Prediabetes; Prevention and Management
Prediabetes; Prevention and Management
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v5i6.527Keywords:
Impaired glucose tolerance, Impaired fasting glucose, Metformin, Diabetes, Prediabetes.Abstract
Pre-diabetes is the state of hyperglycemia at an intermediate stage in which parameters of blood glucose are above standard value but less than the threshold of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is measured as a risk factor with a high probability of its development. Although the analytic measures for pre-diabetes are not the same in different international professional organizations, the danger of diabetes development is still in height, with conversion rates ranging from 5% to 10% per year. Databased studies propose a relationship between diabetic complications and pre-diabetes like early kidney disease, early retinopathy, small fiber neuropathy and the danger of macrovascular disease. Numerous analyses have revealed the effectiveness of daily routine interpositions in preventing diabetes, with a comparative danger decrease of 40% to 70% in prediabetic adults. Though there is cumulative indication that drug therapy is effective in preventing diabetes in prediabetic adults, drug options for treatment rather than metformin are related with side effects that bound their usage in prediabetics. There are no studies of systematic assessment of the healthiness consequences associated with prediabetes among Children. The effect of pharmacology treatment of pre-diabetes on development and growth in children during adolescence is unidentified. Secondary involvement with metformin pharmacology treatment is recommended for speculative persons, but the standards for assessing the advantage of such primary interference, the longstanding cost-effectiveness of such treatment is still uncertain. Pharmacological treatment should be cast-off with care in prediabetic children. Although pre-diabetes is usually asymptomatic, pre-diabetes always occurs before diabetes develops. The high blood sugar level persists and therefore pre-diabetes cannot be considered completely mild. Conclusions: The purpose of this review is to define the difficulties related with the analysis of pre-diabetes, the potential adverse outcomes of pre-diabetes, and the treatment opportunities and validation of its practice in the context of pre-diabetes.
References
Kandula NR, Moran MR, Tang JW, O'Brien MJ. Preventing diabetes in primary care: providers' perspectives about diagnosing and treating prediabetes. Clinical Diabetes. 2018 Jan; 36(1):59-66. doi.10.2337/cd17-0049
Keck JW, Thomas AR, Hieronymus L, Roper KL. Prediabetes knowledge, attitudes, and practices at an academic family medicine practice. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine. 2019 Jul; 32(4):505-12. doi.10.3122/jabfm.2019.04.180375
López-Jaramillo P, Nieto-Martínez RE, Aure-Fariñez G, Mendivil CO, Lahsen RA, Silva-Filho RL et al. Identification and management of prediabetes: results of the Latin America Strategic Prediabetes Meeting. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública. 2018 May; 41:e172. doi.10.26633/RPSP.2017.172
Vos MB, Abrams SH, Barlow SE, Caprio S, Daniels SR, Kohli R, et al. NASPGHAN clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children: recommendations from the Expert Committee on NAFLD (ECON) and the North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (NASPGHAN). Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition. 2017 Feb; 64(2):319. doi.10.1097/MPG.0000000000001482
Giustina A, Barkan A, Beckers A, Biermasz N, Biller BM, Boguszewski C, et al. A consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly comorbidities: an update. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2020 Apr; 105(4):e937-46. doi.10.1210/clinem/dgz096
Selby NM, Taal MW. An updated overview of diabetic nephropathy: Diagnosis, prognosis, treatment goals and latest guidelines. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 2020 Apr; 22:3-15. doi.10.1111/dom.14007
Azmi S, Petropoulos IN, Ferdousi M, Ponirakis G, Alam U, Malik RA et al. An update on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic somatic and autonomic neuropathy. F1000Research. 2019; 8. doi.10.12688/f1000research.17118.1
Ibáñez L, Oberfield SE, Witchel S, Auchus RJ, Chang RJ, Codner E et al. An international consortium update: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome in adolescence. Hormone research in paediatrics. 2017; 88:371-95. doi.10.1159/000479371
Malla MA, Dubey A, Kumar A, Yadav S, Hashem A, Abd_Allah EF et al. Exploring the human microbiome: the potential future role of next-generation sequencing in disease diagnosis and treatment. Frontiers in Immunology. 2019 Jan; 9: 2868.doi. 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02868
Farhad K. Current diagnosis and treatment of painful small fiber neuropathy. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports. 2019 Dec; 19(12):1-8. doi.10.1007/s11910-019-1020-1
Martins B, Amorim M, Reis F, Ambrósio AF, Fernandes R. Extracellular vesicles and MicroRNA: putative role in diagnosis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Antioxidants. 2020 Aug; 9(8):705. doi.10.3390/antiox9080705
Zito G, Della Corte L, Giampaolino P, Terzic M, Terzic S, Di Guardo F et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus: Prevention, diagnosis and treatment. A fresh look to a busy corner. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. 2020 Jan; 13(4):529-41. doi.10.3233/NPM-190305
Yorek M, Malik RA, Calcutt NA, Vinik A, Yagihashi S. Diabetic neuropathy: new insights to early diagnosis and treatments. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2018 Dec; 2018. doi.10.1155/2018/5378439
