Prevalence of Genu Varum and Genu Valgum in Osteoarthritis, Association with BMI, Age, Gender and Grade 3, 4 of Osteoarthritis
Genu Varum and Genu Valgum in Osteoarthritis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v8i9.1106Keywords:
Osteoarthritis, Genu Varum, Genu Valgum, DeformityAbstract
A joint disease known as osteoarthritis is a degenerative disease in which cartilage breakdown, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced joint function, especially in weight-bearing joints like the knees. Skeletal deformities, such as bandy leg and knock-knees, can worsen the symptoms and limitations of OA in the lower extremities. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between angular deformities (Genu Varum and Genu Valgum) and osteoarthritis (OA) in individuals between the ages of 35 and 80, with an emphasis on OA grade, age, and BMI. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 163 male and female patients with grade 3 and 4 OA from different hospitals in Lahore, ranging in age from 35 to 80 years, was conducted. Intercondylar and intermalleolar distances were measured with a scale, and the Q angle was determined with a goniometer using non-probability convenient sampling. The BMI was computed by dividing weight by the square of height in meters. Results: In this study out of 163 individuals, genu varum and valgum were diagnosed by Q angle, intercondylar distance, and intermalleolar distance. Data analysis using SPSS 27 revealed 52% of OA patients had genu valgum and 47% had genu varum. A strong association was found between these deformities and OA, particularly with increasing age and advanced OA grades. Conclusions: The study indicated that individuals aged 40 to 60 with grade 3 OA are at higher risk of developing genu valgum than genu varum. A significant association between these deformities and OA was found, with a p-value of less than 0.05. A strong correlation between age and angular deformities shown, while BMI and gender were less correlated
References
Fallon EA. Prevalence of diagnosed arthritis-United States, 2019-2021. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report. 2023; 72. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7241a1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7241a1
Sheehy L and Cooke TD. Radiographic assessment of leg alignment and grading of knee osteoarthritis: a critical review. World Journal of Rheumatology. 2015 Jul; 5(2): 69-81. doi: 10.5499/wjr.v5.i2.69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5499/wjr.v5.i2.69
Rehman AU, Mumtaz U, Awan MM, Marwat SK, Fatima M, Shahid F. Frequency of Genu Valgum and Genu Varum among the University Students and their Association with Gender and BMI. Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research. 2024 Feb; 4(1): 543-7. doi: 10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.428
Hruby A and Hu FB. The epidemiology of obesity: a big picture. Pharmacoeconomics. 2015 Jul; 33: 673-89. doi: 10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x
Bruyere O, Collette J, Kothari M, Zaim S, White D, Genant H et al. Osteoarthritis, magnetic resonance imaging, and biochemical markers: a one year prospective study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2006 Aug; 65(8): 1050-4. doi: 10.1136/ard.2005.045914. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2005.045914
Felson DT, Niu J, Yang T, Torner J, Lewis CE, Aliabadi P et al. Physical activity, alignment and knee osteoarthritis: data from MOST and the OAI. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2013 Jun; 21(6): 789-95. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2013.03.001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.03.001
Acharya RN, Patel HM. Prevalence of the knee osteoarthritis risk factors among young adult population-an observational study. International Journal of Health Science Resolution. 2023; 13: 158-63. doi: 10.52403/ijhsr.20231022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52403/ijhsr.20231022
Edgard LN, Chardène MM, Daphtone NK, Ondzala AE, Honoré N. Knee Osteoarthritis and Risk Factors Associated. Open Journal of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases. 2017 Aug; 7(03): 147. doi: 10.4236/ojra.2017.73014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4236/ojra.2017.73014
Jain U, Dabholkar A. Proportion of Genu Valgum and Genu Varum in Students Aged 19-25 Years. National Journal of Integrated Research in Medicine. 2021 Jul; 12(4): 2230-9969.
Lee CY, Huang TW, Peng KT, Lee M, Hsu R, Shen WJ. Variability of distal femoral valgus resection angle in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis and genu varum deformity: radiographic study in an ethnic Asian population. Biomedical journal. 2015 Jul; 38(4): 350-355. doi: 10.4103/2319-4170.151030. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/2319-4170.151030
Soeroso J, Dans LF, Amarillo ML, Santoso G. Risk factor of symptomatic and a symptomatic osteoarthritis of the knee. Folia Medica Indonesiana. 2005 Apr; 41(2): 118-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1479-8077.2005.00134.x. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8077.2005.00134.x
Nikolopoulou K. What is convenience sampling?| Definition & examples. Scribbr. 2023.
Liu RW, Weinberg DS, Streit JJ, Lasko CE, Cooperman DR. Relationship between Mild Genu Varum and Genu Valgum with Degenerative Hip and Knee Disease: A Cadaveric Study. Journal of Limb Lengthening & Reconstruction. 2024 Jul; 10(2): 86-90. doi: 10.4103/jllr.jllr_12_24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/jllr.jllr_12_24
Kadam RA. Informed consent process: a step further towards making it meaningful!. Perspectives in Clinical Research. 2017 Jul; 8(3): 107-12. doi: 10.4103/picr.PICR_147_16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/picr.PICR_147_16
Heidari B. Knee osteoarthritis prevalence, risk factors, pathogenesis and features: Part I. Caspian journal of internal medicine. 2011; 2(2): 205.
Ciaccia MC, Pinto CN, Golfieri FD, Machado TF, Lozano LL, Silva JM et al. Prevalence of genu valgum in public elementary schools in the city of Santos (SP), Brazil. Revista Paulista de Pediatria. 2017 Sep; 35: 443-7. doi: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;4;00002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-0462/;2017;35;4;00002
Soheilipour F, Pazouki A, Mazaherinezhad A, Yagoubzadeh K, Dadgostar H, Rouhani F. The prevalence of genu varum and genu valgum in overweight and obese patients: assessing the relationship between body mass index and knee angular deformities. Acta Bio Medica: Atenei Parmensis. 2020 Oct; 91(4). doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i4.9077.
Smith TO, Hunt NJ, Donell ST. The reliability and validity of the Q‐angle: a systematic review. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2008 Dec; 16(12): 1068-79. doi: 10.1007/s00167-008-0643-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-008-0643-6
Samma L, Rasjad C, Seweng A, Latief J, Bausat A, Mustari MN et al. Correlation between body mass index (BMI), visual analogue scale (VAS) score and knee osteoarthritis grading. Medicina Clínica Práctica. 2021 Apr; 4: 100228. doi: 10.1016/j.mcpsp.2021.100228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcpsp.2021.100228
Yoon JR, Lee JK, Ryu J, Um R, Yang JH. Increased external rotation of the osteoarthritic knee joint according to the genu varum deformity. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2021 Apr; 29: 1098-105. doi: 10.1007/s00167-020-06100-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-020-06100-7
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Pakistan BioMedical Journal

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access journal and all the published articles / items are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For comments editor@pakistanbmj.com