A., Omoto, S., Suzuki, M., Okuda, Y. and Ito, T., (2018). Effects of sarpogrelate, eicosapentaenoic acid and pitavastatin on arterioslcerosis obliterans-related biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes (SAREPITASO study). Vascular health and risk management, 14, 225-228.

https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S171143

Lepretti, M., Martucciello, S., Burgos Aceves, M.A., Putti, R. and Lionetti, L., (2018). Omega-3 fatty acids and insulin resistance: focus on the regulation of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Nutrients, 10(3), 350-355.

https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10030350

O'Connor, A., Gibney, J. and Roche, H.M., (2010). Metabolic and hormonal aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome: the impact of diet. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 69(4), 628-635.

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665110002016

Günalan, E., Yaba, A. and Yılmaz, B., (2018). The effect of nutrient supplementation in the management of polycystic ovary syndrome-associated metabolic dysfunctions: A critical review. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association, 19(4), 215-220.

https://doi.org/10.4274/jtgga.2018.0077

Amini, M., Bahmani, F., Foroozanfard, F., Vahedpoor, Z., Ghaderi, A., Taghizadeh, M., Karbassizadeh, H. and Asemi, Z., (2020). The effects of fish oil omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on mental health parameters and metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/0167482X.2018.1508282

Mirmasoumi, G., Fazilati, M., Foroozanfard, F., Vahedpoor, Z., Mahmoodi, S., Taghizadeh, M., Esfeh, N.K., Mohseni, M., Karbassizadeh, H. and Asemi, Z., (2018). The effects of flaxseed oil omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes, 126(4), 222-228.

https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-119751

Escobar-Morreale, H.F., Luque-Ramírez, M. and González, F., (2011). Circulating inflammatory markers in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertility and sterility, 95(3), 1048-1058.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.036

Calder, P.C., (2017). Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: from molecules to man. Biochemical Society Transactions, 45(5), 1105-1115.

https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20160474

Talari, H.R., Poladchang, S., Hamidian, Y., Samimi, M., Gilasi, H.R., Ebrahimi, F.A. and Asemi, Z., 2018. The effects of omega-3 and vitamin E co-supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness and inflammatory factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Oman medical journal, 33(6), 470-473.

https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2018.88

Jamilian, M., Samimi, M., Mirhosseini, N., Ebrahimi, F.A., Aghadavod, E., Talaee, R., Jafarnejad, S., Dizaji, S.H. and Asemi, Z., (2018). The influences of vitamin D and omega-3 co-supplementation on clinical, metabolic and genetic parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Journal of affective disorders, 238(1), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.027

Baldani, D.P., Skrgatic, L., Kasum, M., Zlopasa, G., Kralik Oguic, S. and Herman, M., (2019). Altered leptin, adiponectin, resistin and ghrelin secretion may represent an intrinsic polycystic ovary syndrome abnormality. Gynecological Endocrinology, 35(5),401-405.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09513590.2018.1534096

Farimani, A.R., Hariri, M., Azimi-Nezhad, M., Borji, A., Zarei, S. and Hooshmand, E., (2018). The effect of n-3 PUFAs on circulating adiponectin and leptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta diabetologica, 55(7), 641-652.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s00592-018-1110-6

Kang, Y.E., Kim, J.M., Joung, K.H., Lee, J.H., You, B.R., Choi, M.J., Ryu, M.J., Ko, Y.B., Lee, M.A., Lee, J. and Ku, B.J., (2016). The roles of adipokines, proinflammatory cytokines, and adipose tissue macrophages in obesity-associated insulin resistance in modest obesity and early metabolic dysfunction. PloS one, 11(4), p.e0154003. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154003

Hariri, M., Ghiasvand, R., Shiranian, A., Askari, G., Iraj, B. and Salehi‐Abargouei, A., (2015). Does omega‐3 fatty acids supplementation affect circulating leptin levels? A systematic review and meta‐analysis on randomized controlled clinical trials. Clinical endocrinology, 82(2), 221-228.

