Genotypes Variation and Molecular Epidemiology Of The Hbv Chronic Liver Infection In The Local Population Of Pakistan: An Overview Of The Recent Literature

Genotypes Variation and Molecular Epidemiology of HBV Chronic Liver Infection

Authors

  • Bushra Tahreem The University of Management and Technology, Lahore
  • Ghadir Ali Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
  • Haroon Ahmed Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
  • Asim Shahzad Department of Microbiology, Hazara University, Garden Campus, Mansehra, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Khurram Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
  • Nabiha Naeem Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
  • Aquib Nazar Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Haris University of Management and Technology
  • Hussan . Department of Microbiology, University of Haripur, Pakistan
  • Shahrukh . Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i4.372

Keywords:

Hepatitis, Virus, Epidemiology, Genotype, Transmission, Seropositivity

Abstract

Hepatitis is defined as an enlargement of the liver. Viral hepatitis is the word used for the group of liver ailments generated by viral infections. There are approximately 350 million people worldwide who have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV is estimated to kill 563,000 people each year and cause a high rate of infection. The Hepatitis B DNA virus comprises of a 3.2 kb relaxed-spherical DNA molecule. Of the total eight genotypes of HBV, genotype D is the most common, with an actual incidence rate of 63.71%, followed by genotype A at 10%, according to ten distinct studies conducted in diverse parts of Pakistan. Symptoms may take up to six months to emerge after exposure. Early signs and symptoms of HBV infection are lethargy, nausea, poor appetite, vomiting, pyrexia, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, gastrointestinal disturbances, dark urine, and jaundice. Pakistan is one of the worst affected countries, with over 40 million Pakistanis infected with HBV. This article provides an overview of the epidemiology and natural history of HBV infection and its diagnosis and treatment.

References

Sangam SL, Arali UB, Patil CG, Rousseau R. Growth of the hepatitis literature over the period 1976–2015: What can the relative priority index teach us? Scientometrics. 2018;115(1):351–68.

Rasche A, Sander A-L, Corman VM, Drexler JF. Evolutionary biology of human hepatitis viruses. J Hepatol. 2019;70(3):501–20.

Burrell CJ, Howard CR, Murphy FA. Epidemiology of viral infections. Fenner White’s Med Virol. 2017;185.

Yee LJ. Host genetic determinants in hepatitis C virus infection. Genes Immun. 2004;5(4):237–45.

Anjum F. CPQ Medicine (2018) 3: 3 Mini-Review. 2018;

Halpern SA. Dangerous Medicine: The Story behind Human Experiments with Hepatitis. Yale University Press; 2021.

Tilak A, Thakur RN, Gangwar SS, Sharma R. Protect your liver from hepatitis. Innov Int J Med Pharm Sci. 2018;3(1).

Hu J, Protzer U, Siddiqui A. Revisiting hepatitis B virus: challenges of curative therapies. J Virol. 2019;93(20):e01032-19.

Torre P, Aglitti A, Masarone M, Persico M. Viral hepatitis: Milestones, unresolved issues, and future goals. World J Gastroenterol. 2021;27(28):4603.

Vaillant A. HBsAg, Subviral Particles, and Their Clearance in Establishing a Functional Cure of Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. ACS Infect Dis. 2020;7(6):1351–68.

OJODU AB. DETECTION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS FROM INMATES IN SELECTED CORRECTIONAL FACILITIES IN NIGER STATE. 2021.

Pattyn J, Hendrickx G, Vorsters A, Van Damme P. Hepatitis B Vaccines. J Infect Dis. 2021;224(Supplement_4):S343–51.

Anugwom CM, Allaire M, Akbar SMF, Sultan A, Bollipo S, Mattos AZ, et al. Hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma: surveillance strategy directed by immune-epidemiology. Hepatoma Res. 2021;7.

Tang J. Analysis of cellular gene expression changes associated with hepatitis B virus infection and hepatocellular carcinoma. University of Minnesota; 2021.

Magnius L, Mason WS, Taylor J, Kann M, Glebe D, Dény P, et al. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Hepadnaviridae. J Gen Virol. 2020;101(6):571.