Serhiyenko VA, Serhiyenko AA. Cardiac autonomic neuropathy: risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. World journal of diabetes. 2018 Jan; 9(1):1. doi.10.4239/wjd.v9.i1.1
Berry C, Lal M, Binukumar BK. Crosstalk between the unfolded protein response, MicroRNAs, and insulin signaling pathways: in search of biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2018 May; 9:210. doi.10.3389/fendo.2018.00210
Yi DY, Kim SC, Lee JH, Lee EH, Kim JY, Kim YJ et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric obesity: recommendations from the Committee on Pediatric Obesity of the Korean Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition. 2019 Jan; 22(1):1-27. doi.10.5223/pghn.2019.22.1.1
Basantsova NY, Starshinova AA, Dori A, Zinchenko YS, Yablonskiy PK, Shoenfeld Y et al. Small-fiber neuropathy definition, diagnosis, and treatment. Neurological Sciences. 2019 Jul; 40(7):1343-50. doi.10.1007/s10072-019-03871-x
Lee HY, Shin J, Kim GH, Park S, Ihm SH, Kim HC et al. 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of hypertension: part II-diagnosis and treatment of hypertension. Clinical hypertension. 2019 Dec; 25(1):1-24. doi.10.1186/s40885-019-0124-x
Wang M, Tan Y, Shi Y, Wang X, Liao Z, Wei P. Diabetes and sarcopenic obesity: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatments. Frontiers in endocrinology. 2020:568. doi.10.3389/fendo.2020.00568
Tehrani FR, Amiri M. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents: challenges in diagnosis and treatment. International journal of endocrinology and metabolism. 2019 Jul; 17(3). doi.org/10.5812/ijem.91554
Hermida RC, Smolensky MH, Mojon A, Crespo JJ, Rios MT, Dominguez-Sardina M, et al. New perspectives on the definition, diagnosis, and treatment of true arterial hypertension. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy. 2020 Jul; 21(10):1167-78. doi.10.1080/14656566.2020.1746274
Zand A, Ibrahim K, Patham B. Prediabetes: why should we care? Methodist DeBakey cardiovascular journal. 2018 Oct; 14(4):289. doi.10.14797/mdcj-14-4-289
Alves C, Della-Manna T, Albuquerque CT. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: an update on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2020 Jul; 33(7):835-43. doi.10.1515/jpem-2019-0484
Khan RM, Chua ZJ, Tan JC, Yang Y, Liao Z, Zhao Y et al. From pre-diabetes to diabetes: diagnosis, treatments and translational research. Medicina. 2019 Sep; 55(9):546. doi.10.3390/medicina55090546
He B, Shu KI, Zhang H. Machine learning and data mining in diabetes diagnosis and treatment. InIOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019 Apr; 490(4): 42049. IOP Publishing. doi.10.1088/1757-899X/490/4/042049
Somerville M, Burch E, Ball L, Williams LT. 'I could have made those changes years earlier': experiences and characteristics associated with receiving a prediabetes diagnosis among individuals recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Family Practice. 2020 Jun; 37(3):382-9. doi.10.1093/fampra/cmz081
Kleinherenbrink W, Osei E, den Hertog HM, Zandbergen AA. Prediabetes and macrovascular disease: Review of the association, influence on outcome and effect of treatment. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2018 Sep; 55:6-11. doi.10.1016/j.ejim.2018.07.001
Burch P, Blakeman T, Bower P, Sanders C. Understanding the diagnosis of pre-diabetes in patients aged over 85 in English primary care: a qualitative study. BMC family practice. 2019 Dec; 20(1):1-0. doi0.1186/s12875-019-0981-0
Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KH, MacLeod J, Mitri J et al. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes care. 2019 May; 42(5):731-54. doi.10.2337/dci19-0014
Khramilin VN, Zavyalov AN, Demidova IY. Diagnosis and treatment of the early stages of diabetc polyneuropathy. Journal: Meditsinskiy sovet= Medical Council. 2020(7):56-65. doi.10.21518/2079-701X-2020-7-56-65
Yang X, Fang T, Li Y, Guo L, Li F, Huang F, Li L. Pre-diabetes diagnosis based on ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with CART and XGBoots. Optik. 2019 Feb; 180:189-98. doi.10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.11.059
Rhee TG, Capistrant BD, Schommer JC, Hadsall RS, Uden DL. Effects of depression screening on diagnosing and treating mood disorders among older adults in office-based primary care outpatient settings: An instrumental variable analysis. Preventive medicine. 2017 Jul; 100:101-11. doi.10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.015
Eyasu K, Jimma W, Tadesse T. Developing a Prototype Knowledge-Based System for Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes Using Data Mining Techniques. Ethiopian journal of health sciences. 2020 Jan; 30(1). doi.10.4314/ejhs.v30i1.15
Kim CH, Moon JS, Chung SM, Kong EJ, Park CH, Yoon WS et al. The changes of trends in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot ulcer over a 10-year period: single center study. Diabetes & metabolism journal. 2018 Aug; 42(4):308-19. doi.10.4093/dmj.2017.0076
Connell JM, Manson SM. Understanding the economic costs of diabetes and prediabetes and what we may learn about reducing the health and economic burden of these conditions. Diabetes Care. 2019 Sep 1;42(9):1609-11. doi.org/10.2337/dci19-0017
Khetan AK, Rajagopalan S. Prediabetes. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2018 May; 34(5):615-23. doi.10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.030
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Pakistan BioMedical Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This is an open-access journal and all the published articles / items are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. For comments editor@pakistanbmj.com