https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12508

Nadjarzadeh, A., Dehghani-Firouzabadi, R., Daneshbodi, H., Lotfi, M.H., Vaziri, N. and Mozaffari-Khosravi, H., (2015). Effect of omega-3 supplementation on visfatin, adiponectin, and anthropometric indices in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Journal of reproduction & infertility, 16(4), 207-212. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4819211/

Stein, J.D., Andrews, C., Musch, D.C., Green, C. and Lee, P.P., (2016). Sight-threatening ocular diseases remain underdiagnosed among children of less affluent families. Health Affairs, 8(8), 1359-1366.

https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1007

Liepa, G.U., Sengupta, A. and Karsies, D., (2008). Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and Other Androgen Excess–Related Conditions: Can Changes in Dietary Intake Make a Difference? Nutrition in clinical practice, 23(1), 63-71.

https://doi.org/10.1177/011542650802300163

Miura, Y., (2013). The biological significance of ω-oxidation of fatty acids. Proceedings of the Japan Academy, Series B, 89(8), 370-382.

https://doi.org/10.2183/pjab.89.370

Rabrenović, B.B., Dimić, E.B., Novaković, M.M., Tešević, V.V. and Basić, Z.N., (2014). The most important bioactive components of cold pressed oil from different pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) seeds. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 55(2), 521-527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2013.10.019

Lestari, B. and Meiyanto, E., (2018). A review: the emerging nutraceutical potential of pumpkin seeds. Indonesian Journal of Cancer Chemoprevention, 9(2), 92-101.

http:// doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjcanchemoprev9iss2pp92-101

Zeb, A. and Ahmad, S., 2017. Changes in acylglycerols composition, quality characteristics and in vivo effects of dietary pumpkin seed oil upon thermal oxidation. Frontiers in chemistry, 5(1), 50-55.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2017.00055

Yari, Z., Rahimlou, M., Eslamparast, T., Ebrahimi-Daryani, N., Poustchi, H. and Hekmatdoost, A., (2016). Flaxseed supplementation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a pilot randomized, open labeled, controlled study. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 67(4), 461-469.

https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2016.1161011

Haidari, F., Banaei-Jahromi, N., Zakerkish, M., & Ahmadi, K. (2020). The effects of flaxseed supplementation on metabolic status in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A randomized open-labeled controlled clinical trial. Nutrition journal, 19(1), 1-11.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-020-0524-5

Wang, T., Sha, L., Li, Y., Zhu, L., Wang, Z., Li, K., Lu, H., Bao, T., Guo, L., Zhang, X. and Wang, H., (2020). Dietary α-Linolenic acid-rich flaxseed oil exerts beneficial effects on polycystic ovary syndrome through sex steroid hormones—microbiota—inflammation axis in rats. Frontiers in endocrinology, 11(1), 280-284.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00284

Guo, S., Ge, Y. and Jom, K.N., (2017). A review of phytochemistry, metabolite changes, and medicinal uses of the common sunflower seed and sprouts (Helianthus annuus L.). Chemistry Central Journal, 11(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0328-7

Aishwarya, S. and Anisha, V., (2014). Nutritional composition of sunflower seeds flour and nutritive value of products prepared by incorporating sunflower seeds flour. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research & Allied Sciences, 3(3), 45-49. https://ijpras.com/storage/models/article/gSoAOClKfyDfQsTBvwmbgRrVitVeXWG7w5pek98lwzuOpAD7jWmYNLLPcShx/nutritional-composition-of-sunflower-seeds-flour-and-nutritive-value-of-products-prepared-by-incor.pdf

Aglave, H.R., (2018). Physiochemical characteristics of sesame seeds. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies, 6(1), 64-66.

https://www.plantsjournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issue1/PartB/6-1-9-731.pdf