Minarovits J, Niller HH. Truncated oncoproteins of retroviruses and hepatitis B virus: A lesson in contrasts. Infect Genet Evol. 2019;73:342–57.

Musoki AS. Assessment of the Knowledge, Practice and Attitude Towards Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Makerere University Students. Makerere University; 2019.

Beck J, Seitz S, Lauber C, Nassal M. Conservation of the HBV RNA element epsilon in nackednaviruses reveals ancient origin of protein-primed reverse transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2021;118(13).

Zhang X, Wu M, Ghildyal R, Yuan ZH. Animal models for the study of Hepatitis B Virus pathobiology and immunity: past, present, and future. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:1921.

Wang X, Liao B, Hu W, Tu C, Xiang C, Hao S, et al. Novel Models Predict Postsurgical Recurrence and Overall Survival for Patients with Hepatitis B Virus‐Related Solitary Hepatocellular Carcinoma≤ 10 cm and Without Portal Venous Tumor Thrombus. Oncologist. 2020;25(10):e1552.

Khalid M, ur Rehman S, Ali A, Azam SM, Yaqoob R, Faizan M, et al. Prevalence of Hepatitis B & C in Bahawalpur Region, Punjab, Pakistan. Front Chem Sci. 2021;2(2):175–82.

Tayefinasrabadi H, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM, Azimzadeh P, Pourhoseingholi MA, Ghaemi A, et al. Association of Interleukin-17 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to chronic hepatitis B virus infection and clearance in Iranian population. Microb Pathog. 2020;144:104195.

Mansha I, Gohar T, Zaka M, Amin F. Drug Addiction and Hepatitis B&C in Pakistan. Gomal J Med Sci. 2012;10(2).

Perz JF, Armstrong GL, Farrington LA, Hutin YJF, Bell BP. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol. 2006;45(4):529–38.

Ali SA, Donahue RMJ, Qureshi H, Vermund SH. Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Pakistan: prevalence and risk factors. Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(1):9–19.

Lim JK, Nguyen MH, Kim WR, Gish R, Perumalswami P, Jacobson IM. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in the United States. Off J Am Coll Gastroenterol ACG. 2020;115(9):1429–38.

Ullah N, Khan I, Kakakhel MA, Xi L, Bai Y, Kalra BS, et al. Serological prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Brazilian J Biol. 2021;82.

Mehmood S, Raza H, Abid F, Saeed N, Rehman HM, Javed S, et al. National prevalence rate of hepatitis B and C in Pakistan and its risk factors. J Public Health (Bangkok). 2020;28(6):751–64.

Tseng T-C, Liu C-J. Occult Hepatitis B Infection. In: Hepatitis B Virus and Liver Disease. Springer; 2021. p. 411–25.

Samo AA, Laghari ZA, Baig NM, Khoso GM. Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Hepatitis B and C in Nawabshah, Sindh, Pakistan. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;tpmd201228.

Zhao X, Shi X, Lv M, Yuan B, Wu J. Prevalence and factors associated with hepatitis B virus infection among household members: a cross-sectional study in Beijing. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2021;17(6):1818–24.

Mekonnen R, Admasu D, Belete M. Sero-Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus and associated factors among pregnant mothers attending antenatal care in Public Health Facilities, Dire Dawa. J Med Microb Diagn. 2018;7(281):2161–7031.

Hayat S, Naeem M, Malik A, Ali Q, Khalid M, Masud S, et al. Hepatitis B and C prevalence and its associated risk factors among school going children in urban and rural areas of District Muzaffar Garh, Pakistan. 2018;

Rana NA, Munir B, Hussain N, Imtiaz N. Seroprevalence, Biochemical Investigation and Risk Factor Assessment for HBV & HCV Infection in Hospital Based Patients of Islamabad, Pakistan. J Bioresour Manag. 2020;7(2):2.

Mehta P, Reddivari AKR. Hepatitis. StatPearls [Internet]. 2021;

Said BA, Hassan RAR. Risk factors for hepatitis b virus among blood donors in Baghdad, Iraq. Int J Adv Res Med. 2019;1(2):62–7.

