Assessment of Blood Glucose and Calcium Concentrations Among healthy female volunteers: Blood glucose & calcium in females

Kiran  Ashraf; Iraj  Jamsheed; Farheen  Zaidi; Morad Yaser  Al Mostafa

doi:10.52229/pbmj.v3i1.7

Authors

Kiran Ashraf 1University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Iraj Jamsheed University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Farheen Zaidi 1University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Morad Yaser Al Mostafa Ministry of Health, Princess Basma Hospital, Jordan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.52229/pbmj.v3i1.7

Abstract

Abstract: Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia are associated with a number of complications including kidney damage, neurological damage, cardiovascular damage, damage to the retina or damage to feet and legs, lethargy, impaired mental functioning and irritability. The most abundant mineral in the body is calcium. Its abnormal levels also associated with multiple disorders. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the blood glucose and calcium levels in healthy female volunteersMethods: A cross sectional study was conducted at the Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore, over a period of 6 months, after obtaining the ethical approval from the The University of Lahore. A total number of 60 females were enrolled through consecutive sampling technique. Females of all age groups were included. All of the females had gone through routine history taking and lab investigations for the assessment of blood glucose an calcium concentrations. Results: In this study out 60 female participants, 33.3% were between ages of 15-30 years, 33.3% were between age of 31-50 years and remaining 33.3% were above 50 years old. All females of age group 15-30 years had normal glucose levels while single case of age group 15-30 years had abnormal calcium level. The results indicated that females of above age 50 years had low calcium and high glucose levels due to poor nutrition and less physical activity.Conclusions:The results of the current study showed that females with increasing age should intake food enriched in calcium and low glucose and adopt a physically active life style to manage normal blood glucose levels.

References

Stryer, (1995). “Chapter 30: Integration of Metabolism.” Biochemistry, 4th ed. W.H. Freeman & Company, New York.

Daly, M. E., Vale, C., Walker, M., Littlefield, A., Alberti, K. G., & Mathers, J. C. (1998). Acute effects on insulin sensitivity and diurnal metabolic profiles of a high-sucrose compared with a high-starch diet. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 67(6): 1186-1196.

Giovannucci, E. (2003). Nutrition, insulin, insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Hormone and Metabolic Research, 35(11/12): 694-704.

Seshadri, R. (2002). American diabetes association gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 25, S94-S96.

Lee, J. Y., & Pearce, E. N. (2002). Reproductive endocrinology. Seoul: Seoul National University Publisher, 322.

Horwich, T. B., &Fonarow, G. C. (2010). Glucose, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes: relevance to incidence of heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 55(4): 283-293.

Jenssen, T. G., Tonstad, S., Claudi, T., Midthjell, K., & Cooper, J. (2008). The gap between guidelines and practice in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a nationwide survey in Norway. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 80(2): 314-320.

Rosenn, B. M., Miodovnik, M., Holcberg, G., Khoury, J. C., & Siddiqi, T. A. (1995). Hypoglycemia: the price of intensive insulin therapy for pregnant women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 85(3): 417-422.

Metzger, B. E. (1998). Proceedings of the fourth international workshop conference on gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care, 21(2): B1-B167.

Cudworth, A. G., &Veevers, A. (1975). Carbohydrate metabolism in the menstrual cycle. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics &Gynaecology, 82(2): 162-169.

Bartoli, E., Fra, G. P., & Schianca, G. C. (2011). The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revisited. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 22(1): 8-12.

Culver, A. L., Ockene, I. S., Balasubramanian, R., Olendzki, B. C., Sepavich, D. M., Wactawski-Wende, J., Manson, J.E., Qiao, Y., Liu, S., Merriam, P.A.& Ma, Y. (2012). Statin use and risk of diabetes mellitus in postmenopausal women in the Women's Health Initiative. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172(2): 144-152.

Nordin, B. C., Need, A. G., Morris, H. A., O'Loughlin, P. D., & Horowitz, M. (2004). Effect of age on calcium absorption in postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(4): 998-1002.

Han, W., & Li, C. (2010). Linking type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(15): 6557-6558.

Menon, B., Harinarayan, C. V., Raj, M. N., Vemuri, S., Himabindu, G., & Afsana, T. K. (2010). Prevalence of low dietary calcium intake in patients with epilepsy: a study from South India. Neurology India, 58(2): 209.

Habiba, U., Ahmad, S., & Hassan, L. (2002). Predisposition to osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Journal-College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan, 12: 297-301.

Mawer, E. B., & Davies, M. (2001). Vitamin D nutrition and bone disease in adults. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 2(2): 153-164.

Heaney, R. P., Recker, R. R., Stegman, M. R., & Moy, A. J. (1990). Calcium absorption in women: Relationships to calcium intake, estrogen status, and age. Maturitas, 12(2): 146.

Dawson-Hughes, B., Harris, S. S., Krall, E. A., &Dallal, G. E. (1997). Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. New England Journal of Medicine, 337(10): 670-676.

Mawer, E. B., & Davies, M. (2001). Vitamin D nutrition and bone disease in adults. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 2(2): 153-164.

Hawkesworth, S., Walker, C. G., Sawo, Y., Fulford, A. J., Jarjou, L. M., Goldberg, G. R., ... & Moore, S. E. (2011). Nutritional supplementation during pregnancy and offspring cardiovascular disease risk in The Gambia. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 94(suppl_6), 1853S-1860S.

Sumaili, E. K., Krzesinski, J. M., Cohen, E. P., &Nseka, N. M. (2010). Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease in the Democratic Republic of Congo: review of cross-sectional studies from Kinshasa, the capital.

Jain, A., Agarwal, R., Sankar, M. J., Deorari, A., & Paul, V. K. (2010). Hypocalcemia in the newborn. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 77(10): 1123-1128.

Jackson, R. D., LaCroix, A. Z., Gass, M., Wallace, R. B., Robbins, J., Lewis, C. E., Bassford, T., Beresford, S.A., Black, H.R., Blanchette, P. & Barad, D. (2006). Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of fractures. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(7): 669-683.

Li, P., Fan, C., Lu, Y., & Qi, K. (2016). Effects of calcium supplementation on body weight: a meta-analysis. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 104(5), 1263-1273.

Chen, P., Hu, P., Xie, D., Qin, Y., Wang, F., & Wang, H. (2010). Meta-analysis of vitamin D, calcium and the prevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 121(2): 469-477.

Farag, Y. M., & Gaballa, M. R. (2011). Diabesity: an overview of a rising epidemic. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 26(1): 28-35.

Nordin, B. C., Need, A. G., Morris, H. A., O'Loughlin, P. D., & Horowitz, M. (2004). Effect of age on calcium absorption in postmenopausal women. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 80(4): 998-1002.

Perlman, F., & McKee, M. (2008). Diabetes during the Russian transition. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 80(2): 305-313.

Hu, F. B., & Malik, V. S. (2010). Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: epidemiologic evidence. Physiology & Behavior, 100(1): 47-54.