Hypertension: Causes, Symptoms, Treatment and Prevention: Hypertension: Treatment and Prevention

Sumaira  Mazhar; Uzma  Rafi; Asma  Noreen

doi:10.54393/pbmj.v6i04.858

Authors

Sumaira Mazhar Department of Microbiology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
Uzma Rafi Department of Microbiology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
Asma Noreen Department of Microbiology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.54393/pbmj.v6i04.858

Keywords:

Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disorders, Hearing Impairment, Obesity

Abstract

Hypertension "the silent killer is a common and significant disorder that can lead to many health complications. World health organization (WHO) declared the hypertension as the major cause of early mortality as it is directly or indirectly associated with risks of cardiovascular disorders, stroke, angina, kidney failure, diabetes and many more. The major causes of hypertension include obesity, decrease in physical activities, smoking and alcohol consumption. High blood pressure, possibly related to the age associated with the hearing impairment because of the subsequent vasoconstriction. After arthritis and hypertension, hearing loss is one of the most continual health issues of the older persons. Demographic factors and lifestyles are usually the variable factors due to which prevalence of arterial hypertension differs worldwide. These factors include nutritional habits and physical activities. A large number of antihypertensive and lipid-lowering drugs are being used to treat hypertension but it has been proved that changes in lifestyle are an easy way to treat hypertension

References

Pálsson R and Patel UD. Cardiovascular complications of diabetic kidney disease. Advances in Chronic Kidney Disease. 2014 May; 21(3): 273-80. doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2014.03.003.

Berman HM, Westbrook J, Feng Z, Gilliland G, Bhat TN, Weissig H, et al. The protein data bank. Nucleic Acids Research. 2000 Jan; 28(1): 235-42. doi: 10.1093/nar/28.1.235.

Bedir A, Arık N, Adam B, Kılınç K, Gümüş T, Güner E. Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism and activity in Turkish patients with essential hypertension. American Journal of Hypertension. 1999 Oct; 12(10): 1038-43. doi: 10.1016/S0895-7061(99)00096-5.

Binder DK, Horton JC, Lawton MT, McDermott MW. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Neurosurgery. 2004 Mar; 54(3): 538-51. doi: 10.1227/01.NEU.0000109042.87246.3C.

Diaz ME. Hypertension and obesity. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2002 Mar; 16(1): S18-22. doi: 10.1038/sj.jhh.1001335.

Diaz KM and Shimbo D. Physical activity and the prevention of hypertension. Current Hypertension Reports. 2013 Dec; 15(6): 659-68. doi: 10.1007/s11906-013-0386-8.

Talbott EO, Findlay RC, Kuller LH, Lenkner LA, Matthews KA, Day RD, et al. Noise-induced hearing loss: a possible marker for high blood pressure in older noise-exposed populations. Journal of Occupational Medicine. 1990 Aug; 32: 690-7.

Baudin B. New aspects on angiotensin-converting enzyme: from gene to disease. De Gruyter. 2002 Apr; 4(3): 256-65. doi: 10.1515/CCLM.2002.042.

Okojie OM, Javed F, Chiwome L, Hamid P. Hypertension and Alcohol: A Mechanistic Approach. Cureus. 2020 Aug; 12(8): e10086. doi: 10.7759/cureus.10086.

Mei X, Atturo F, Wadin K, Larsson S, Agrawal S, Ladak HM, Li H, Rask-Andersen H. Human inner ear blood supply revisited: the Uppsala collection of temporal bone—an international resource of education and collaboration. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. 2018 Jul; 123(3): 131-42. doi: 10.1080/03009734.2018.1492654.

Ciorba A, Bianchini C, Pelucchi S, Pastore A. The impact of hearing loss on the quality of life of elderly adults. Clinical Interventions in Aging. 2012 Jun; 7: 159-63. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S26059.

Dubno JR, Lee FS, Matthews LJ, Mills JH. Age-related and gender-related changes in monaural speech recognition. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 1997 Apr; 40(2): 444-52. doi: 10.1044/jslhr.4002.444.

Eriksson U, Danilczyk U, Penninger JM. Just the beginning: novel functions for angiotensin-converting enzymes. Current Biology. 2002 Oct; 12(21): R745-52. doi: 10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01255-1.