Peckham AM, Young EH. Opportunities to offer harm reduction to people who inject drugs during infectious disease encounters: Narrative review. In: Open Forum Infectious Diseases. Oxford University Press US; 2020. p. ofaa503.

Sagnelli C, Pisaturo M, Calò F, Martini S, Sagnelli E, Coppola N. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus infection in patients with hemo-lymphoproliferative diseases, and its prevention. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(26):3299.

Hayashi T, Hutin YJ-F, Bulterys M, Altaf A, Allegranzi B. Injection practices in 2011–2015: a review using data from the demographic and health surveys (DHS). BMC Health Serv Res. 2019;19(1):1–10.

Khan A, Altaf A, Qureshi H, Orakzai M, Khan A. Reuse of syringes for therapeutic injections in Pakistan: rethinking determinants. East Mediterr Heal J. 2020;26(3).

Shah IA, Anwar F, Haq IU, Anwar Y, Aizaz M, Ullah N. HBV burden on population, a comparative study between two districts Mardan and Charsadda of KPK, Pakistan. Int J Contemp Res Rev. 2018;9(09):20269–74.

Fatimah M, Tehrim H, Fayyaz H, Sadiq F, Bhatti S. Seropositivity of Hepatitis B and C in Healthy Blood Donors at Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Pak J Med Heal Sci. 2020;14(2):371–3.

Ifeanyi OE, Chinedum OK, Uzoma OG, Ndidiamaka E-IG, Stella EI, Florence O. A review on hepatitis and haemostasis. Int J Compr Res Biol Sci. 2018;5(2):24–46.

Bove G, Mehnert A-K, Thi VLD. iPSCs for modeling hepatotropic pathogen infections. In: iPSCs for Studying Infectious Diseases. Elsevier; 2021. p. 149–213.

Qazi JA. Hepatitis Screening of Undiagnosed Dental Patients.

Akhtar H, Badshah Y, Akhtar S, Hassan F, Faisal M, Qadri I. Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C Virus infections among male to female (MFT) transgenders in Rawalpindi (Pakistan). Adv Life Sci. 2018;5(2):46–55.

Khurram M, Irshad A, Alamgir M, Awan UA, Syed A, Sadia H. Epidemiological Survey of the Prevalence of HCV and HBV among the Factory Workers in the Periphery of Lahore. Biosci Rev. 2021;3(1).

AWAN ZIAURR. SERO PREVALENCE OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS (HBV) INFECTION IN PREGNANT WOMEN OF DISTRICT BANNU KP, PAKISTAN. FUUAST J Biol. 2021;11(2):145–9.

Anwar F, Khan M, Salman M, Ahmad S, Ullah F, Khan J, et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus in human population of district Buner Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal. 2021;10:100688.

Waqar M, Khan MA, Rehman Z, Idrees M, Wasim M, Asghar A, et al. Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) a Severe Health Problem in Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Biosci Rev. 2019;1(1):25–32.

Nisar N, Sohoo NA, Sikandar R. Menopausal symptoms: prevalence, severity and correlation with sociodemographic and reproductive characteristics. A cross sectional community based survey from rural Sindh Pakistan. Education. 2015;60(222):3–7.

Kalsoom S, Hussain S. Hepatitis B, C and human immunodeficiency virus: Seroprevalence and related risk factors in pregnant women. J Soc Obs Gynaecol Pak. 2015;5(2):116–22.

Raza A, Saleem M, Afzal MS. The first report of hepatitis b virus prevalence in skardu, gilgit baltistan: a neglected area of Pakistan. 2018;

Ahmad R. Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in Matta, Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. 2018;

Selim MA, Mousa AA, Mansour MT, Farag MM. ADVANCED TRENDS FOR PRODUCTION OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS SUBVIRAL PARTICLES USING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUE TO ENHANCE OVERCOME OF HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION. Al-Azhar Bull Sci. 2020;31(1–C):1–10.

