Frequency of Osteopenia and its association with Socio Economic Status among general female population aged 18-60 years : Osteopenia and Socio Economic Status

Sana  Zahid; Tallat Anwar  Faridi; Asif  Hanif; Zahid  Masood; Akash  John; Sofia  Noor; Aasia  Noor; Amina  Noor

doi:10.52229/pbmj.v4i1.71

Authors

Sana Zahid University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Tallat Anwar Faridi University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Asif Hanif University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Zahid Masood Rai Medical College, Sargodha, Pakistan
Akash John University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus, Gujrat, Pakistan
Sofia Noor University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Aasia Noor Services Institute of Medical Sciences, SIMS, Lahore, Pakistan
Amina Noor University of The Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52229/pbmj.v4i1.71

Abstract

Osteopenia is regarded as the Bone Mineral Density (BMD) which is lower than that of the average value but not as low as Osteoporosis. In Pakistan, Osteoporosis and Osteopenia among women have become one of the most common problems of recent times. Objectives: To find the frequency of osteopenia among females in Faisalabad and its association with SES (Socio Economic Status). Methodology: It was an analytical and cross-sectional study which was conducted at Niaz Medicare Clinic in Faisalabad. The study was completed in 9 months from 18 October 2019 to 18 July 2020. Non probability purposive sampling was done and 323 females were taken for the study. Results: The results demonstrated that 56.3% of the population had Osteopenia. Socio Economic Status had as statistically significant association with Osteopenia (p= 0.041). The results also revealed that the females belonging to middle class and lower class had a higher prevalence of Osteopenia than the females of upper Socio Economic Status. Conclusion: the frequency of Osteopenia was fairly high among females specifically the age group 18-29 years. There was an association found between Osteopenia and Socio Economic status (p =0.041).

References

Ochs‐Balcom HM, Hovey KM, Andrews C, Cauley JA, Hale L, Li W, et al. Short sleep is associated with low bone mineral density and osteoporosis in the women's health initiative. J. Bone Mine. Res. 2020;35(2):261-8. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.3879

Hoshi H, Monoe F, Ohsawa I, Ohta S, Miyamoto T. Astaxanthin improves osteopenia caused by aldehyde-stress resulting from Aldh2 mutation due to impaired osteoblastogenesis. Biochem. Biophy. Res. Comm. 2020;527(1):270-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.04.013

Organization WH. WHO Technical Report Series: World Health Organization; 1994.

Karaguzel G, Holick MF. Diagnosis and treatment of osteopenia. Rev. endoc. metab. disord. 2010;11(4):237-51. doi: 10.1007/s11154-010-9154-0

Din S-u, Hashmi N. Socio-economic investigation of osteoporosis patients. Masya. Kebud. dan Polit. 2020;33(2):153-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.V33I22020.153-161

Klein GL, Langman CB, Herndon DN. Vitamin D depletion following burn injury in children: a possible factor in post-burn osteopenia. J. Trau. Acu. Care Surg. 2002;52(2):346-50. doi: 10.1097/00005373-200202000-00022

Marín-Cascales E, Alcaraz PE, Ramos-Campo DJ, Rubio-Arias JA. Effects of multicomponent training on lean and bone mass in postmenopausal and older women: a systematic review. Menop. 2018;25(3):346-56. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000975

Piepkorn B, Kann P, Forst T, Andreas J, Pfützner A, Beyer J. Bone mineral density and bone metabolism in diabetes mellitus. Horm. Metab. Res. 1997;29(11):584-91. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-979106

Olney RC. Regulation of bone mass by growth hormone. Med. Pedi. Oncol. 2003;41(3):228-34. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpo.10342

Soomro RR, Ahmed SI, Khan M. Frequency of osteopenia and associated risk factors among young female students. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2017;67:365-8. https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:48071664

Silva ACV, Rosa MId, Fernandes B, Lumertz S, Diniz RM, Damiani MEFdR. Factors associated with osteopenia and osteoporosis in women undergoing bone mineral density test. Rev. brasil. Reuma. 2015;55:223-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbr.2014.08.012

Meeta AAR, Agashe SV, Wajahat A, Sarada CV, Vaidya AD, Vaidya RA. A clinical study of a standardized extract of leaves of Dalbergia sissoo (Roxb ex DC) in postmenopausal osteoporosis. J. Mid-life Hlth. 2019;10(1):37. doi: 10.4103/jmh.JMH_22_19

Gupta A. Vitamin D deficiency in India: prevalence, causalities and interventions. Nutrients. 2014;6(2):729-75. doi: 10.3390/nu6020729

Sanwalka NJ, Khadilkar AV, Mughal M, Sayyad MG, Khadilkar VV, Shirole SC, et al. A study of calcium intake and sources of calcium in adolescent boys and girls from two socioeconomic strata, in Pune, India. Asia Paci. j. clin. nutr. 2010;19(3):324-9. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20805075/

Lopez ED, Aranda M, Tapia B, Diaz C. Osteoporosis and osteopenia treatments in a Mexican female population older than 50 years, recording medical experience. Maturitas. 2017;100:194-5. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2017.03.250

Otomo‐Corgel J. Osteoporosis and osteopenia: implications for periodontal and implant therapy. Periodontology 2000. 2012;59(1):111-39. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00435.x

Habib S, Iqbal R, Shahid M, Habib A. Growing prevalence of osteoporosis in Pakistan: Call for action. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2015;65(2):230-1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25842568/

Khan AH, Jafri L, Ahmed S, Noordin S. Osteoporosis and its perspective in Pakistan: A review of evidence and issues for addressing fragility fractures. Ann. Med. Surg. 2018;29:19-25. doi: 10.1016/j.amsu.2018.03.019

Roth GA, Huffman MD, Moran AE, Feigin V, Mensah GA, Naghavi M, et al. Global and regional patterns in cardiovascular mortality from 1990 to 2013. Circulation. 2015;132(17):1667-78. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008720

Nazir S, Sagheer U, Riaz S, Khan ZM. Frequency of Osteoporosis and Osteopenia and its associated factors among general population in Faisalabad. Prof. Med. J. 2019;26(12):2216-21. doi:10.29309/TPMJ/2019.26.12.4073

Larijani B, Hossein-Nezhad A, Mojtahedi A, Pajouhi M, Bastanhagh MH, Soltani A, et al. Normative data of bone mineral density in healthy population of Tehran, Iran: a cross sectional study. BMC Musculosk. Disor. 2005;6(1):1-6. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-6-38

Padmanabhan K, Paul J, Sudhakar S, Selvam PS, Priya VS, Kirthika SV. Which is more prevalent among the female population-Osteopenia or Osteoporosis? A cross sectional study. Res. J. Pharm. Tech. 2019;12(3):1163-8. doi:10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00192.6

Brennan SL, Pasco JA, Urquhart DM, Oldenburg B, Hanna F, Wluka AE. The association between socioeconomic status and osteoporotic fracture in population-based adults: a systematic review. Osteoporosis international. 2009;20(9):1487-97. doi: 10.1007/s00198-008-0822-9

Jagiasi J, Bochare A. The prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia in persons attending a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai. Intern. J. Ortho. Sci. 2018;4(1):656-8. doi:10.22271/ortho.2018.v4.i1j.94

Singh P, Paul V. A cross-sectional study of osteoporosis among pre and post-menopausal women of Allahabad district. 2017.