Antibiotic Efficacy of Commercially Available Antibiotics on Indigenous Microbes Isolated from Rotten Fruits
Antibiotic Efficacy of Commercially Available Antibiotics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i10.948Keywords:
Indigenous Microbes, Commercial Antibiotics, Antibiotic Efficacy, Microbes Isolation, Rotten FruitsAbstract
The human commonly consume fruits as food. Indigenous microbes are responsible for the spoilage of fruits. If bacteria spoil consumed fruit, they can cause infections in the human body that may lead to severe consequences. Some commercially available drugs are effective against an infection, and some show no or little effect. Objective: To check the efficacy of locally available drugs against indigenous microbes that are commonly responsible for infections in natives. Methods: Microbes isolated from rotten fruits are used to check that the antibiotics available in our market are effective against them. Different antibiotics are used against these bacteria. Control antibiotics determine the efficacy of each antibiotic. Results: All the antibiotics are effective but to a different extent. The presence of the active compound in the drug determines its effectiveness. If the active compound is present in pure form and adequate amounts in the dosage of the drug, it will be effective. Bacteria become resistant to the drugs, which is the major issue faced. Conclusions: Antibiotic resistance and specificity of drugs are also important factors that determine the efficacy of the drugs. Antibiotic resistance is influenced by the uncontrolled, unnecessary, and recommended use of antibiotics in society. The specificity of the drug to the microbes also contributes to the effectiveness of antibiotics.
References
Agriopoulou S, Stamatelopoulou E, Sachadyn-Król M, Varzakas T. Lactic acid bacteria as antibacterial agents to extend the shelf life of fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables: Quality and safety aspects. Microorganisms. 2020 Jun; 8(6): 952-75. doi: 0.3390/microorganisms8060952. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8060952
Vallavan V, Krishnasamy G, Zin NM, Abdul Latif M. A review on antistaphylococcal secondary metabolites from basidiomycetes. Molecules. 2020 Dec; 25(24): 5848. doi: 10.3390/molecules25245848. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245848
Huang C, Feng S, Huo F, Liu H. Effects of four antibiotics on the diversity of the intestinal microbiota. Microbiology Spectrum. 2022 Apr; 10(2): 01904-21. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.01904-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.01904-21
Altekruse SF and Swerdlow DL. The changing epidemiology of foodborne diseases. The American journal of the medical sciences. 1996 Jan; 311(1): 23-9. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9629(15)41627-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9629(15)41627-1
Bhale UN. Survey of market storage diseases of some important fruits of Osmannabad District (MS) India. Science Research Reporter. 2011 Sep; 1(2): 88-91.
Akinmusire OO. Fungal species associated with the spoilage of some edible fruits in Maiduguri Northern Eastern Nigeria. Advances in Environmental Biology. 2011 Jan; 5(1): 157-61.
Rawat S. Food Spoilage: Microorganisms and their prevention. Asian journal of plant science and Research. 2015; 5(4): 47-56.
Lobritz MA, Belenky P, Porter CB, Gutierrez A, Yang JH, Schwarz EG, et al. Antibiotic efficacy is linked to bacterial cellular respiration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2015 Jul; 112(27): 8173-80. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1509743112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509743112
Beuchat LR. Ecological factors influencing survival and growth of human pathogens on raw fruits and vegetables. Microbes and Infection. 2002 Apr; 4(4): 413-23. doi: 10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01555-1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(02)01555-1
Kumar R, Pandey S, Kapoor P, Awasthi S, Bhatnagar T. Isolation and characterization of endemic strains of Lactobacillus sp. and evaluation of their probiotic activity. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 2014 Jan; 3: 907-16.
Hedberg CW, MacDonald KL, Osterholm MT. Changing epidemiology of food-borne disease: a Minnesota perspective. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 1994 May: 671-80. doi: 10.1093/clinids/18.5.671. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.5.671
Lopatkin AJ, Stokes JM, Zheng EJ, Yang JH, Takahashi MK, You L, et al. Bacterial metabolic state more accurately predicts antibiotic lethality than growth rate. Nature Microbiology. 2019 Dec; 4(12): 2109-17. doi: 10.1038/s41564-019-0536-0. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-019-0536-0
Nisa M, Dar RA, Fomda BA, Nazir R. Combating food spoilage and pathogenic microbes via bacteriocins: A natural and eco-friendly substitute to antibiotics. Food Control. 2023 Feb; 149: 109710. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109710. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109710
Levy SB and Marshall B. Antibacterial resistance worldwide: causes, challenges and responses. Nature medicine. 2004 Dec; 10(12): 122-9. doi: 10.1038/nm1145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1145
Pimentel TC, de Oliveira LI, Macedo ED, Costa GN, Dias DR, Schwan RF, et al., Understanding the potential of fruits, flowers, and ethnic beverages as valuable sources of techno-functional and probiotics strains: Current scenario and main challenges. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 2021 Aug; 114: 25-59. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.05.024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.05.024
Rani A, Saini KC, Bast F, Varjani S, Mehariya S, Bhatia SK, et al., A review on microbial products and their perspective application as antimicrobial agents. Biomolecules. 2021 Dec; 11(12): 1860-81. doi: 10.3390/biom11121860. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11121860
Cook MA and Wright GD. The past, present, and future of antibiotics. Science Translational Medicine. 14, eabo7793. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abo7793. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abo7793
Reyes-Estebanez M, Sanmartin P, Camacho-Chab JC, Susana C, Chan-Bacab MJ, et al., Characterization of a native Bacillus velezensis-like strain for the potential biocontrol of tropical fruit pathogens. Biological Control. 2020 Feb; 141: 104127. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2019.104127
Muhammad S. Shireen. Antibacterial Approach of Lactobacillus Species Isolated from Exterior of Fruits. Journal of Biomedical and Allied Research. 2021; 2(2): 1-9. doi.org/10.37191/Mapsci-2582-4937-2(2)-022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37191/Mapsci-2582-4937-2(2)-022
Stokes JM, Lopatkin AJ, Lobritz MA, Collins JJ. Bacterial metabolism and antibiotic efficacy. Cell Metabolism. 2019 Aug; 30(2): 251-9. doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.009
Fan XY, Tang BK, Xu YY, Han AX, Shi KX, Wu YK, et al., Oxidation of dCTP contributes to antibiotic lethality in stationary-phase mycobacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018 Feb; 115(9): 2210-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1719627115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1719627115
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Pakistan BioMedical Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access journal and all the published articles / items are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For comments editor@pakistanbmj.com