Tsukuda S, Watashi K. Hepatitis B virus biology and life cycle. Antiviral Res. 2020;104925.

Shawa IT. Hepatitis B and C viruses. Hepat B C Mar. 2019;1.

de Rocquigny H, Rat V, Pastor F, Darlix JL, Hourioux C, Roingeard P. Phosphorylation of the arginine-rich C-terminal domains of the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) core protein as a fine regulator of the interaction between HBc and nucleic acid. Viruses. 2020;12(7):738.

Revill PA, Tu T, Netter HJ, Yuen LKW, Locarnini SA, Littlejohn M. The evolution and clinical impact of hepatitis B virus genome diversity. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;17(10):618–34.

Niklasch M, Zimmermann P, Nassal M. The Hepatitis B Virus Nucleocapsid—Dynamic Compartment for Infectious Virus Production and New Antiviral Target. Biomedicines. 2021;9(11):1577.

Eibauer M, Weber MS, Turgay Y, Sivagurunathan S, Goldman RD, Medalia O. The molecular architecture of vimentin filaments. bioRxiv. 2021;

Salimzadeh L. B Cell Immunity in HBV Infection. National University of Singapore (Singapore); 2018.

Ho JK-T, Jeevan-Raj B, Netter H-J. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) subviral particles as protective vaccines and vaccine platforms. Viruses. 2020;12(2):126.

Bousali M, Papatheodoridis G, Paraskevis D, Karamitros T. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Integration, Chronic Infections and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Microorganisms. 2021;9(8):1787.

Cao J, Zhang J, Lu Y, Luo S, Zhang J, Zhu P. Cryo-EM structure of native spherical subviral particles isolated from HBV carriers. Virus Res. 2019;259:90–6.

Jiang B, Hildt E. Intracellular trafficking of HBV particles. Cells. 2020;9(9):2023.

Hu J, Liu K. Complete and incomplete hepatitis B virus particles: formation, function, and application. Viruses. 2017;9(3):56.

Lin Y, Zhao Z, Huang A, Lu M. Interplay between cellular autophagy and hepatitis B virus replication: a systematic review. Cells. 2020;9(9):2101.

Khan IW, Dad Ullah MU, Choudhry M, Ali MJ, Ali MA, Lam SLK, et al. Novel Therapies of Hepatitis B and D. Microorganisms. 2021;9(12):2607.

Ghosh S, Chakraborty A, Banerjee S. Persistence of Hepatitis B Virus Infection: A Multi-Faceted Player for Hepatocarcinogenesis. Front Microbiol. 2021;12.

Datta S, Chatterjee S, Veer V, Chakravarty R. Molecular biology of the hepatitis B virus for clinicians. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2012;2(4):353–65.

Jarrold MF. Applications of Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. Chem Rev. 2021;

Chapus F, Martinez MG, Testoni B, Zoulim F. Molecular Virology and Life Cycle of Hepatitis B Virus. In: Hepatitis B Virus and Liver Disease. Springer; 2021. p. 1–27.

Kok CW. Development of metal-affinity partitioning of Hepatitis B core antigen from unclarified bacteria feedstock. UTAR; 2018.

Kostyusheva A, Kostyushev D, Brezgin S, Volchkova E, Chulanov V. Clinical implications of hepatitis B virus RNA and covalently closed circular DNA in monitoring patients with chronic hepatitis B today with a gaze into the future: the field is unprepared for a sterilizing cure. Genes (Basel). 2018;9(10):483.

Pettersson JH-O, Myking S, Elshaug H, Bygdås KIE, Stene-Johansen K. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection in Norway. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):1–7.

Kyaw YY, Lwin AA, Aye KS, Thu HM, Htun MM, Soe HO, et al. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in the general population of Myanmar via nationwide study. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):1–11.

Liu Z, Zhang Y, Xu M, Li X, Zhang Z. Distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes and subgenotypes: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021;100(50).

Ahmad AE, Bakari AG, Musa BOP, Mustapha SK, Jamoh BY, Abdullahi IN, et al. Pattern of prevalent hepatitis B virus genotypes in Zaria, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2019;26(2):80.