Hecker M, Pörsti I, Busse R. Mechanisms involved in the angiotensin II-independent hypotensive action of ACE inhibitors. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research= Revista Brasileira de Pesquisas Medicas e Biologicas. 1994 Aug; 27(8): 1917-21.

Alves-Lopes R, Montezano AC, Neves KB, Harvey A, Rios FJ, Skiba DS, et al. Selective inhibition of the C-domain of ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) combined with inhibition of NEP (Neprilysin): a potential new therapy for hypertension. Hypertension. 2021 Sep; 78(3): 604-16. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17041.

Das M, Hartley JL, Soffers RL. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme. Isolation and relationship to the pulmonary enzyme. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1977 Feb; 252(4): 1316-9. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40657-0.

Scott JH, Menouar MA, Dunn RJ. Physiology, Aldosterone. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.

Klahr S and Morrissey JJ. The role of vasoactive compounds, growth factors and cytokines in the progression of renal disease. Kidney International. 2000 Apr; 57: S7-14. doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2000.07509.x.

Paul M, Poyan Mehr A, Kreutz R. Physiology of local renin-angiotensin systems. Physiological Reviews. 2006 Jul; 86(3): 747-803. doi: 10.1152/Physrev. 00036. Pmid 16816138.

Sayed-Tabatabaei FA, Oostra BA, Isaacs A, Van Duijn CM, Witteman JC. ACE polymorphisms. Circulation Research. 2006 May; 98(9): 1123-33. doi: 10.1161/01.RES.0000223145.74217.e7.

Nawaz SK and Hasnain S. Pleiotropic effects of ACE polymorphism. Biochemia Medica. 2009 Feb; 19(1): 36-49. doi: 10.11613/BM.2009.004.

Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Kramer H, Banegas JR, Giampaoli S, Joffres MR, et al. Hypertension treatment and control in five European countries, Canada, and the United States. Hypertension. 2004 Jan; 43(1): 10-7. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000103630.72812.10.

Giles TD, Berk BC, Black HR, Cohn JN, Kostis JB, Izzo Jr JL, et al. Expanding the definition and classification of hypertension. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2005 Sep; 7(9): 505-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-6175.2005.04769.x.

Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Kirmani JF, Divani AA, Mohammad Y. Is prehypertension a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases? Stroke. 2005 Sep; 36(9): 1859-63. doi: 10.1161/01.STR.0000177495.45580.f1.

Giles TD, Materson BJ, Cohn JN, Kostis JB. Definition and classification of hypertension: an update. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2009 Nov; 11(11): 611-4. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7176.2009.00179.x.

Pickering TG, White WB, American Society of Hypertension Writing Group. When and how to use self (home) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension. 2008 May; 2(3): 119-24. doi: 10.1016/j.jash.2008.04.002.

Jafar TH, Gandhi M, Jehan I, Naheed A, de Silva HA, Shahab H, et al. Determinants of uncontrolled hypertension in rural communities in South Asia—Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. American Journal of Hypertension. 2018 Oct; 31(11): 1205-14. doi: 10.1093/ajh/hpy071.

Chow CK, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, Islam S, Gupta R, Avezum A, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in rural and urban communities in high-, middle-, and low-income countries. JAMA. 2013 Sep; 310(9): 959-68. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.184182.

Saleem F, Hassali AA, Shafie AA. Hypertension in Pakistan: time to take some serious action. British Journal of General Practice. 2010 Jun; 60(575): 449-50. doi: 10.3399/bjgp10X502182.

Gross TP, Wise RP, Knapp DE. Antihypertensive drug use. Trends in the United States from 1973 to 1985. Hypertension. 1989 May; 13(5_supplement): I113. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.13.5_Suppl.I113.

Cloher TP and Whelton PK. Physician approach to the recognition and initial management of hypertension: results of a statewide survey of Maryland physicians. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1986 Mar; 146(3): 529-33. doi: 10.1001/archinte.146.3.529.

Stamler R. Implications of the INTERSALT study. Hypertension. 1991 Jan; 17(1_supplement): I16. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.17.1_Suppl.I16.

Hypertension Prevention Trial Research Group. The Hypertension Prevention Trial: three-year effects of dietary changes on blood pressure. Archives of Internal Medicine. 1990 Jan; 150(1): 153-62. doi: 10.1001/archinte.150.1.153