Di Lello FA, Ridruejo E, Martínez AP, Pérez PS, Campos RH, Flichman DM. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus mutants associated with vaccine escape, drug resistance and diagnosis failure. J Viral Hepat. 2019;26(5):552–60.

Velkov S, Protzer U, Michler T. Global occurrence of clinically relevant hepatitis b virus variants as found by analysis of publicly available sequencing data. Viruses. 2020;12(11):1344.

Fletcher GJ, Eapen CE, Abraham P. Hepatitis B genotyping: The utility for the clinicians. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2020;39(4):315–20.

Panicker S, Kumar CPG, Selvaraj V, Prabu R, Chandrasekar C, Valan AS, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HBV among HIV infected individuals in Chennai, south India. Virus Res. 2021;300:198439.

Inoue T, Tanaka Y. Cross-protection of hepatitis B vaccination among different genotypes. Vaccines. 2020;8(3):456.

Hanash SH, Ghali KH, Jabbar AD. HBV Genotyping distribution among Iraqi patients in Wasit Province. Eur J Mol Clin Med. 2020;7(2):4263–78.

Khan MA, Zargar SA, Upadhyay J, Lone TA, Aggarwal R, Bashir G, et al. Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C viral infections in Ladakh region. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2018;37(6):504–10.

Awan Z, Idrees M, Amin I, Butt S, Afzal S, Akbar H, et al. Pattern and molecular epidemiology of Hepatitis B virus genotypes circulating in Pakistan. Infect Genet Evol. 2010;10(8):1242–6.

Mahmood M. Hebatitis B Virus Genotypes in Pakistan.

Abbas Z, Muzaffar R, Siddiqui A, Naqvi SAA, Rizvi SAH. Genetic variability in the precore and core promoter regions of hepatitis B virus strains in Karachi. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006;6(1):1–6.

Forbi JC, Vaughan G, Purdy MA, Campo DS, Xia G, Ganova-Raeva LM, et al. Epidemic history and evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis B virus infection in two remote communities in rural Nigeria. PLoS One. 2010;5(7):e11615.

Abou Rached A, Nakhoul M, Richa C, Jreij A, Abi Hanna P, Ammar W. Prevalence of hepatitis B and anti-hepatitis C virus antibody among people who inject drugs in the Lebanese population. La Rev Santé la Méditerranée Orient. 2020;26(4–2020):461.

MacLachlan JH, Cowie BC. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5(5):a021410.

Kumar A, Kumar S, Kumar L, Kumar V. KAP of Medical Students towards Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C-A questionnaire based study. Int J Heal Clin Res. 2021;4(8):34–7.

Blum HE. Hepatitis B: diagnosis and management. AIMS Med Sci. 2021;8(1):1–10.

Franco E, Bagnato B, Marino MG, Meleleo C, Serino L, Zaratti L. Hepatitis B: Epidemiology and prevention in developing countries. World J Hepatol. 2012;4(3):74.

Shaz SK, Ullah N, Rafique I. Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in District Dir Upper, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Glob J Clin Virol. 2019;4(1):8–18.

Abdullah HI, Bozakouk IH. Detection and Identification of Hepatitis B, C and HIV viruses in Benghazi city. University of Benghazi; 2016.

Mathai F. Diagnostic value of HBsAg in HBV Infection among patients referred to Pathologist Lancet Laboratory in Nairobi, Kenya. 2018.

Waheed Y, Siddiq M, Jamil Z, Najmi MH. Hepatitis elimination by 2030: progress and challenges. World J Gastroenterol. 2018;24(44):4959.

Organization WH. Progress report on HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections 2019: accountability for the global health sector strategies, 2016–2021. World Health Organization; 2019.

Schröeder SE, Pedrana A, Scott N, Wilson D, Kuschel C, Aufegger L, et al. Innovative strategies for the elimination of viral hepatitis at a national level: A country case series. Liver Int. 2019;39(10):1818–36.

Viejo LG-E, Herola AG, Lloret IS, Ruano FS, Paulino IC, Ivorra CQ, et al. Screening of hepatitis C virus infection in adult general population in Spain. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;30(9):1077–81.

Osasona OG, Adewale-Fashoro O, Olumade TJ, Oguzie J, George U, Ariyo OE, et al. Comparative serologic profiles of hepatitis B Virus (HBV) between HIV/HBV co-infected and Hbv mono-infected patients in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. J Immunoass Immunochem. 2021;1–15.

Estina VC, Putra IGNS, Wati DK, Santoso H, Adnyana IGANS, Witarini KA. The Difference of Anti-HBs Levels in Babies Vaccinated with Hepatitis B Vaccine Between at 2, 4, 6 Months with 2, 3, 4 Months Schedule in Denpasar. Am J Pediatr. 2022;8(1):6–9.

Luo M, Chen Z, Liu M, Liang Q, Han R, Liang Z, et al. Inhibitory Activities of Ranunculus japonicus Thunb. Ethanol Extract against Hepatitis B Virus. J Med Virol.

Bogler Y, Wong RJ, Gish RG. Epidemiology and natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. In: Hepatitis B Virus and Liver Disease. Springer; 2018. p. 63–89.

Ya’aba Y, Mohammed SB, Olatunji KT, Abdulmumin AR, Abubakar A, Usoroh M, et al. Screening for Hepatitis B Virus among HIV Infected Women Seeking Antiretroviral Therapy at National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Abuja, Nigeria. Asian J Med Heal. 2019;15(4):1–9.

Waheed H. Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C in General Population and Transgender Population of Rawalpindi. CAPITAL UNIVERSITY; 2021.

Zara B, Allah NUM, Javed W, Siddique S, Mahmood H, Hassan F. A CROSS-SECTIONAL ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICES TOWARD HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AMONG DENTISTS OF TERTIARY HOSPITALS IN ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN. Pakistan Oral Dent J. 2020;40(2):66–71.

MAHALAKSHMI PA, GOWTHAM RR, MUDHIGETI N, PAMIREDDY ML, MEENAKSHI K, NALLAPIREDDY U, et al. Seroprevalence and Trend of Hepatitis B and C Viral Infections in Patients at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Southern India-A Retrospective Study. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2020;14(1).

Ali M, Idrees M, Ali L, Hussain A, Rehman IU, Saleem S, et al. Hepatitis B virus in Pakistan: a systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, awareness status and genotypes. Virol J. 2011;8(1):1–9.

Saeed U, Waheed Y, Ashraf M, Waheed U, Anjum S, Afzal MS. Estimation of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and different clinical parameters in the thalassemic population of capital twin cities of Pakistan. Virol Res Treat. 2015;6:VRT-S31744.

Farooq A, Waheed U, Zaheer HA, Rauf A, Arshad A, Arshad M. Incidence of hepatitis B and C viruses in thalassaemia major patients. Pak J Zool. 2018;50(3).

Nazeer A, Ali S, Tipu I. Age-wise and Gender-wise Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Infection in Lahore, Pakistan. Biosci Rev. 2019;1(4):20–8.

Nazeer A, Ali S, Tipu I, Nazeer A, Ali S, Tipu IA. BioScientific Review (BSR).

Khan A, Qazi J. Risk factors and molecular epidemiology of HBV and HCV in internally displaced persons (IDPs) of North Waziristan Agency, Pakistan. JPMA J Pak Med Assoc. 2018;68(2):165–9.

Snow S, Taylor K, Carpenter J. Rapid midwifery. John Wiley & Sons; 2016.

Katamba C, Philippe OO. Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus. 2021;

Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, Harris A, Haber P, Ward JW, et al. Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Reports. 2018;67(1):1.

Zimamu LY, Adal GM, Getu BD, Wubet GM. Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice to Wards Hepatitis B Prevention Among Debre Tabor Health Science College Students, South Gondar, Amhara, Ethiopia 2021. 2021;

Cheung KW, Lao TT-H. Hepatitis B–vertical transmission and the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;

Koc ÖM, Robaeys G, Yildirim B, Posthouwer D, Hens S, Koek GH. Horizontal hepatitis B virus transmission through non-sexual close contact in Turkish chronic hepatitis B patients living outside of Turkey. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2018;81(4):503–8.

XASAN KC. A study to assess the Prevalence, prevention and attitude Malaria among Patients attending manhal hospital, in erigavo Somaliland. 2019;

Khattak ST, Marwat MA, Khan TM, Naheed T. Comparison of frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in pregnant women in urban and rural area of district Swat. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2009;21(2):12–5.

Ogunbode O, Ogunbode O. Anaemia in pregnancy. In: Contemporary obstetrics and gynecology for developing countries. Springer; 2021. p. 321–30.

Bibi S, Dars S, Ashfaq S, Qazi RA, Akhund S. Seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in pregnant women attending public sector tertiary care hospital in Hyderabad Sindh. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2013;29(2):505.

Elsheikh RM, Daak AA, Elsheikh MA, Karsany MS, Adam I. Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus in pregnant Sudanese women. Virol J. 2007;4(1):1–3.

Angahar LT. A Review on Pathogenesis, Transmission, Diagnosis and Prevention of Hepatitis B infection.

Liu H-Y, Zhang X-Y. Innate immune recognition of hepatitis B virus. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(21):2319.

Tseng T-C, Huang L-R. Immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus. J Infect Dis. 2017;216(suppl_8):S765–70.

Cheng X, Xia Y, Serti E, Block PD, Chung M, Chayama K, et al. Hepatitis B virus evades innate immunity of hepatocytes but activates cytokine production by macrophages. Hepatology. 2017;66(6):1779–93.

Suslov A, Boldanova T, Wang X, Wieland S, Heim MH. Hepatitis B virus does not interfere with innate immune responses in the human liver. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(6):1778–90.

Ko C, Chakraborty A, Chou W-M, Hasreiter J, Wettengel JM, Stadler D, et al. Hepatitis B virus genome recycling and de novo secondary infection events maintain stable cccDNA levels. J Hepatol. 2018;69(6):1231–41.

Botelho-Souza LF, Vasconcelos MPA, Dos Santos A de O, Salcedo JMV, Vieira DS. Hepatitis delta: virological and clinical aspects. Virol J. 2017;14(1):1–15.

Iannacone M, Guidotti LG. Immunobiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;1–14.

Verrier ER, Colpitts CC, Bach C, Heydmann L, Weiss A, Renaud M, et al. A targeted functional RNA interference screen uncovers glypican 5 as an entry factor for hepatitis B and D viruses. Hepatology. 2016;63(1):35–48.

Kim SW, Yoon JS, Lee M, Cho Y. Toward a complete cure for chronic hepatitis B: Novel therapeutic targets for hepatitis B virus. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2022;28(1):17.

Wei J, Shi Y, Zou C, Zhang H, Peng H, Wang S, et al. Cellular Id1 inhibits hepatitis B virus transcription by interacting with the novel covalently closed circular DNA-binding protein E2F4. Int J Biol Sci. 2022;18(1):65.

Dandri M, Petersen J. cccDNA Maintenance in Chronic Hepatitis B–Targeting the Matrix of Viral Replication. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:3873.

Karayiannis P. Hepatitis B virus: virology, molecular biology, life cycle and intrahepatic spread. Hepatol Int. 2017;11(6):500–8.

Tan A, Koh S, Bertoletti A. Immune response in hepatitis B virus infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5(8):a021428.

Jatau ED, Yabaya A. Sero prevalance of Hepatisis B Virus in pregnant women attending a clinic in Zaria, Nigeria. Sci World J. 2009;4(2).

Chidipi B, Bolleddu SI, Sheela GM, Matta Reddy A. Significant Role of Cellular Activation in Viral Infections. In: Dynamics of Immune Activation in Viral Diseases. Springer; 2020. p. 115–24.

Hollinger FB, Lau DT-Y. Hepatitis B: the pathway to recovery through treatment. Gastroenterol Clin. 2006;35(2):425–61.

Li H, Xu Q-Y, Xie Y, Luo J-J, Cao H-X, Pan Q. Effects of chronic HBV infection on lipid metabolism in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A lipidomic analysis. Ann Hepatol. 2021;24:100316.

Dong J, Liu Y, Ye H, An W, Ren H. Nuclear magnetic resonance evaluation of inflammatory activity from chronic viral Hepatitis B. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2019;35(6):1565.

Li Y, Li S, Duan X, Yang C, Xu M, Chen L. Macrophage Phenotypes and Hepatitis B Virus Infection. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2020;8(4):424.

Matsumoto K, Kikuchi K, Kuniyoshi N, Tsunashima H, Sekine K, Mabuchi M, et al. Immunoglobulin G4-related liver disease overlapping with non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis that was diagnosed simultaneously with autoimmune pancreatitis: a case report and review of the literature. Intern Med. 2019;58(24):3537–43.

Goodman ZD. Hepatopathology of hepatitis B. Clin liver Dis. 2013;2(1):49.

Mak L-Y, Wong DK-H, Pollicino T, Raimondo G, Hollinger FB, Yuen M-F. Occult hepatitis B infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: epidemiology, virology, hepatocarcinogenesis and clinical significance. J Hepatol. 2020;73(4):952–64.

Jeon MY, Kim BK, Lee JS, Lee HW, Park JY, Kim DY, et al. Negligible risks of hepatocellular carcinoma during biomarker-defined immune-tolerant phase for patients with chronic hepatitis B. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2021;27(2):295.

Huang W, Du L, Tang H. Hepatitis B virus reactivation: overview and management. Future Virol. 2021;16(12):821–35.

Kapoor R, Kottilil S. Strategies to eliminate HBV infection. Future Virol. 2014;9(6):565–85.

Suliman I, Abdelgelil N, Kassamali F, Hassanein TI. The effects of hepatic steatosis on the natural history of HBV infection. Clin Liver Dis. 2019;23(3):433–50.

Li T-Y, Yang Y, Zhou G, Tu Z-K. Immune suppression in chronic hepatitis B infection associated liver disease: A review. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(27):3527.

Peeridogaheh H, Meshkat Z, Habibzadeh S, Arzanlou M, Shahi JM, Rostami S, et al. Current concepts on immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. Virus Res. 2018;245:29–43.

Mohammed HI, Pennap GR, Oti VB, Adoga MP. Markers of hepatitis B virus infection in a subset of young people in Central Nigeria. Sci African. 2019;5:e00121.

Hadziyannis E, Laras A. Viral biomarkers in chronic HBeAg negative HBV infection. Genes (Basel). 2018;9(10):469.

Baumert TF, Thimme R, von Weizsäcker F. Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. World J Gastroenterol WJG. 2007;13(1):82.

Nguyen MH, Wong G, Gane E, Kao J-H, Dusheiko G. Hepatitis B virus: advances in prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;33(2):e00046-19.

Rybicka M, Bielawski KP. Recent advances in understanding, diagnosing, and treating hepatitis B virus infection. Microorganisms. 2020;8(9):1416.

Papatheodoridis G V, Hadziyannis SJ. Diagnosis and management of pre‐core mutant chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat. 2001;8(5):311–21.

Downloads

Published

2022-04-30
CITATION
DOI: 10.54393/pbmj.v5i4.372
Published: 2022-04-30

How to Cite

Tahreem, B., Ali , G. ., Ahmed, H. ., Shahzad, A. ., Khurram, M., Naeem , N. ., Nazar , A. ., Haris , M. ., ., H., & ., S. (2022). Genotypes Variation and Molecular Epidemiology Of The Hbv Chronic Liver Infection In The Local Population Of Pakistan: An Overview Of The Recent Literature: Genotypes Variation and Molecular Epidemiology of HBV Chronic Liver Infection. Pakistan BioMedical Journal, 5(4), 14–19. https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i4.372

Issue

Section

Review Article

Plaudit